经产母猪和后备母猪管理技术

1、http:/ and Gilt Management 母猪管理母猪管理 Gilt pool management后备母猪群管理 Breeding targets配种目标 Farrowing house mangement产房管理 Lactation consumption泌乳期采食量 Return to estrus返情 Preweaning mortality factors断奶前死亡因素http:/ do I improve sow performance?怎样提高母猪性怎样提高母猪性能能 Reduce mycotoxins 减少霉菌毒素减少霉菌毒素 Multiple feedings/d

2、ay of fresh, nutrient dense feed每天多次饲喂新鲜的，高营养浓度的饲料每天多次饲喂新鲜的，高营养浓度的饲料（泌乳期）（泌乳期） Provide supplemental feed to nursing litters乳猪补料乳猪补料 Do not overfeed during gestation 怀孕期不要怀孕期不要饲喂过多饲喂过多 Bring sows up to full feed in lactation gradually (Reach full intake by d-8 of lactation) 泌乳期逐渐到达充足饲喂（泌乳第泌乳期逐渐到达充足饲喂

3、（泌乳第8天达天达到充足饲喂）到充足饲喂） Fiber source during gestation 怀孕期纤维饲料怀孕期纤维饲料http:/ do you need good gilt management?为什么需要良好的后备为什么需要良好的后备母猪管理？母猪管理？Goal of Efficient Gilt Management Systems:有效有效的后备母猪管理系统的目标的后备母猪管理系统的目标To meet gilt replacement needs from a smaller pool of gilts with improved lifetime performance

4、用较少的、高性用较少的、高性能的后备母猪满足母猪更换的需要能的后备母猪满足母猪更换的需要Measurement 测量指标测量指标Mean平均Upper 10%最好10Lower 10%最查10Average female inventory平均平均母猪存栏母猪存栏10462740.7239.6Replacement Rate更换率更换率58.833.471.4Average parity平均胎次平均胎次2.793.82.02002 Breeding Herd Summary for Canada2002年加拿大配种母猪群总结年加拿大配种母猪群总结http:/ Highest % of farr

5、owings in the herd 母猪群高分娩率 Breeding targets配种目标 Replace involuntary fallouts更换偶然的落后的猪 Replace voluntary culling更换主动的淘汰的猪 Important to maintain parity structure 对于维持胎次结构很重要(Williams, Patterson, and Foxcroft. Banff Pork Seminar, 2005)Why are Gilts SO IMPORTANT?为什么后备母猪如此重要？为什么后备母猪如此重要？http:/ for meetin

6、g breeding targets满足配种目满足配种目标的要求标的要求 Proper gilt pool size and effective gilt pool management to meet gilt breeding targets 合适的后备母合适的后备母猪群大小和有效的后备母猪群管理来满足后备母猪的配种目标猪群大小和有效的后备母猪群管理来满足后备母猪的配种目标 Predictable numbers of weaned sows 可以预测的断奶母猪可以预测的断奶母猪数数http:/ challenges 挑挑战战 Health 健康Effects on gilt flow 母

7、猪群流动的影响 No direct control over gilts at puberty age在成熟期没有对后备母猪直接的控制Off-site isolation and acclimatization场外的隔离和驯化 Lack of space for puberty management没有空间进行成熟期管理 Pressure for breeding targets (short term)配种目标的压力（短期） Priorities and Discipline优先和纪律Not enough labor allocated to gilt management没有足够的工人进行

8、后备母猪管理No objectives and targets没有目的和目标 Real understanding of the importance of gilts in a sow herd对于后备母猪在母猪群中的重要性的真正理解(Williams, Patterson, and Foxcroft. Banff Pork Seminar, 2005)http:/ effects影响影响 Inefficient gilt pool management后备母猪群管理不充分No control over gilt pool对后备母猪群没有控制High inventory of non-cyc

9、ling gilts不发情后备母猪存栏量高 Unpredictable breeding targets不可预测的配种目标Marginal sows are kept for breeding targets保留的母猪数量刚刚够配种目标。Start of the “death spiral”“死亡螺旋”的开始 Inefficiencies increase needs for more gilts没有增加足够的后备母猪Less selection选择少Breed of marginal边缘配种 Poor P1 and sow performance头胎和经产母猪性能差(Williams, Pa

10、tterson, and Foxcroft. Banff Pork Seminar, 2005)http:/ Mass 分娩重分娩重165 1.7 kg193 1.9 kgAverage Litter Growth (kg/d)平平均窝增重速度（公斤均窝增重速度（公斤/天）天）2.052.21Percentage of largest 16 ovarian follicles 3.5mm at weaning断奶断奶时最大的时最大的16个卵泡大于个卵泡大于3.5毫米的毫米的百分比百分比26.1%52.6%Parturition Mass 分娩重分娩重181.1 kg 238.2 kg Sows

11、 in estrus within 9 days after weaning断奶后9天内母猪发情比率58%86%Ovulation Rate排卵数14.015.6(Clowes et al., 2003)(Mejia-Guadarrama et al., 2003)Effect of body weight at parturition on subsequent reproductive and litter performance分娩时体重对随后的繁殖和窝仔生长分娩时体重对随后的繁殖和窝仔生长性能的影响性能的影响http:/ Effective “selection” techniques

