【文学研究】benjiamin franklin Microsoft PowerPoint 演示文稿模版课件

1、Benjamin Franklin He is almost everything: an American statesman, writer, scientist, and inventor, almanac maker, essayist, orator, philosopher, political economist, printer , political theorist, politician, postmaster, inventor, satirist, and diplomat. “Jack of all trades who seemed to born with Ki

2、ng Midass golden touch.Benjamin FranklinBenjamin Franklin (January 17, 1706 April 17, 1790)The First American the first United States Ambassador to France, The First American 1. his early and indefatigable campaigning for colonial unity. 2. The only American to sign the four documents that created t

3、he United States: the Declaration of Independence, the treaty of alliance with France, the treaty of peace with England, and the constitution. a scientist he was a major figure in the American Enlightenment, and the history of physics for his discoveries and theories regarding electricity. He invent

4、ed the lightning rod, bifocals, the Franklin stove富兰克林壁炉式取暖炉, a carriage odometer里程表, and the glass armonica玻璃口琴. He formed both the first public lending library收费图书馆 in America and the first fire department消防部队 in Pennsylvania. His electronic experiments - “the new Prometheus who had stolen fire fr

5、om heaven: Immanuel KantsIn the words of historian Henry Steele Commager, In a Franklin could be merged the virtues of Puritanism without its defects, the illumination of the Enlightenment without its heat.“ To Walter Isaacson, this makes Franklin the most accomplished American of his age and the mo

6、st influential in inventing the type of society America would become.4He played a major role in establishing the University of Pennsylvania and was elected the first president of the American Philosophical Society. Josiah dusai Franklin，Franklins father, was a tallow chandler(蜡烛制造者), a soap-maker an

7、d a candle-maker. He married twice and had 17 children, 3 with his first wife. Benjamin is from his second wife, is Josiahs 15th child and tenth and last son. Josiah Franklin converted to Puritanism in the 1670s. The roots of American democracy -Puritan values of self-government Three things were im

8、portant to the Puritans: that each congregation圣会 be self-governing; that ministers give sermons instead of performing rituals such as a Mass; and that each member study the Bible so that each could develop a personal understanding and relationship with God. Puritanism appealed to middle-class indiv

9、iduals such as Benjamin Franklins father, who enjoyed the governance meetings, discussion, study, and personal independence. One of Josiahs core Puritan values was that personal worth is earned through hard work, which makes the industrious man the equal of kings (Ben Franklin would etch Proverbs 22

10、:29, Seest thou a man diligent in his calling, he shall stand before Kings. onto his fathers tombstone). Hard work and equality were two Puritan values that Ben Franklin preached throughout his own life and spread widely through Poor Richards Almanac and his autobiography.Benjamin FranklinBenjamin F

11、ranklin was born on Milk Street, in Boston, Massachusetts, on January 17, 1706 and baptized at Old South Meeting House. - “poor and obscure His father prepared him for clergy, but could only support him for schooling for two years owing to the economy reasons. As he was a voracious reader, he manage

12、d to make up for deficiency by his own effort. 1. He then worked for his father for a time and at 12 he became an apprentice to his half-brother James, a printer, who taught Ben the printing trade. 2. When Ben was 15, James founded The New-England Courant, kur:nt ?新英格兰周报?， which was the first truly

13、independent newspaper in the colonies. 3. Franklin adopted the pseudonym of Mrs. Silence Dogood, “寂寞的行善者 a middle-aged widow and wrote letters to the newspaper and this widow became popular around town, which made his brother unhappy.4. At age 17, Franklin ran away to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, see

14、king a new start in a new city. He was encouraged by Pennsylvania Governor Sir William Keith (宾夕法尼亚总督吉斯爵士) and went to London. After finding that the equipment that promised by Sir William Keith was empty he worked as a typesetter in a printers shop.5. In 1727, Benjamin Franklin, then 21, created th

15、e Junto, a group of like minded aspiring artisans and tradesmen who hoped to improve themselves while they improved their community. The Junto was a discussion group for issues of the day; it subsequently gave rise to many organizations in Philadelphia.6. Franklin then conceived the idea of a subscr

16、iption library, which would pool the funds of the members to buy books for all to read. This was the birth of the Library Company of Philadelphia- its charter was composed by Franklin in 1731. Originally, the books were kept in the homes of the first librarians, but in 1739 the collection was moved

17、to the second floor of the State House of Pennsylvania, now known as Independence Hall. 7. In 1733, Franklin began to publish the famous Poor Richards Almanack (with content both original and borrowed) under the pseudonym Richard Saunders, on which much of his popular reputation is based. A penny sa

18、ved is twopence dear (often misquoted as A penny saved is a penny earned) and Fish and visitors stink in three days remain common quotations in the modern world. He sold about ten thousand copies per year (a circulation equivalent to nearly three million today) 8. In 1758, the year in which he cease

19、d writing for the Almanack, he printed Father Abrahams Sermon, also known as The Way to Wealth. Franklins autobiography, begun in 1771 but published after his death, has become one of the classics of the genre. Daylight saving time (DST) is often erroneously attributed to a 1784 satire that Franklin

20、 published anonymously. 9. He helped found the Pennsylvania Society which led to the University of Pennsylvania, and the American Philosophical Society.美国哲学会是美国现存最古老的学术团体。于1743年在美国著名创造家富兰克林的推动下成立。美国哲学会的总部设在宾夕法尼亚州的费城。要成为美国哲学会的会员，首先必须在5个学术领域，即数学与物理、生物、社会科学、人文学科、技艺与公私领域中取得学术上的成就。在21世纪初，美国哲学会的会员已达约850人。

