国际贸易实务（共计549页共计2部分）_部分1

1、Chapter 1 International trade 新学期寄语一切的现在都孕育着未来，未来的一切都生长于它的昨天。舒婷?这也是一切?你的成功、健康、幸福、财富取决于你如何应用你看不见的法宝-积极心态。Only you can hold your attitude. 拿破仑.希尔?心态成就一切?Brief Introduction国际贸易的内容体系国际贸易实务的研究对象国际贸易实务的研究内容国际贸易的内容体系国际贸易的理论WHY贸易的根底国际贸易的管理WHAT国际贸易的实践HOW国际贸易的格局国际贸易的条件国际贸易的收益国际贸易的政策国际贸易的措施国际贸易的制度国际贸易实务国际贸易实务的

2、研究对象 国际贸易实务主要研究国际性商品交换的具体运作过程，包括这一过程所经历的环节，所使用的操作方法和技能以及所遵循的法律和惯例等。1.标的：货物、效劳和技术。国贸最根本和最主要的局部是货物贸易，效劳贸易和技术贸易往往借鉴于货物贸易的做法，甚至是直接沿袭其做法，所以日后的业务知识的介绍主要以货物贸易为例。2.货物贸易的国际性：这关系到适用的法律问题。目前各国判定国际性的标准有：1买卖双方当事人的营业地处于不同的国家2当事人具有不同的国籍3订立合同的行为完成于不同的国家4货物经由一国运往另一国家。对于这些标准，有的国家采取其一，有的采取综合。联合国?国际货物销售公约?采取单一的“营业地标准。国

3、际贸易实务的研究内容 1. 国际贸易法律标准2.国际贸易条件：是贸易商为实现经济目的而提出的贸易条件，既是双方谈判的内容，也是日后双方履行义务的根底。双方达成一致后，以合同条款的形式确定下来。因此贸易条件是国际贸易实务活动的根本内容。3.国际贸易程序4.国际贸易方式国际贸易法律标准任何商务活动都是在一定的法律标准下开展，国际贸易也不例外，但由于各国法律制度的差异，各国必须制定国际间统一的标准，并采取一些国际贸易惯例作为补充。因此国际贸易实务活动就涉及到各国法律、国际条约和国际惯例共同组成的法律框架。 国际贸易条件1国际贸易商品条件。这方面包括商品的品名和品质、数量、包装及商品检验2国际贸易价格

4、条件。价格条件往往与国际贸易术语联系起来确定。3国际贸易装运条件。这方面包括装运时间、地点、运输方式、是否分批以及转运等。4国际贸易货运保险条件。这方面需要约定投保的险别以及保费的负担问题。5国际支付条件：包括支付的工具和支付的方式。6争议处理条件：这方面包括索赔、不可抗力和仲裁。国际贸易程序 国际贸易程序是指国际贸易实务是按照怎样的顺序进行的。大体分为三个阶段：1交易前的准备2交易的磋商与合同的签订3合同的履行国际贸易方式国际贸易方式贸易商往往出于不同的交易目的选择适当的贸易方式，如长期合作的可选择包销代理与寄售方式，生产与贸易结合的加工贸易方式等。 参考书1李权编著，?国际贸易实务?，北京

5、，北京大学出版社，2000 2黎孝先编著，?国际贸易实务?，北京，对外贸易出版社，2000 3 徐景霖，?国际贸易实务?东北财经大学出版社，20034彭福永， ?国际贸易实务?上海财经大学出版社，2002Chapter 1 International Trade Part Main PointsPart Text-QuestionsPart Exercises P14-18Key words Absolute advantageComparative advantagesconflict of lawNon-tariff barriersmonetary conversionPart Main

6、 PointsIn this chapter,you will learn:Reasons for International trade Benefits of International Trade Problems in International Trade Reasons for International tradeResource reasons Economic reasons Political reasonsResource reasonsThe uneven distribution of resources around the world is one of the

7、basic reasons why nations began and continue to trade with each other.1.Favorable climatic conditions and terrain 2.natural resources3.skilled workers4.capital resources5.geographic location and transport cost6.insufficient productionEconomic reasonsAbsolute advantage-Adam Smiths-The Wealth of Natio

8、ns(绝对优势：亚当.斯密?国富论?) Absolute-Cost Example:Days of labor required to producecountryCloth(1 bolt)Wine(1 barrel)Scotland30120Italy10020Economic reasonsComparative advantages-David Ricardo-Principles of political economy (相对优势：大卫.李嘉图?政治经济学原理 )Comparative-Cost Example: Total Out put Ratio of cost within

