专项练习一语法

1、 专项练习一 语法非谓语动词 不定式1， 能带不定式作宾语的动词有：afford, agree, ask, attempt, beg , care, choose, claim, consent, decide, determine, expect, fail, forget, hope, intend, learn, long, manage, meant, need, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise , refuse, remember, lend, undertake, volunteer, want, wish等2 不带to的不定式（1）

2、在would rather/sooner/just as soon, had better, may/might as well, rather than, sooner than, can not but, can not help but 等候不带toI would rather stay home than to out.比较：I would rather (that) you came on Friday.You had better put on your coat on such a cold day.We might as well walk home on such a sun

3、ny day.Rather/Sooner than go by bus, he walks to his office every day.I cannot but decline his offer.我不得不拒绝他的提议。I can not help but cry. (I can not help crying.) 我忍不住哭了（2）在do nothing/anything/everything but /except 等后不带toHe did nothing but look on. 他什么也没做只是袖手旁观。比较: There is on alternative for the Ara

4、bian states but to vote in favor.阿拉伯国家别无选择只能投票赞同。（3）在主语从句包含do的句子What he did was help you.All you have to do now is complete the form.(4)help 后的动词可以不带to也可带toI helped him (to) mend his bicycle.3. 不定式的其他用法(1) 在only, too, enough, so/suchas 后作结果状语的不定式 They lifted a rock only to drop it on their own feet.

5、 He will not be old enough to vote un the years election. Would you be so kind as to step this way, please?He is such a fool as to think that his idle chatter can influence others.(He is such a foolish as to think that his idle chatter can influence others.)(2) 在the first, the last, the only, the be

6、st 后作定语 He is always the first to come and the last to leave. I dont think he is the best man to do this job.(3) 不定式的完成式Mrs. Brown is supposed to have left for Italy last week.(4)不定式的进行式He is said to be studying in Havard .-ing 分词1-ing 分词作宾语的动词和词组有；admit, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, consider, del

7、ay, dislike, dread, endure, escape, excuse, face, feel like, finish, forgive, imagine, involve, keep, mention, mind, miss, postpone, prevent, practice, recall, report, resent, resist, resume, risk, stand, understandShe doesnt mind being disturbed while she is reading.He denied making any statement t

8、o that effect.They avoided being punished2.以下的常用短语或词组中to为介词。 contrary to, object (objection) to, with a view to , be opposed to ,in contrast to , be used to, be exposed to, dedicate to(至力于)，resort to(凭借。手段), be accustomed to, be devoted to, with regard to (关于), look forward to, contribute to, owe to

9、, submit toHe objected to being treated like a child.He went to America with a view to opening a new restaurant.( 为了目的)I am used/ accustomed to getting up early.(比较：I used to get up early.)The doctor dedicated himself to finding a cure for the disease.She often resorts to crying when she is criticiz

10、ed. （每当她被批评时，经常以哭为防卫手段）She looks forward to seeing her mother.3. 介词和名词后面跟V-ing形式 He is accused of robbing the bank. There is no use crying over the split milk. I have some problem learning English. He has no reason saying I stole his wallet.4可跟V-ING 形式或to do 形式（1）表意义相同的有：start, begin, continue They

11、begin to talk(talking) about the film they saw last week.(2) 表意义不同的有：like, hate, love, stop, ,go on, try, remember, deserve, regret, mean Remember doing something 记得做过某事 （已经做） Remember to do some thing 记得去做某事（还没做） Forget doing something. 忘记做过谋事Forget to do some thing 忘记去做某事Stop doing something 停下正在做

12、的事Stop to do something 停下来去做某事Regret doing something 后悔做过某事Regret to do something 对将要做某事感到遗憾mean doing something 意味着做某事mean to do something 想要做某事try doing something 尝试做某事（看结果如何）try to do something 尽力去做某事（3）demand, deserve, need, require, want 可跟V-ING形式或to do形式 His shoes need washing (to be washed).-

13、ing 分词与-ed 分词的比较1其副词所起的作用，作状语，表示时间，原因，条件，结果，伴随情况等 Having finished shopping they went home.(= After they finished.) Seriously injured, Allen was rushed to the nearest hospital. (=Because he was seriously injured)2 -ing分词三完成式和被动式的含义：-ing分词完成式表示动作明显发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前；-ing分词的被动式表示的动作正在进行或与句子表示的谓语动词同时发生。 Adv

