5六级阅读讲义

1、六级阅读讲义主讲人：刘琦欢迎使用讲义并非授课的逐字稿，难免有错漏， 堂进行提问不符，请以课程讲解为主，有任何疑问可以到知识1六级阅读基础篇英语语法概述英语两大基础：词汇、语法词汇是语言的素材,语法是语言的规律。知识运用阅读文章意思作文语法和词汇的意思标点符号的作用1.逗号两逗号间成分为语-语可跳原则例 1: 2006-12，text 1Humans, says Edward M. Hallowell, have the ability to call up images of bad things that happened in the past and to anticipate futu

2、re events.Humans, says Edward M. Hallowell, have the ability to call up images of bad things that happened in the past and toanticipate future events.例 2：2007-6，text 1Thus what may, to an older speaker, seem like “masculine” speech may seem to an adolescent like “liberated” or “hip” speech.Thus what

3、 may, to an older speaker, seem like “masculine” speech may seem to an adolescent like “liberated” or “hip”2speech.2.破折号（1）补充说明例 1. 2007-6 text 2People feel “squeezed” because their rising incomes often dont satisfy their rising wantsfor bigger homes, more health care, more education, faster Interac

4、t connections.（1）补充说明容易出考点，看懂 A 或 B 即可例 2. 2006-12 text1In a purely biological sense, fear begins with the bodys system for reacting to things that can harm usthe so-called-or-flight response.52. The “so-called-or-flight response” (Line 2, Para. 1) refers to “”.A) the biological process in which hum

5、an beings sense of self-defense evolvesB) the instinctive fear human beings feel when faced with potential dangerC) the act of evaluating a dangerous situation and making a quick decisionD) the elaborate mechanism in the human brain for retrieving information（2）两破折号中间为语-语可跳原则例 1. 2006-12，text 1Using

6、 this information, the amygdale appraises a situationI think this charging dog wants to bite meand triggers a response by radiating nerve signals throughout the body.Using this information, the amygdale appraises a situationI think this charging dog wants to bite meand triggers aresponse by radiatin

7、g nerve signals throughout the body.3.冒号进一步解释说明前句中的事物或现象例 1：2006-12，text 1His hope now: that the cries for reform will provide more fertile soil for his longstanding messages about business ethics.61. We learn from the last paragraph that. the calls for reform will help promote business ethicsbusine

8、ssmen with poor motives will gain the upper hand business ethics courses should be taught in all business schoolsreform in business management contributes to economic growth例 2：2007-6，text 1Weve simply reaffirmed an old truth: the pursuit of affluence does not always end with happiness.4.分号3语义并列或结构并

9、列例 1：2007- 6，text 1The typical refined Japanese woman excels in modesty and delicacy; she “treads softly （谨言慎行） in the world”,elevating feminine beauty and grace to an art form.5. 引号（1）反讽例 1. 2007-6 text 1, we didnt hear about “mens language” until people began to respond to girls appropriation of f

10、orms normally for boys and men.（2）-容易出考点，往往为内容的同义表述例 1. 2007-12 text2In December, Mortimer Zuckerman wrote a column in U.S. News & World Report, which he owns.“Our nations corebargain with the middle class is disintegrating,” lamented（哀叹） the 117th-richest man in America.“Most of our economicgai

11、ns have gone to people at the very top of the income ladder. Average income for a household of people of working age, by contrast, has fallen five years in a row.” He noted that“Tens of millions of Americans live in fear that a major health problem can reduce them to bankruptcy”.58. What do we learn

12、 from Mortimer Zuckermans lamentation?A)B)C)D)Many middle-income families have failed to make a bargain for better welfare. The American economic system has caused many companies to go bankrupt. The American nation is becoming more and more divided despite its wealth.The majority of Americans benefi

13、t little from the nations growing wealth.（3）对表面意思的引申-容易出词汇题，为前文内容的总结例 1. The other great frustration is that it has not eliminated insecurity. People regard job stability as part of their standard ofliving. As corporate layoffs increased, that part has eroded. More workers fear theyve become “the di

14、sposable American,” as Louis Uchitelle puts it in his book by the same name.55. What does Louis Uchitelle mean by “the disposable American” (Line 3, Para. 5)?A) Those who see job stability as part of their living standard.B) People full of utopian ideas resulting from affluence.C) People who have li

