02GET02-09英译汉真题及答案

1、02-09英译汉真题及答案1. Changes and developments in a science are determined by numerous causes. Every science grows from its past, and the state reached in a previous generation provides the starting point for the next. But no science is carried on in a vacuum, without reference to or contact with other sc

2、iences and the general atmosphere for learning. Scientists and men of learning are also men of their age and country, and they can t live independent of the culture. Besides its own past, the course of science is also affected by the social context of its contemporary world and the intellectualpremi

3、ses in it.Applications of the science and the expectations that others have of it may be a very important determinant of the direction of its growth and changes. (GET Jun 09, 128 words)2. When dominant innovators in a science respond to the challenge of a situation that demands some change in its pr

4、actice, this may take a number of forms, and rival schools may grow up around different leaders responding differently to a particular situation. These rivalries may be reinforced and perpetuated by the use of standard textbooks. Any empirical science must be able to cope with its own phenomena, and

5、 once any observation is accepted as relevant, its theory and modes of description and analysis must be able to handle it with scientific adequacy, of which exhaustiveness, consistency, economy are basic principles. The extension of a science to new but relevant fields may require the further elabor

6、ation and presentation of existing theory along previously-followed lines. (GET Jan 09, 124 words)3. Unlike the real world, where personalities are complex, motives unclear, and outcomes ambiguous, television presents a world of clarity and simplicity. In show after show, rewards and punishments fol

7、low quickly and logically. Crises are resolved, problems are solved, and justice always triumphs. The central characters in these dramas are clearly defined: dedicated or corrupt; selfless or ambitious; efficient or sentimental. To insure the widest acceptability and tell a story entertainingly, the

8、 plot lines follow the most commonly accepted notions of morality and justice, whether or not those notions bear much resemblance to reality. The long list of commercials between parts of the play sometimes drives you crazy. (GET Jun 08, 108words)4. British previous colonial policies led to the spre

9、ad of English across the world. This wide use of English has been reinforced by the sweeping influence of the U. S. However, the dominance of English as an international language is considered both a blessing and a curse. For one thing, it has accelerated the extinction of some languages. People hav

10、e been wondering about the possibility of creating a global language which might hold promises for an end to language-caused troubles and conflicts. Unfortunately, attempts to harmonize world languages have met with little success as a result of the reluctance of native speakers of a particular lang

11、uage to adopt another language as their mother tongue. To discard one' snative language is to have the distinct features of his nation erased.(GET Jan 08, 129 words)5. In this book, we offer advice that we hope will seem reasonable and worth serious consideration. But as any experienced writer k

12、nows, there are occasions when even the best advice may not apply. The demands of writing for different audiences, with different purposes, on different subjects, at different levels of formality are so varied that they cannot begin to be anticipated in a book like this, and we recognize that what i

13、s appropriate for one piece of writing may not be appropriate for another. In most cases, you will have to avoid ambiguity at all costs so as not to leave your words open to misinterpretation. (GET Jun 07, 107 words)6. One of the unintended consequences of the flattening world is that it puts differ

14、ent societies and cultures in much greater direct contact with one another. It connects people to people much faster than people and cultures can often prepare themselves. Some cultures thrive on the sudden opportunities for collaboration that this global intimacy makes possible. Others are frustrat

15、ed, and even humiliated by this close contact, which, among other things, makes it easy for people to see where they stand in the world in relation to everyone else. All of this helps to account for the emergence of one of the most devastating forces today the suicide bombers and other terrorist org

16、anizations which have no regard for human lives and which it is in our best interest to wipe out. (GET Jan 07, 130 words)7. Social progress has done away with the need for backbreaking work and has provided time and leisure for personality development. With it, indeed because of it, today the middle

17、-class family expects each of its members to develop his unique personality, and so does each individual, more or less, himself. This new obligation of the family to provide a setting for the development of a unique personality makes family consensus extremely difficult, if not impossible. Nothing i

18、s more problematic for a small group of quite different, unique individuals than to live in close quarters, in close harmony with each other. Besides, the necessity of cultivating teenagers moral character adds to the difficulty in parenting. (GET Jun 06, 114 words)8. The wise man knows the place of

19、 these things in the scheme of life as a whole. He knows that money and possessions are means, not ends. He knows the difference between pleasures of the moment and enduring satisfactions, between being great and being famous, between reverence and superstition, between solidity and show in literatu

20、re, art, and life. He knows that in the human lot some evils are unavoidable, that loss and disease and old age are bound to come; and he has made his peace with their coming. (GET Dec 05, 90 words)9. The book derives from decades of teaching in various schools across the country. It is based on the

21、 belief that philosophy is a genuinely exciting subject, accessible not only to specialists and a few gifted undergraduate majors but to everyone. Everyone is a philosopher, whether enrolled in a philosophical course or not. The difference is that someone who has studied philosophy systematically ha

22、s the advantage of having encountered stronger and more varied arguments than might have been available otherwise. What is special about this book is that it offers introductory students the opportunity of having direct contact with substantial readings from significant books on philosophy, but with