14、anced country (发达国家) Advancing country(发展中国家) Having noted down his name and address, the policeman dismissed him. Not having tried his best, he failed in the exam. There has been a great increase in the amount of research being done on the earth (表示动作正在进行) Being surrounded the enemy troops were for

15、ced to surrender. (表示与谓语动词同时进行)3.-ing 分词和-ed分词作定语和宾语补语的区别，-ing分词表示主动和正在进行；-ed分词表示被动和已经完成She did not like the book given by her aunt. He is a retired teacher.The railway being built is a very big project.The men working on the site were in some danger.The teacher caught him cheating on the exam.Do yo

16、u hear the child screaming?We should keep them informed of what is going on here.He had his wallet stolen on his way to work4.-ing 分词和-ed分词的独立结构Weather permitting, we will to fishingSuch being the case ,we had to change our planAll the money having been spent, he started looking than his.All things

17、considered, her paper is much better than his.The day was bright, with a fresh breeze blowing.连词1、从属连词：用于引导定语从句、状语从句和名词从句引导名词从句的连词：that, if, whether, what, which, when, where, why, how who, whose, whomIt is certain that you will succeed. (表语从句)We have just heard the news that our team had won the fo

18、otball match.(同位语从句)Whether they will agree to it or not is still not clear.(不能用If 与Or no 连用)（主语从句）I have no idea when he will be back from abroad. （宾语从句）2.引导状语从句的连词（1）一道时间状语从句的连词when, while, as, since, after, before all, until. As soon as, the moment We had not waited long before he came back from

19、work. (没过多久就。)It will be long before we meet again. (很久以后我们才见面)比较：It will not be long before we meet again.（我们很快就会见面）It is not until he failed in the exam that he knew he should study hard.The moment he saw her he recognized her. ( as soon as he saw her)（2）引导条件状语从句的连词： unless, in case provided(that)

20、,providing(that)suppose, supposing, on condition(that), as long as, so long as,Well play the game unless it rains heavily.We shall go fishing provided that the weather is fine.(=if)Supposing something should go wrong, what would you do then?(=if)You can go swimming on condition that you dont go too

21、far from the bank. (=only if)(3) 引导原因状语从句的连词: because since, now that, now, as seeing that, seeing Seeing that she is old enough to make her own decision, we should not stop her.Now that everyone is here, we can start the meeting.（4）引导让步状语从句的连词： although, though, as, even if , even though, while, wh

22、etheror, whether, whenever, whereverWhile he is very diligent, his brother is very lazy.Whatever may occur, do what I told you to do.However difficult it is, well manage to fulfill our task.(5) 引导方式状语从句的连词：as, as if , as though, according as Air is to man as water is to fish. (正如)He speaks Japanese

23、as if / though he were a Japanese.(常用虚拟语气)The problems are differently treated according as they are hard or easy. ( 这些问题按其难易，采取不同处理方法)(6) 引导目的状语从句的连词： so that , in order to , lest, for fear that, in case（7）What have said that they all laughed at me ?3 引导定语从句的连词:(1) 非限制定语从句中不能用That 引导Nobody knows hi

24、s phone number, which makes it difficult to get in touch with him, (which 指代主句的全部内容)（2）as 作关系代词：（A）引导非限制定语从句，可以放在句首和句末 As could be expected, he opposed the idea. (不能用which 代替as)He is a bit out of his mind, as all those who know him can see.（能用which 代替as）He married her, as was natural.(能用which代替as)（B

25、）引导限制定语从句，常常与as, such, same 等连词连用He is not such a man as would leave his work half done.( 作从句的主语)Ive never heard of such things as he did.( 作从句的宾语)You are not half as clever as you think you are. (作从句的宾语)He is no longer the same as he used to be.(作从句的主语补语)（3） 当先行词是all, something, nothing 等或当先行词有序数词、

26、形容词最高级或有any, (a) few, no , only, some, very 等次修饰限定时， 只能用that 不用which引导定语从句All is not gold that glitters.Everything that he did seemed quite reasonable. This is the best film that I have ever seen.The first thing that I should do now is to work out a plan.This is the very pen that he used when he was