9、the countrycountryRice Copper A241R:2C B111R:1C Political reasonsPolitical objectives can sometimes outweigh economic considerations between countries.One country might trade with another country in order to support the latters government which upholds the same political doctrine.Benefits of Interna

10、tional TradeCheaper goods-廉价的商品Greater variety when goods come from more countries-更丰富的商品Wider market with increasing number of trading partners-更广阔的市场Growth of economy-经济的增长 Cheaper goods1978年，中国出口、进口以及进出口总额分别只有97.5亿美元、108.9亿美元和206.4亿美元，在世界贸易格局中无足轻重；2004年，这三项指标分别到达5934亿美元、5614亿美元和11548亿美元Greater va

11、riety when goods come from more countries从20世纪90年代中期开始，昔日作为初级产品净出口国和制成品净进口国的中国已转变为初级产品净进口国和制成品净出口国。而且，初级产品进口额逐年上升，越是国内经济增长形势良好的年份，初级产品进口额增幅越大。1998年，中国初级产品进口额为230亿美元，2004年已高达11 73亿美元，比上年增长6l；初级产品贸易逆差1998年只有23.5亿美元，2003年为380亿美元，2004年高达767亿美元，比上年高102。我国已是铜矿、锰矿砂等多种资源产品的最大进口国。Wider market with increasing

12、 number of trading partnersInternational trade can greatly expand the market. The expansion enables manufacturers to take advantage of economies of scale in both research and production .Besides,since markets around the world are often in different development stages,newly expanded markets can help

13、extend life of products . Growth of economy法国与英国人口只有5000多万,法国1999年贸易额为5905亿美元，全球排行第4位;英国1999年贸易额为5893亿美元，全球排行第5位。2000年中国对外贸易进出口商品贸易总额4743亿美元1999年为3610亿美元，年增长率为31.5%中国的出口或进口已经开始在一些国际市场上对价格产生影响，中国经济在国际经济的影响日益增强.Problems in International Trade1.Trade restrictions2.Cultural issues 3.Conversion between c

14、urrencies Trade restrictionsTariff barrierstimeImport duty/export duty methods specific duty / ad valorem duty /Mixed or compound duty /alternative duty Import surtaxcountervailing duty /Anti-dumping duty /Variable levy purposeRevenue tariff /protection tariffNon-tariff barriersQuota /import license

15、 / State monopoly Government procurement policy /Advanced deposit /technical standards Health &sanitary regulations /Minimum price packaging and labeling regulations Cultural issues1)language, including terms of transaction; and 2)customs and manners.It in fact requires separate texts to address the

16、se two subjects.International traders must be constantly aware that cultural problems have remained to be the major obstacles in international trade and, therefore, every effort should be made to identify and solve such problems. conversion between currencies currencies are involved in international

17、 trade, conversion between currencies is inevitable. Yet it is no simple job to convert one currency into another without a loss while almost all currencies float every minute. The existence of exchange risk represent a great challenge to all international traders and trying to hedge against the ris

18、k has been the everyday job of many professionals. Part Text-Questions1. What are the important reasons for international trade?2. What benefits does international trade bring about?3. Why do many countries impose restrictions on trade?4. Please explain the three forms of import surtax?5. Could you

19、briefly explain the cultural problems and monetary conversion in international trade?Part Exercises P14-181. Answer questions 3-52. Definition:6-103. Complete the following diagram4. Fill blank5. Translate(home work)6. Reading (home work)Notes:Whats difference between international trade and domesti

20、c trade?What contents does international trade laws and regulations include?difference between international trade and domestic trade国际贸易所适用的法律标准更为广泛。 政府对国际贸易采取更多的管理措施。 国际贸易面临较大和较多的风险。 国际贸易业务操作上比较复杂 。从事国际贸易的人员要求更高。 international trade laws and regulations各国的贸易法律 national laws and regulations 国际贸易条约和

21、协定international treaties and agreements of trade国际贸易惯例 international trade customs and practices各国有关国际贸易的法律 西方国家：其贸易法在形式和内容是不完全相同，分为大陆法系和英美法系。1大陆法系：如法、德、日、意大都把有关贸易的法律编入民法典内。这些国家采取民法与商法分立的做法，即民法规定一般原那么普通法，商法特别法采取特殊规定。英美法系：既没有民法典，也没有商法典。其贸易法分为不成文法以法院判例的形式确定法律原那么和成文法具体规定。我国：1999年的?中华人民共和国合同法?就涉外经济合同的订立