12、有效的有效的“选择选择”技技术术 “Selected” gilts respond early to boar contact 选择对公猪接触反映较早的后备母猪选择对公猪接触反映较早的后备母猪 “Selection” should include a recorded estrus选择需要包括有记录的发情选择需要包括有记录的发情 “Selection should occur below market weight选择需要在达到上市体重之前进行选择需要在达到上市体重之前进行 “Non-select” gilts should be culled选选不上的后备母猪要淘汰不上的后备母猪要淘汰htt

13、p:/ what age does puberty “naturally” occur in gilts?在多在多大日龄后备母猪自然达到性成熟大日龄后备母猪自然达到性成熟What factors are important in determining age at puberty?哪些因素对决定性成熟日龄比较重要哪些因素对决定性成熟日龄比较重要 Age of boar introduction 引入公猪接触的日龄引入公猪接触的日龄 Direct stimulation with boars公猪的直接刺激公猪的直接刺激 Good heat detection management好的发情检测技

14、术好的发情检测技术120 to 200+ days日龄日龄http:/ percentage of gilts reaching puberty after boar contact at 160 d () and 135 d ()在在160日龄和日龄和135日龄接触公日龄接触公猪后，后备母猪性成熟的累计百分率猪后，后备母猪性成熟的累计百分率(From Patterson, 2001).http:/ studies confirm that direct contact with mature boars is the most effective way to induce first es

15、trushttp:/ what age should I start puberty stimulation (final selection)?应该在多大日龄开始性成熟刺激（最后应该在多大日龄开始性成熟刺激（最后选择）选择）http:/ stimulation from 160-190 days of age is usually the most efficient in terms of labor and space utilization160190日龄之间进行性成熟刺激，日龄之间进行性成熟刺激，劳动力和猪舍利用率最高劳动力和猪舍利用率最高Think in terms of 考虑这个

16、数据：考虑这个数据：“the number of HNS gilts/pen space/day”“每天每圈每天每圈HNS后备母猪的头数后备母猪的头数”http:/ of age a first service on performance of gilts to end of parity 1第一次配种时的日龄第一次配种时的日龄对后备母猪到第一胎结束时的生产成绩的影响对后备母猪到第一胎结束时的生产成绩的影响Age at service, d配种日龄280SEDP-valueParity 1第一胎Born Alive产活仔数9Pigs Weaned断奶仔猪

17、数0WEI, d断奶到再发情间隔12.62.2.08% gilts culled end parity 1第一胎结束后母猪淘汰率39.531.435.146.05.0.02Young et al. 2003, unpublished datahttp:/ PHASE怀孕阶段怀孕阶段http:/ controlled feed intake during gestation is critical!控制怀孕期喂料量是关键控制怀孕期喂料量是关键Two methods: 两个办法两个办法 (1) Constant feeding level固

18、定的饲喂量固定的饲喂量 (2) Phase feeding level阶段性饲喂量阶段性饲喂量Feeding Strategies During Gestation怀孕期饲喂策略怀孕期饲喂策略Courtesy of N.L. Trottier, Ph.D.http:/ Feeding in Gestation 怀孕期阶段饲喂怀孕期阶段饲喂Day 130天天: 1.5 2 kg/d 公斤公斤/天天- Limit energy & protein intakes 限制能量和蛋白摄入限制能量和蛋白摄入Day 3075天天: 3.2 kg/d 公斤公斤/天天- Feed to conditio

19、n score of 3 根据膘情饲喂，达到根据膘情饲喂，达到3分分Day 75-112天天: 2.5 3 kg/d 公斤公斤/天天Critical fetal growth period 胎儿生长关键时期胎儿生长关键时期Mammary tissue growth 乳腺组织生长乳腺组织生长Day 112天天 Farrow产仔产仔: 2 kg/d公斤公斤/天天Rapid fetal growth 胎儿快速生长胎儿快速生长http:/ Keep the temperature under 70 F if possible室温控制在21度以下2. Make sure water intake is

20、excellent 确保饮水很好 A. 1/2 gallon/ min 每分钟1.9升水流量 B. Avoid to high pressure 避免水压过高 C. Make sure gilts find the water source 确保第一次生产的母猪找到水的位置3. Fresh feed新鲜的饲料4. Multiple feeding每天多次饲喂5. Add flavor enhancement 加调味剂6. Avoid moldy feed or feed with toxins 避免霉变饲料或饲料含毒素http:/ FEEDING CONTROL 泌乳期饲喂控制泌乳期饲喂控制h

21、ttp:/ for meeting breeding targets满足配种目满足配种目标的要求标的要求 Proper gilt pool size and effective gilt pool management to meet gilt breeding targets 合适的后备母合适的后备母猪群大小和有效的后备母猪群管理来满足后备母猪的配种目标猪群大小和有效的后备母猪群管理来满足后备母猪的配种目标 Predictable numbers of weaned sows 可以预测的断奶母猪可以预测的断奶母猪数数http:/ challenges 挑挑战战 Health 健康Effect

22、s on gilt flow 母猪群流动的影响 No direct control over gilts at puberty age在成熟期没有对后备母猪直接的控制Off-site isolation and acclimatization场外的隔离和驯化 Lack of space for puberty management没有空间进行成熟期管理 Pressure for breeding targets (short term)配种目标的压力（短期） Priorities and Discipline优先和纪律Not enough labor allocated to gilt management没有足够的工人进行后备母猪管理No objectives and targets没有目的和目标 Real understanding of the importance of gilts in a sow herd对于后备母猪在母猪群中的重要性的真正理解(Williams, Patterson, and Foxcroft. Banff Pork S