21、历史1727年，21岁的富兰克林在费城组织了一个团员为年轻人，英文名叫Junto的“小团体，这团体注重实验和探索知识。1743年，富兰克林发表了?在北美的英国殖民地中提高有用知识的建议?。这建议获得众人赞同，而导致美国哲学会的成立。刚成立时主席是霍普金森1，富兰克林担任秘书。创立之初，学会就吸引了美国最杰出的头脑参与其中。最早的会员包括乔治华盛顿、约翰亚当斯、托马斯杰斐逊、亚历山大汉密尔顿、托马斯佩恩、大卫里顿豪斯、本杰明洛希、詹姆斯麦迪逊、约翰马歇尔等人。学会同样也会吸收其他国家的哲学家作为会员，包括亚历山大冯洪堡、拉法耶特侯爵、弗里德里希冯施托伊本、塔杜什科希丘什科、达什柯娃公主。1769

22、年，美国哲学会与另一个富兰克林建立的团体美国学会联合起来。富兰克林成为主席。1780年，二学会合并，名称还是美国哲学会。富兰克林是主席。1790年，富兰克林去世，到去世为止他一直担任主席职位。而后黎顿郝斯David Rittenhouse担任第二任主席，第三任主席为杰斐逊。 建筑Public life 1. In 1736, Franklin created the Union Fire Company, one of the first volunteer firefighting companies in America. 2. In October 1748, he was select

23、ed as a councilman, in June 1749 he became a Justice of the Peace 地方执法官for Philadelphia, and in 1751 he was elected to the Pennsylvania Assembly宾夕法尼亚众议院. On August 10, 1753, Franklin was appointed joint deputy postmaster-general邮政局长 of North America. His most notable service in domestic politics was

24、 his reform of the postal system, with mail sent out every week.3. In 1751, Franklin and Dr. Thomas Bond obtained a charter from the Pennsylvania legislature to establish a hospital. Pennsylvania Hospital was the first hospital in what was to become the United States of America.4. In 1753, both Harv

25、ard and Yale awarded him honorary degrees. Marriage Franklin established a common-law marriage (普通法婚姻，同居婚姻)with Deborah Read on September 1, 1730, and besides taking in Franklins young, recently acknowledged illegitimate son, William, together they had two children. Franklin died on April 17, 1790,

26、at age 84. Approximately 20,000 people attended his funeral. He was interred in Christ Church Burial Ground in Philadelphia. In 1728, aged 22, Franklin wrote what he hoped would be his own epitaph:The Body of B. Franklin Printer; Like the Cover of an old Book, Its Contents torn out, And stript of it

27、s Lettering and Gilding, Lies here, Food for Worms. But the Work shall not be wholly lost: For it will, as he believd, appear once more, In a new & more perfect Edition, Corrected and Amended By the Author.Main works and writing stylePoor Richards Almanac?格言历书?The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin?

28、自传?Poor Richards Almanac?格言历书? Besides some poems and essays, there are many adages and commonsense witticisms which became very quickly household words and for many mottoes of the most practical kind. He borrowed from other writers like Defoe, Swift and Pope, but his were more popular as he used hi

29、s own wit and wisdom to simplify and enrich their axioms.There are no gains without pains. Eat to live, and not live to eat“Hes a Fool that makes his Doctor his Heir,Hunger never saw bad bread,He that lies down with dogs, shall rise up with fleas.Fools make feasts and wise men eat them. He that spea

30、ks much is much mistaken. Fish and visitors stink in three days. Great talkers, little doers.Men and melons are hard to know.A good wife and health is a mans best wealth.Half the truth is often a great lie. Early to bed, and early to rise makes a man healthy wealthy and wise.Poor Richards AlmanacThe

31、 Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin?自传?Was probably the first of this kind in literature. It is a simple yet immensely fascinating record of a man rising to wealth and fame from a state of poverty and obscurity,the faithful account of the colorful career of American first self-made man.A puritan doc

32、ument, it is a record of self-examination and self-improvement.To him human is basically good and free by nature endowed by God with certain inalienable rights of liberty and the pursuit of happiness.Thirteen VirtuesFranklin sought to cultivate his character by a plan of 13 virtues, which he develop

33、ed at age 20 (in 1726) and continued to practice in some form for the rest of his life. His autobiography lists his 13 virtues as:Temperance. Eat not to dullness; drink not to elevation. Silence. Speak not but what may benefit others or yourself; avoid trifling conversation. Order. Let all your thin

34、gs have their places; let each part of your business have its time. Resolution. Resolve to perform what you ought; perform without fail what you resolve. Frugality. fru:lti Make no expense but to do good to others or yourself; i.e., waste nothing. Industry. Lose no time; be always employd in somethi

35、ng useful; cut off all unnecessary actions. Sincerity. Use no hurtful deceit; think innocently and justly, and, if you speak, speak accordingly. Justice. Wrong none by doing injuries, or omitting the benefits that are your duty. Moderation. Avoid extremes; forbear resenting injuries so much as you t

36、hink they deserve. Cleanliness. Tolerate no uncleanlines in body, cloaths, or habitation. Tranquility. Be not disturbed at trifles, or at accidents common or unavoidable. Chastity. Rarely use venery but for health or offspring, never to dullness, weakness, or the injury of your own or anothers peace or reputation. Humility. Imitate Jesus and Socrates skrti