22、，合同的履行，违反合同的责任，合同的转让、变更、解除和终止，争议的解决及法律适用等事项作了规定。另外，1994年公布的?中华人民共和国对外贸易法?规定了我国根本的对外贸易制度与开展对外贸易的准那么，明确了从事货物、技术、效劳贸易的根本原那么。国际贸易条约和协定确定1.法律效力：对于缔约国的外贸活动是有约束力的。如我国民法规定：中国缔结的国际条约其效力优于国内法除我国申明保存的条款除外2.?联合国国际货物销售公约?是联合国国际货物贸易法委员会负责制定的，1988年正式生效，99年缔约国已达55个。我国是其中之一。 国际贸易惯例含义：是在国际贸易实践中形成和开展，为大多数国家所认可和遵循的一些习惯

23、做法和解释。 特点：1是有国际组织、商业团体等根据国贸实践制定的，为大多数国家和地区所认可2地位：不具有法律强制性。不是各国立法机关制定，本身不具有法律强制性。只有在合同中引用，才相应具有约束力。3内容：随着国贸的开展而扩大。 国际贸易惯例.作用1为国贸当事人提供共同遵守的行为准那么。防止纠纷，保证合同顺利进行2在发生纠纷时，成为解决纠纷的依据。国际贸易惯例.种类 1关于贸易术语的国际惯例2关于国际支付的国际惯例国际贸易惯例适用原那么 1合同条款的法律效力高于国际贸易惯例2正确把握国际贸易惯例的适用性3引用国际惯例要明确具体4当事人未主张使用国际惯例时，法官和仲裁员有权主动适应有关的国际惯例。

24、 国际贸易法律、条约、惯例的适用 法律冲突conflict of law：由于两个以上的国家的法律对于同一涉外民事关系，引用不同的国家的法律处理产生不同的法律结果，这种法律选用的矛盾状态就称之为法律冲突。 法律适用标准conflict rules：用来确定某种涉外民事关系适用哪国的法律本国法还是外国法。 1. 法律冲突原因： 1国内法与外国法对同一民事关系调整规定不同。如关于合同成立的时间，英美法使用“投邮主义原那么；大陆法使用“到达主义原那么。2国内法在一定的条件下成认外国法的域外效力。域内效力：一国法律适用本国境内一切人，不管其是本国人还是外国人；域外效力：使用一切本国人，不管其在本国还是

25、在国外。国贸中的法律标准一般采用以下原那么： 1意思自治原那么：双方当事人在订立合同时共同选择某国法律作为解决与该合同有关纠纷的依据。Autonomy of will2客观标志原那么：根据合同客观联系因素确定准据法。Objective symbolA.订约地：解决合同的形式、合同的有效性等方面的法律冲突 place of signing contractB.履约地：解决合同的内容权利义务，履约方面的法律冲突 place of performanceC.法院地或仲裁地：在哪起诉或仲裁place of court and arbitrationD.标的物所在地：合同标的为不动产土地房屋 place

26、 of objective 3最密切联系原那么：由法官根据与合同关系最密切的法律予以适用。The closest connection 我国涉外合同的法律适用原那么： 1意思自治原那么2最密切联系原那么3适用国际条约原那么4适用国际惯例原那么案例分析1：如果甲国某公司在乙国设立了一个分公司A，该分公司与乙国的某公司B签订了一份货物买卖合同。合同规定，乙国B公司负责将货物运送至乙国某地。问:A公司和B公司之间的货物贸易是否属于国际贸易？案例分析2:一份CIF合同在美国订立，由美国商人A出售一批电脑给中国商人B，货运目的地是中国香港，即按CIF HONGKONG贸易术语成交。双方在执行合同的过程中

27、对合同的形式和合同的解释发生了争议。问：此项合同纠纷应当适用哪个国家的法律？为什么？Chapter 2 Terms of Delivery English sayings we share: Wisdom in the mind is better than money in the hand. Nothing is impossible for a willing heart. In doing we learn . Great hopes make great man. Part Main pointsIn this chapter,you will learn:Vital aspects

28、 of a transactionThe purpose of the Terms of Delivery and INCOTERMSThe structure of INCOTERMS 2000Brief explanation of the terms-Emphasis & Difficulty Points of consideration for choosing Terms of Delivery 1. Vital aspects of a transactionTime and placed delivery Responsibilities and associated cost