27、 writing the book. (4) but 可用作关系代词引导限制定语从句。 它总是用于否定句 There is no rule but has exceptions.（There is no rule that has no exceptions. = Every rule has exceptions.） There is no one but knows about the incident. (= There is no one who does not know the incident. = Every one knows about the incident.)虚拟语气

28、一.谓语动词用原形1.demand,propose,suggest,order,move,maintain(主张)，urge（极力主张）, require, request, insist, recommend, determine, advise, desire and commend等引导的宾语从句We desire that our leader inform us immediately of any change in plans.It is desired that we complete our test in time.I dont think it advisable tha

29、t Tom be assigned to the job since he has no experience.2.It is essential/important/advisable that. It is of importance that. It is important that TOEFL office confirm your registration.二.对过去的虚拟If 从句 主句 过去完成 would+现在完成If I had studied harder last term, I would have passed the exam.=Had I studied har

30、der last term, I would have passed the exam.对现在的虚拟If 从句 主句 过去时 would+动词原形If he came here today, he would see his favorite singer.If I were you, I would not go with him.If she were to accept this job, she would have to work on weekends.三.I wish1.I wish I knew what has happened.(what引导的是宾语从句，说明的是现在的情况

31、，谓语用现在完成时)I wish that you hadnt had such a bad headache because Im sure you would have enjoyed the concert.If only the parcel had arrived there in time.(=I wish)四.动词用过去时It is time that .(从句的谓语用过去时)Would rather/sooner/just as soon that比较:I would rather go with you.I would rather that he went with you

32、.It is time we went to school.五.在公式化的语句中（用于表示祝愿、诅咒、禁止等）（1）动词用原形Come what may , well go ahead.God bless you!Long live our motherland!(2)动词用be So be it.(=Let it be so./Be it so./So may it be.)就这样吧。Be that as it may, we have nothing to lose.既然如此。六.错综时间条件句If you had taken the doctors advice a week earli

33、er, you would be quite all right now.七.if被but for, provided(that), supposing, without等代替的情况Suppose you were given a chance to study in America, would you accept?Unless I were well, I wouldnt be at school.But for the storm we would have arrived earlier.Without steel, there would be no industry.八.用于方式

34、状语1.as if, as though The computer “teacher” was talking with his students as though he had been a human teacher.2.谓语动词用may/might, an/could+动词原形She listened carefully in order that she might discover exactly what he wanted.(so that)3.让步状语从句：for fear that, lese, in case, whether.or,谓语动词用should+动词原形Car

35、e must be taken in using this method lest overflow should occur.(for fear that, in case, whether) 一致性关系1, 在“one+复数名词+WHO/That/Which”引导的定语从句的结构中，关系代词Who/That/which 的先行词是靠近它的复数名词而不是one， 故分局中的动词同复数形式。He is only one of those who approve of the plan.2. “ the only one of +复数名词+who后接单数动词，因为who的先行词是the only

36、 one He is the only one of the clerks who is promoted.3 如主语有“more than one/many a +名词9单数形式”构成时， 谓语动词用单数 More than one student is going to take the job Many a pop star has been ruined by the drugs.;4.就近原则：由“or, eitheror, neither.nor., not only.but(also).” 连接的并列主语 Either the players or the coach is re

37、sponsible for the defeat比较：Either the coach or the players are responsible for the defeat5. 当主语后面跟有由as well as , as much as, rather than, more than, no less than, accompanied by, together with 等引导的词组时其谓语动词的形式依主语的单复数而定The father, as much as his children, was responsible for the loss.The daughters, no

38、 less than their mother, are clever and beautiful.William, accompanied by his wife and children, is going to the airport.Mary, more than anybody else, is anxious to know the truth.The professor, together with his students, is invited to the party.情态动词情态动词可以和不定式和不定式完成体连用，表示对过去的动作发生与否作推测和判断1“can/could

39、 +have V ed”, “may/ might +have V-ed“表示过去的可能性，即说话现在推测过去可能发生的动作He could have lent you the money. Why didnt you ask him？Shes two hours late. The bad weather can have delayed her.You may/might have read about it in the papers.He didnt seem surprised when I told him. He may have known about it.Could/mig

40、ht 表示的可能性小， 还可以用来表示过去存在这种可能性，但没有发生She could have told me the news but she refused to.They might have left earlier, but the car wasnt ready.2. “ must+ have V-ed”表示现在对过去的推断或猜测。可能性最大I must have seen him somewhere.If you have been to America, you must have found that the Americans are almost of all colo