15、ttle say in American politics.D) Workers who no longer have secure jobs.6.括号对前文内容的解释说明4例 1.In this view, continual adjustments are made between learning or memory storage (input) and forgetting (output).词法对于关联词的理解常见的关联词表递进 moreover, in addition, what is more，furthermore, also, then, besides, etc.表转折

16、 however, rather than, instead of, but, yet, on the other hand, unfortunately. whereas表比较 like, similarly, likewise, in the same way, in the same manner, equally.表示时间顺序的过渡词：now，then，before，after，afterwards，earlier，later，immediately，soon，next，in a fewdays，gradually，suddenly，finally 等。引出例子:for example

17、, namely, for instance, as an example, that is六级中易出考点的关联词转折处显性转折表转折 however, rather than, instead of, but, yet, on the other hand, unfortunately, whereas隐性转折There is much less physical misery than before. People are better off. Unfortunately, affluence also creates new complaints and contradictions.

18、看不见的 but考点在哪里？Yet, despite the competition, my 8-year-old daughter Rebecca wants to spend her leisure time writing short stories.看不见的 butwwIt is a remarkable record, stretching back over 70 years yet the BBC's future is now in doubt. Unlike most of the world's volcanoes, they are not always

19、found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earth's surface; on the contrary, many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate.5熟词僻义1. She almost cried when she saw the arms in her sons arms.armn.臂;armyn.,2. John got fired for playing with fire.约翰因为玩火被解雇了firen.火, 热情,v.点

20、燃,着火, 解雇3. He milked twenty gallons of milk from the dairy他从那家牛奶厂敲诈了 20 加仑牛奶milkn.乳, 牛奶v.挤(奶),榨取，压榨4. From the sound of your heart, youre in sound shape从你心脏sound，你是健康的n.声音, 语音, 噪音adj.健全的, 可靠的adv.彻底地, 充分地 v. 听起来句法阅读句法基本规则语可跳1.2. 转折后重要3. 消减64. 向上指代，就近指代5. 长难句阅读语可跳1.结构:,. -.语在英文中非常常见，在文章里主要表现为以下两种符号：逗号

21、，破折号。例句： In a time of low academic achievement by children in the United States many Americans are turning to Japan, acountry of high academic achievement and economic success, for possible answers.2. 转折后重要But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature d

22、iscovery.3. 消减消减-即一句话中若有偶数位的词，则将所有的词消去。剩下内容为该句的真实含义。例句：There exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas.例句：There exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas.4. 向上指代，就近指代代词指代时向上指代离其最近的名词，若代入后不成立，则按由近及远的顺序代入。例句：Again，differences between

23、people and the opportufor natural selection to take advantage of it have diminished.六级强化阅读课程提纲一仔细阅读二选词填空三长篇阅读仔细阅读文章内容7人文类（教育、学术、人物）类（福利、健康、环保、商业、农业）文章出处Economist学家（英）Guardian 卫报（英）Newsweek（美）New York Times（美）Time（美）USA Today 今日美国（美）Washington Post （美）com大六级大纲要求阅读理解部分测试学生通过阅读获取信息的能力，既要求准确，又要求有一定的速度。具

24、体测试学生下列阅读能力：既能理解个别句子的意义，也能理解上下文的逻辑关系；既能理解字面的意思，也能理解隐含的意思；既能理解事实和细节，也能理解所读材料的主旨和大意；能就文章的内容进行、推测和信息转换。传统阅读的解题步骤三步法a.1）找出题干中的(词).词-1 显性：大写、数字、年代、时间、连字符单词等82 谓语结构（动宾短语）名词（主语）32）自然段原则（顺序原则）b. 回文.c. 正确选择.题型一细节推理题二词汇指代题(句子理解题)三主旨大意题四观点态度题细节推理题什么是细节推理题？该文章中有关发生的具体细节的题目，如：时间、地点、人物、方式等；What/When/Who/Where/Why

25、 /HowØ Which statement is true according to the passage?Ø Infer conclude解题技巧1） 位置对应原则：正确选项与问题处于同一段（有例外情况，为难点）例一：（2006 年 12 月第 2 篇）58. Why did Amitai Etzioni say “I really feel like I failed them” (Lines 4-5, Para. 2)?A) He was unable to alert his students to corporate malpractice.B) He did

26、nt teach his students to see business in new and different ways.C) He could not get his students to understand the importance of ethics in business.D) He didnt offer courses that would meet the expectations of the business-leaders-to-be.原文2006. 12 六级Today he still takes the blame for not educating t