23、out the unreasonable demand that they confront these books in full, which are often incomprehensible.(GET Jun 05, 122 words)10. Quitting smoking is more of a matter of willpower than that of individual choice, for smoking is widely recognized as addictive. Although counseling and medication can incr

24、ease the odds thata smoker quits permanently, the best way to avoid dilemmas is never to take up smoking to begin with. The irreversible effects of cigarette smoking vary in intensity and are related both to the amount and duration of exposure and the age at which the person is initially exposed. Th

25、is report challenges the notion that a few years of exposure to smoking will have no lasting harmful consequences. We hope to discourage this prevalent but vital habit and suggest that tobacco-related health effects decline substantially as time away from smoking increases. (GET Jan 05, 122 words)t

26、be gained11. As a branch of cognitive science, linguistics has undergone systematic inquiry and elaboration in terms of language acquisition and classification. When it comes to language learning, the spelling of Chinese characters is notoriously difficult to Westerners, who are often left puzzled a

27、bout numerous strokes. In China, the myth remains that maximum efficiency can be achieved by exposing young children to native speakers as early as possible. However, a more profound insight into the process of language acquisition won'until studies of the brain have developed to the point where

28、 the function of each part of the brain is brought to light. The eagerness to make children proficient in English on the part of parents in China is open to question. (GET Jun 04, 123 words)12. Although the Bush administration has pledged its commitment to have Iraqis run their government on their o

29、wn, peace and order will be long in coming. On one hand, Saddam remains unaccounted for. On the other hand, surging violence, cases of bloodshed, suicide bombings and people s taking to streets to protest have plunged the U.S. in an embarrassing situation. Recently, President Bush has made some rema

30、rks that appear intended to address criticism from the Democratic presidential candidates that top decision-makers failed to anticipate the mounting difficulties lying ahead. It s hoped that the UN can get actively involved in the reconstruction of this war-torn country and play a more positive role

31、 in finding a peaceful solution to problems confronting Iraqis. (GET Jan 04, 119 words)13. What s strange about man is that he has yet to learn to settle disputes by some means other than war. Not only does war take a heavy toll of lives, but leads to increased tension. The use of sophisticated weap

32、ons is apt to bring about disasters to human health, although the reluctance to eliminate weapons ofmass destruction on the part of the big powers will not necessarily end up with conflicts. The chances are that man will have his own civilization destroyed if the notion of the survival of the fittes

33、t still applies to the international community. We cannot help wondering how many years it will take for the world to eliminate war once for all. (GET Jun 03, 118 words)14. In the United States, the use of teleconferencing and videoconferencing rose by more than 50 percent last year, and more compan

34、ies are thinking twice before sending large armies of employees on business excursion. Many medium-sized businesses expect their employees to travel in economy class, or stay over a Saturday night just to avoid getting stuck with too expensive full-price business fares. And more and more businesses

35、are participating in fractional jet ownership ” schemes, in which companies buy shares in corporate jets, entitling their employees to a certain number of exclusive flying hours onboard. (GET Jan 03, 94 words)15. The nations meeting here in Shanghai understand what is at stake. If we do not stand ag

36、ainst terrorism now, every civilized nation will at some point be its target. We will defeat the terrorists by destroying their network, wherever it is found. We will also defeat the terrorists by building an enduring prosperity that promises more opportunity and better lives for all the world s peo

37、ple. The countries of the Pacific Rim made the decision to open themselves up to the world, and the result is one of the great development success stories of our time. The peoples of this region are more prosperous, healthier, and better educated than they were only two decades ago. And this progres

38、s has proved that openness can accomplish. (GET Jun 02, 124 words)16. Regrettably for many in Silicon Valley, the ability to make accurate forecasts can depend on how well-established a company s products are. "oung industries on steep growth curves are almost always surprised by how well their

39、 products do in the first few years, and then they re at a loss when demand falls, " says a Stanford University business strategy professor.Ina highlydynamicandunpredictable marketpeople are going to make mistakes. It s inherent in the type of business. "In manycornersofSilicon Valleyandel

40、sewhere unpredictability is inevitable. One solution: keep innovating but develop sound services businesses to sell withproducts. “Uilding a very strong service business, " a company president says, smoothes out the rough spots between innovations. (GET Jan 02, 120 words)参考答案1 .某一学科的变化和进展（进步）取决

41、于众多因素。每一学科都是 过去的产物，上一代人达到的水平是下一代人的起点。但任何一 个学科都不是在真空中发展的，都要参照或接触其他学科和总的 学术环境。科学家和从事学术研究的人要受自己所处的时代和国 家影响，他们不可能脱离文化生活。科学发展的道路（进程）不 仅受过去的影响，也受当时世界的社会环境和知识前提的影响。 学科的应用和其他人对该学科的期望可能在很大程度上决定（左 右）学科发展和变化的方向。（GET Jun 09）2 .形势要求某一学科改变研究方法，该学科主要革新者迎接新形势 的挑战时，可能采取若干形式，而且由于不同学术带头人对某一 形势有不同的反应，会出现彼此对立的学派。标准教科书的使