41、rs and races.3” should/ought to + have V + ed “表示事情本该发生而没有发生He ought to have helped her yesterday.You shouldnt have let him come home alone, he might got lost4. “neednt +have V-ed“表示作了没有必要做的事You neednt have said that just now.You neednt have come last night. (不必来，实际上也没来)倒装句1 当”so/suchthat” 结构中的”so,

42、such” 位于句首加强语气时。So proud is the young man that he is reluctant to accept others opinionSuch a good student was she that all the teachers liked her.2 当so，neither，not位于句首加强语气时Production is going up steadily, so is the peoples standard of livingHe didnt say anything. Nor/neither did his classmates.3. 用

43、于以as/though 引导的让步状语从句中Child as the little girl is, she knows several languages.Exhausted though he was, there was no hope of his being able to sleep4. Only+ 状语或从句置于句首Only in a few countries does the whole of the population enjoy a reasonable standard of living5, 否定副词、短语或状语从句位于句首时， 句子要部分倒装。此类副词（短语）有：

44、neither，nor, never, hardly, scarcely, seldom, little, at no time, by no means , in no way, in no case, under no circumstances, on no account, not only, not until, in vain 等Under no circumstances can customers money be refundedNever before has our country been united as it is todayNot until quite rec

45、ently did know what clone was6. 当一些关联词如常no soonerthan, scarcelywhen, hardly. when, not only , but also, neithernor位于句首时，从句要部分倒装 Not only did we lose all our money, but we also came close to losing our lives.Neither could theory do without practice, nor could practice do without theory.比较结构1 AS.AS.结构

46、，这种结构必须是同类事物进行比较， 如要表示倍数，具体结构为： 倍数+as+ 形容词+（名词）+阿嫂。The trumpet player was certainly loud. But I wasnt so bothered by his loudness as by his lack of talent. American eat twice as much protein as they actually need every day.2. more.than. 与其说。不如说。He was more frightened than hurt 与其说是受伤不如说受惊吓3 no bette

47、r than =as bad asNo bigger than =as small asNo richer than =as poor asNo later then = early as4 混合句Life in our country is as happy as, if not happier than, in your countryIn his time, he enjoyed a reputation as great as, if not greater than, MozartsI.虚拟语气1.It is essential that the application forms_

48、 back before the deadline. a. must be sent b. would be sent c. be sent d. were sent 2.It is important that enough money_ to fund the project a. be collected b .must be collected c. was collected d. can be collected3I dont think it advisable that Tom _to the job since he has no experience. a .is assi

49、gned b. will be assigned c. be assigned d. has been assigned4.I wish I _longer this morning ,but I had to get up and come to class. a. could have slept b will not be started c. not be started d. is not to be started5.He suggested_ to tomorrows exhibition together. a .us to go b. we went c. we shall

50、go d. we go6.We desire that the tour leader_ us immediately of any chance in plans. a. inform b. informs c. informed d. has informed 7.It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios _ after 11 oclock at night. a. were not played b. not to play c. not be played d. did not play 8.Jean do

51、esnt want to work right away because she thinks that if she_ a job she probably wouldnt be able to see her friends very often. a. has to get b. were to get c. had got d. could have got9._ before we depart the day after tomorrow, we should have a wonderful dinner party. a. Had they arrived b. Would t

52、hey arrive c. Were they arriving d. Were they to arrive10.Had he worked harder, he _- the exams. a. must have got through b. would have got through c. would get through d. could get through11.It is of the utmost importance that you _ here on time. a. be b. shall be c. are to be d. must be12.Its time

53、_ about the traffic problem downtown. a. something was done b. everything is done c. anything will be done d. nothing to be done13.One of the requirements for a fire is that the material _ to its burning temperature. a. is heated b. will be heated c. be heated d. would be heated14.My father did not

54、go to New York; the doctor suggested that he _ there. a. not to go b. hadnt gone c. not go d. wouldnt go15._ for your help, wed never have been able to get over the difficulties. a. Had it not b. If it were not c. Had it not been d. If we had not been16.Rebecca _ me earlier if she did not like her house she bought last month. a. told b. would tell c. had told d. would have told17. Scientists all over the world have sugge