27、hese “business-leaders-to-be”. “I really feel like I failed them,” he says,9“If I was a better teacher maybe I could have reached them.”.What he found wasnt encouraging. Those would-be executives had, says Etzioni, little interest in concepts of ethicsand morality in the boardroomand their professor

28、 was met with blank stares when he urged his students to see business in new and different ways.1） 位置对应原则：正确选项与问题处于同一段（有例外情况，为难点）例一：（2006 年 12 月第 2 篇）58. Why did Amitai Etzioni say “I really feel like I failed them” (Lines 4-5, Para. 2)?A) He was unable to alert his students to corporate malpractice

29、.B) He didnt teach his students to see business in new and different ways.C) He could not get his students to understand the importance of ethics in business.D) He didnt offer courses that would meet the expectations of the business-leaders-to-be.1） 位置对应原则：正确选项与问题处于同一段（有例外情况，为难点）例一：（2006 年 12 月第 2 篇

30、）58. Why did Amitai Etzioni say “I really feel like I failed them” (Lines 4-5, Para. 2)?A) He was unable to alert his students to corporate malpractice.B) He didnt teach his students to see business in new and different ways.C) He could not get his students to understand the importance of ethics in

31、business.D) He didnt offer courses that would meet the expectations of the business-leaders-to-be.2） 同义改写原则：正确是对原文的同义改写，而不是直接摘抄例：（2013 年 12 月第 2 篇）58. What accounted for Americas baby boom?A) Optimism for the future.B) Improved living conditions.C) Religious beliefs.D) Economic prosperity.原文 Though

32、having a child is a deeplyal decision, its shaped by culture, religion, economics, and government policy.“No one has a good answer” as to why fertility varies among countries, says sociologist Andrew Cherlin of The Johns Hopkins University. Eroding religious belief in Europe may partly explain lower

33、ed birthrates. In Japan young women may be rebelling against their mothers isolated lives of child rearing. General optimism and pessimism count. Hopefulness fueled Americas baby boom. After the Soviet Unions collapse, says Cherlin, “anxiety for the future” depressed birthratesin Russia and Eastern

34、Europe.102） 同义改写原则：正确是对原文的同义改写，而不是直接摘抄例：（2013 年 12 月第 2 篇）58. What accounted for Americas baby boom?A) Optimism for the future.B) Improved living conditions.C) Religious beliefs.D) Economic prosperity.3) 概括原则：选项中表达意义较具体，或肤浅的表达了字面意思的，一般不是项，而具有概括性，抽象的，含义深刻的是项例一：（2007 年 12 月第 2 篇）58. What do we learn f

35、rom Mortimer Zuckermans lamentation?A)B)C)D)Many middle-income families have failed to make a bargain for better welfare. The American economic system has caused many companies to go bankrupt. The American nation is becoming more and more divided despite its wealth.The majority of Americans benefit

36、little from the nations growing wealth.原文In December, Mortimer Zuckerman wrote a column in U.S. News & World Report, which he owns. “Our nations corebargain with the middle class is disintegrating,” lamented（哀叹）the 117th-richest man in America. “Most of our economicgains have gone to people at t

37、he very top of the income ladder. Average income for a household of people of working age, by contrast, has fallen five years in a row.” He noted that “Tens of millions of Americans live in fear that a major health problem can reduce them to bankruptcy”.3) 概括原则：选项中表达意义较具体，或肤浅的表达了字面意思的，一般不是项，而具有概括性，抽

38、象的，含义深刻的是项例一：（2007 年 12 月第 2 篇）58. What do we learn from Mortimer Zuckermans lamentation?A)B)C)D)Many middle-income families have failed to make a bargain for better welfare. The American economic system has caused many companies to go bankrupt. The American nation is becoming more and more divided

39、despite its wealth.The majority of Americans benefit little from the nations growing wealth.例二：（2014 年 16 月第 2 篇）64. What problem is Texas confronted with?A) Its Hispanic population is mostly illiterate.11B) Its sunrise industries are shrinking rapidly.C) Its education cannot meet the needs of the k

40、nowledge economy.D) Its immigrants have a hard time adapting to its cowboy culture.原文Despite all this, it still seems too early to hand over America's future to Texas. To begin with, that lean Texan mhasits own problems. It has not invested enough in education. and many experts rightly worry abo

41、ut a " lost generation" ofmostly Hispanic Texans with insufficient skills for the demands of the knowledge economy.例二：（2014 年 16 月第 2 篇）64. What problem is Texas confronted with?A) Its Hispanic population is mostly illiterate.B) Its sunrise industries are shrinking rapidly.C) Its education