29、sDocuments and expense Title to goods Time and place of deliveryTime and place of delivery are crucial factors in defining the point where the responsibilities and the risks pass from the seller to the buyer. Sellers and buyers can choose the place of delivery according to the responsibilities and r

30、isks that each party wants to take.Responsibilities and associated costsThere must be no ambiguity in the interpretation by either party of the terms of deliver quoted, a particularly in the area of costs and expenses. Problems would often mean loss of good relations and loss of repeat orders. It is

31、 therefore essential for both the buyer and the seller to agree on the terms of delivery and their interpretations. Documents and expenseInternational trade transactions require more documents than domestic sales and purchases. Almost for each procedure there is a document and nearly each of the doc

32、uments entails a cost either hidden or apparent. It needs to be clear what documents the exporter should prepare and who should pay the expense so that a transaction can be processed smoothly.Title to goodsDifferent terms of delivery mean different responsibilities of the seller and the buyer. Accor

33、dingly, title to the good will pass over from the seller to the buyer at different time and places. Sellers and buyers need to know when and how they will lose or acquire the title to the goods. It is therefore of vital importance to establish a clearly defined cut-off points to show where the expor

34、ters responsibilities and risks end and where the importers begin so that the exporter can price his goods accurately and the importer can calculate the full cost of import.2. The purpose of the Terms of Delivery and INCOTERMSThe problem in international trade is that different countries might have

35、different ways of interpreting the same contract wording. Only creating a set of internationally agreed terms can solve such a problems.The incoterms aim to provide such a set of standardized terms which mean exactly the same to both parties to a contract and which will be interpreted in exactly the

36、 same way by courts in every country. INCOTERMSTypes of Incoterms Incoterms 2000 -that have been most widely used in international trade. Warsaw-Oxford Rules 1932 - provide standard interpretation for ClF Revised American Foreign Trade Definitions 1941- widely used in America Features of INCOTERMS-

37、Incoterms are not part of national or international law, but they can be binding on buyers or sellers provided the sales contract specifies that a particular lncoterms will apply.3.The structure of Incoterms 2000For the purpose of easier reading and understanding, the terms in Incoterms 2000 are gro

38、uped in four basically different categories:(1)Group E term,(2)Group F terms,(3)Group C terms and (4)Group D terms, with increasing responsibilities, costs and risks for the seller and decreasing responsibilities, costs and risks for the buyer. four basically different categoriesGroup EGroup FGroup

39、CGroup DEXWFOB/FCA/FASCFR/CIF/CPT/CIPDAF/DES/DEQ/DDU/DDP?2000年国际贸易术语解释通那么?13种贸易术语E组：启运EXW (Ex works) 工厂交货 F组：主运费未付FCA (Free Carrier) 货交承运人FAS (Free Alongside Ship) 装运港船边交货FOB (Free On Board) 装运港船上交货C组：主运费已付CFR (Cost and Freight) 本钱加运费CIF(Cost Insurance and Freight) 本钱保险费加运费?2000年国际贸易术语解释通那么?续CPT (Ca

40、rriage Paid To) 运费付至CIP (Carriage and Insurance Paid to) 运费保险费付至D组：到达DAF (Delivered At Frontier) 边境交货DES (Delivered Ex Ship) 目的港船上交货DEQ (Delivered Ex Quay) 目的港码头交货DDU (Delivered Duty Unpaid) 未完税交货DDP (Delivered Duty Paid) 完税后交货4.Brief explanation of the terms-Emphasis &Difficulty4.1EXW-Ex Works .nam

41、ed place This term means that the seller fulfils his obligation to deliver when he has made the goods available at his premises (ie, works, factory, warehouse, etc) to the buyer. In particular, he is not responsible for loading the goods on the vehicle provided by the buyer or for clearing the goods

42、 for export ,unless otherwise agreed. The buyer bears all costs and risks involved in taking the goods from the sellers premises to the desired destination. This term thus represents the minimum obligation for the seller. This term should not be used when the buyer cannot carry out directly or indir

43、ectly the export formalities. 4.2 Group FFCA-Free Carrier .named place FAS-Free Alongside Sd port of shipment FOB-Free On Bd port of shipment . FCA-Free Carrier .named placeThis term means that the seller fulfils his obligation to deliver when he has handed over the goods, cleared for expor