42、用 加剧了对立的局面并使其长期存在。任何基于经验的科学必须能 处理属于自己领域内的现象。一旦某个观察被认为是相关的，该 学科的理论和描述分析方式必须能科学地对这一观察加以处理， 内容详尽、观点一致和省钱省力是基本的原则。把某一学科延伸 到新的相关领域可能要求沿着先前的路线对现有的理论做进一步 阐述和表达。1）第一句中的respond to也可译成“对做出反应"；2）把 schools译成“学校'"要扣分；3） a particular situation 不能译成“特殊的形势"；4） economy也可译成“经济”。（GET Jan 09）3 .在现实世界

43、中，人的个性复杂，动机不明，结局不定。与此不同 的是，电视展现的世界简单明了。在一部又一部电视剧中，奖惩 快速实现，设计合理。危机得到解除，问题得到解决，正义总是 战胜邪恶。剧中的主人公们特点明确： 或是廉洁奉公，或是腐败 堕落；或是大公无私，或是目标远大；或是讲究效率，或是多愁 善感。为了被尽可能多的观众接受并使故事引人入胜，情节主线 贯穿的是最能被人接受的道德观和正义感，而不考虑这些观念是 否符合事实。电视剧插播的一个接一个的广告有时让你发疯。（GET Jun 08）4 .英国先前奉行的殖民政策导致了英语在全球的普及。美国无所不 在的影响又加剧了英语的广泛使用。但是，英语作为国际语言的 霸

44、主（统治）地位既是福（好事），也是祸（坏事）。只举其一 它加速了一些语言的灭绝。人们一直在想是否有可能创造一种世 界（全球）语言，从而有望结束那些语言引起的麻烦和冲突。令 人遗憾的是，使世界语言一致的尝试（企图）收效甚微，原因是某一语言的本族语者不愿意把另一语言当作自己的母语。放弃自 己的母语就等于失去自己民族的基本特征。(GET Jan 08)5 .在本书中，我们提出一些建议，我们希望这些建议看起来合理并 值得认真考虑。但有经验的作者都知道，有时最好的建议也可能 不适用。写书要针对不同的读者，具有不同的目的，有关不同的 题材，语言的正式程度也不同，所有这一切提出种种要求，本书 是无法预见到的

45、。我们也意识到对某一作品是合适的内容而对另 一作品来说可能不合适。在多数情况下，你只好不惜代价把含义 表达清楚(避免含义不清)，目的是防止人们随意曲解你使用的文 字。(GET Jun 07)6 .世界变平产生一些意外的后果，其一就是不同的社会和文化可以 更多地直接接触。人们之间连接的速度之快使人和社会措手不及。 一些文化凭借全球亲密接触突然带来的合作机遇兴旺发达(蓬勃 发展)。另一些文化却由于这种亲密接触而感到灰心丧气，甚至感到自尊受到伤害，原因是这种亲密接触的后果之一是使人们轻易 地发现彼此在世界中的位置。所有这一切有助于说明为什么现在 会出现一种最具有杀伤力的力量 一一自杀性爆炸者和其他恐

46、怖组 织。这些组织不顾人们的死活，消灭它们最符合我们的利益。(GET Jan 07)7 .社会的进步使人们摆脱了繁重的工作，并有时间和余暇发展个性。 随着社会的进步，实际上是由于社会的进步，目前中产阶级期望 其每一成员发展独特的个性，每一个人也在某种程度上期望发展 自己的独特个性。家庭担负的新责任是为发展独特个性创造环境， 结果使家人很难达成共识，有时甚至不可能达成共识。对于一个 由迥异的个人组成的小群体来说，最棘手的是在同一房檐下十分 和谐地生活。止匕外，家庭还必须要培养青少年的品德，这又增添 了当父母的困难。(GET Jun 06)8 .聪明的人懂得整个人生布局中的一切事物各归其位。他懂得

47、金钱 和财富是手段而不是目的。他知道一时的欢愉有别于持久的满足， 伟大有别于成名，敬虔有别于迷信，文学艺术领域乃至整个人生 的实力有别于做秀。他知道人生命运躲不过邪恶，人生必有所失, 疾病和死亡必会临到我们。聪明的人以平和的心面对这一切。(GET Dec 05)9 .本书是在全国不同学校讲课几十年的结晶。它基于以下观点：哲 学的确是一门有趣的学科，不仅专家和一些有天赋的本科专业生 可以使用哲学，人人都可使用。不论是否上过哲学课，每个人都 是哲学家。区别在于：系统学习过哲学的人具有这样的优势，他 们遇到的论点要比以其他方式遇到的论点更有说服力、 种类更多， 该书的特点是：它使初学者有机会直接接触选自重要哲学著作并 有实质内容的读物，但并不过分地要求学生必须通读这些很难