42、 cannot meet the needs of the knowledge economy.D) Its immigrants have a hard time adapting to its cowboy culture.4)总-分原则：结合文章总-分结构或段落总-分结构解题 总即论点，分即论据。例：(2014 年 6 月 passage 2)62. What does the author say about today's California?A) Its debts are pushing it into bankruptcy.B) Its budgets have be

43、en cut by $26 billion.C) It is faced with a serious financial crisis.D) It is trying hard to protect the vulnerable.原文 It is easy to find evidence that California is in a panic. At the start of this month the once golden state started payingcreditors in IOUs (欠条). The gap between projected outgoings

44、 and income for the current fiscal (财政的) year has leaptto a horrible $26 billion. With no sign of a new budget to close this gulf, one credit agency has already downgradedCalifornias debt. As budgets are cut, universities will let in fewer students, prisoners will be released early and schemesto pro

45、tect the vulnerable will be rolled back.4)总-分原则：结合文章总-分结构或段落总-分结构解题 总即论点，分即论据。例：(2014 年 6 月 passage 2)62. What does the author say about today's California?A) Its debts are pushing it into bankruptcy.B) Its budgets have been cut by $26 billion.C) It is faced with a serious financial crisis.D) It

46、 is trying hard to protect the vulnerable.12细节推断题典型范文一（2006.12 text 2）Amitai Etzioni is not surprised by the latest headings about scheming corporate crooks （）. As a visiting professor atthe Harvard Business School in 1989, he ended his work there disgusted with his students overwhelming lust for mo

47、ney.“Theyre taught that profit is all that matters,” he says. “Many schools dont even offer ethics （学） courses at all.”57. What impressed Amitai Etzioni most about Harvard MBA students?A) Their keen interest in business courses.B) Their intense desire for money.C) Their tactics for making profits.D)

48、 Their potential to become business leaders.细节推断题典型范文一（2006.12 text 2）Amitai Etzioni is not surprised by the latest headings about scheming corporate crooks （）. As a visiting professorat the Harvard Business School in 1989, he ended his work there disgusted with his students overwhelming lust formon

49、ey. “Theyre taught that profit is all that matters,” he says. “Many schools dont even offer ethics （all.”57. What impressed Amitai Etzioni most about Harvard MBA students?A) Their keen interest in business courses.B) Their intense desire for money.C) Their tactics for making profits.D) Their potenti

50、al to become business leaders.学） courses at细节推断题典型范文一（2006.12 text 2）Amitai Etzioni is not surprised by the latest headings about scheming corporate crooks （）. As a visiting professor atthe Harvard Business School in 1989, he ended his work there disgusted with his students overwhelming lust for mon

51、ey.“Theyre taught that profit is all that matters,” he says. “Many schools dont even offer ethics （57. What impressed Amitai Etzioni most about Harvard MBA students?A) Their keen interest in business courses.B) Their intense desire for money.C) Their tactics for making profits.D) Their potential to

52、become business leaders.学） courses at all.”正确B细节推断题典型范文一（2006.12 text 2）13 Etzioni expressed his frustration about the interests of his graduate students. “By and large, I clearly had not found away to help classes full of MBAs see that there is more to life than money, power, fame and self-interest

53、,” he wrote at the time. Today he still takes the blame for not educating these“business-leaders-to-be”. “I really feel like I failed them,” he says, “If I was a better teacher maybe I could have reached them.”58. Why did Amitai Etzioni say “I really feel like I failed them” (Lines 4-5, Para. 2)?A.

54、He was unable to alert his students to corporate malpractice.B. He didnt teach his students to see business in new and different ways.C. He could not get his students to understand the importance of ethics in business.D. He didnt offer courses that would meet the expectations of the business-leaders

55、-to-be.细节推断题典型范文一（2006.12 text 2） Etzioni was a respected ethics expert when he arrived at Harvard. He hoped his work at the university would give himinsight into how questions of morality could be applied to places where self-interest flourished. What he found wasnt encouraging. Those would-be exec

56、utives had, says Etzioni, little interest in concepts of ethics and morality in the boardroomand their professor was met with blank stares when he urged his students to see business in new and different ways.59. Most would-be executives at the Harvard Business School believed that.A. questions of morality were of utmost importance in business affairsB. self-interest should not be the top priority in business dealingsC. new and different principles should be taught at business schoolsD. There was no place for ethics and