44、t, into the charge of the carrier named by the buyer at the named place or point. This term may be used for any mode of transport Carrier means any person who, in a contract of carriage, undertakes to perform(performing carrier)to procure (contracting carrier)the performance of carriage by rail, roa

45、d, sea ,air, inland waterway or by a combination of such modes. FCA-Free Carrier .named placeSellers obligation1.deliver goods to carrier pointed by buyer2.clear for exportBuyer s obligation1.contract with carrier2. contracts for insurance3. clear for importFAS-Free Alongside Sd port of shipmentFAS

46、means that the seller fulfils his obligation to deliver when the goods have been placed alongside the vessel on the quay or in lighters at the named port of shipment. This means that the buyer has to bear all costs and risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the moment.This term can only be use

47、d for sea or inland water way transportFOB-Free On Bd port of shipmentDefinition:FOB means that the seller fulfils his obligation to deliver when the goods have passed over the ships rail at the named port of shipment. This means that the buyer has to bear all costs and risks of loss of or

48、damage to the goods from that point. FOB term requires the seller to clear the goods for export FOB-Free On Bd port of shipmentConsiderations:derived termsloading costThis term can only be used for sea or inland water way transport. Incoterms appliedDerived terms- Reasons:this term also req

49、uires the seller to “deliver the goods on board the vessel. Clearly, it is hard to use ships rail as a point to divide responsibilities and costs because the loading of the goods is a continuous performance.As the stipulations in Incoterms are not imperative, the seller and the buyer can negotiate t

50、he division point of responsibilities and costs. There are several derived terms available to serve this purpose Imperativeurgent/essentialderived terms-types1.FOB Under Tackle-The seller fulfils his obligation of delivery once the goods are placed beside the carrying vessel within the reach of the

51、vessels crane. 2.FOB Liner Terms -The ship will be responsible for loading. derived terms-types3.FOB Stowed -The seller is responsible for loading the goods on board the vessel and packing the goods carefully and closely in the vessels hold .4. FOB Trimmed-Besides loading the goods on board the vess

52、el, the seller should also trim the goods to make the vessel evenly balanced. 船货衔接问题：通过装运通知事项解决。 -notify 卖方备货买方船名船期已装船4.3 Group CCFR-Cost And Fd port of destinationCIF-Cost ,Insurance And Fd port of destinationCPT-Carriage Paid Td place o f destinationCIP- Carriage and Insurance Paid Td

53、place o f destinationCFR-Cost And Fd port of destinationCFR means that the seller must pay the costs and freight necessary to bring the goods to the named port of destination but the risk of loss of or damage to the goods, as well as any additional costs due to events occurring after the time the go

54、ods have been delivered on board the vessel, is transferred from the seller to the buyer when the goods pass the ships rail in the port of shipment. CFR term requires the seller to clear the goods for export This term can only be used for sea or inland water way transport. CIF-Cost ,Insurance And Fd

55、 port of destinationDefinition :CIF means that the seller has the same obligations as under CFR but with the addition that he has to procure marine insurance against the buyers risk of loss or damage to the goods during the carriage. The seller contracts for insurance and pays the insurance premiumC

56、IF term requires the seller to clear the goods for export This term can only be used for sea or inland water way transport. CIF-Cost ,Insurance And FreightConsiderations:derived termsunloading costCharacter of deliveryCharacter of insurancederived termsTo stipulate clearly the responsibility and cos

57、t of unloading,some derived terms can be used. CFR/CIF Liner Terms -The ship is responsible for the unloading of goods CFR/CIF Landed -The goods must be unloaded onto the dock CFR/CIF ships hold seller fulfils his responsibilities when he has made the goods ready for unloading. Character of delivery

58、Physical deliverySymbolic deliverySeller: delivery with documentsBuyer:payments against documentsCharacter of insuranceSeller: contracts for insurance and pays the insurance premiumBuyer: the risk of loss of or damage to the goods, as well as any additional costs due to events occurring after the ti

59、me the goods have been delivered on board the vessel, is transferred from the seller to the buyer when the goods pass the ships rail in the port of shipment.CPT-Carriage Paid Td place o f destinationCPT means that seller pays the freight for the carriage of the goods to the named destination.

60、The risk of loss of or damage to the goods, as well as any additional costs due to the events occurring after the time the goods have been delivered to the carrier, is transferred from the seller to the buyer when the goods have been delivered into the custody of the carrier. Custodyin charge of监管CP