《化学专业英语》课件chapter8

1、PART II Significant TermsChapter 8 Inorganic Chemical Terms1. Periodic table, electronic structure Periodicity 周期性: the quality or state of being periodic; recurrence at regular intervals.periodic law : the tendency of chemical elements with similar positions in the periodic table to have similar pr

2、operties.Excursion: 偏移2. Wavelength, frequency, wavenumber diffractionDiffraction : the spreading of waves as they pass obstacles or openings comparable in size to their wavelength. 3. quantum, quantized, quantum theory, photoelectric effect, photonwhole-number multiples4. Quantum mechanics, Heisenb

3、erg uncertainty principle, momentumHeisenberg uncertainty principle: It is impossible to know simultaneously both the exact momentum and the exact position of an electron. momentum : mass times velocity p=mv5. Angular momentum, ground state , excited states, quantum numberAngular momentum: l = mvr m

4、:mass, v: velocity , r: radiusGround state : the state with lowest energyexcited state : the state with higher energy than that of ground state6. Atomic orbital, the four quantum numbersThe principal quantum number: 主量子数 nIdentifies the main energy levels, n= 1 2 3 .ii) The subshell (支壳层) quantum nu

5、mber: 角量子数 , identifies the sublevels of energy within the main energy level, l=0 1 2 n-1iii) The orbital quantum number: magnetic quantum number , identifies the location within each subshell , Identifies the two different orientations in which each electron occupies the orbitaliv) The spin quantum

6、 number: ms9. Group (family), period, noble gas 10. Representive elements, transition elemetntsRepresentive element: alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, halogens.transition elemetnts: d-transition, f-transition12.Chemical bond, valence electrons, Lewis symbol15. Lewis structure, nonbonding electro

7、n pairs (lone pairs), covalent bonding, single, multiple and coordinate covalent bond16. resonance: refers to all the possible arrangementresonance hybrid(共振杂化): refers to the actual arrangement which has the characteristics of two or more of possible arrangement.17.Nonpolar and polar covalent bond,

8、 dipole, network covalent substances18. bond length, bond dissociation energy, bond energy, lattice energyAtomic radii Effective nuclear charge Screening effect Lanthanide contractionIsoelectronic ions 等电子离子20. Ionization energy, noble gas configuration, electron affinity, d10 configuration, pseudo-

9、noble gas configuration21. Polarization of an ion, electronegativity(电负性) atomElectropositive atom22. Oxidation numbers, oxidation state23. Molecular geometry, bond angle, bond axis, valence bond theory, hybridization, 24. isomers, structural isomersCis-trans isomerism (geometric isomerism )Cis-isom

10、ers: the groups under consideration are on the same side of a double bond or other rigid structureTrans-isomers: the groups under consideration are on opposite sides25. Delocalized electrons:离域电子 van der Waals forces, van der Waals radii, dipole moment, 偶极矩dipole-dipole interaction: molecules with d

11、ipole moments attract each other electrostatically, and the positive end of one molecule attracts the negative end of another molecule, and so on, leading to an alignment of the molecules. London forces: dispersion force hydrogen bond30. Hydration,水合作用 solvation,溶剂化作用 chemical equilibrium,化学平衡 hydro

12、lysis，水解efflorescence, 粉化风化hygroscopic, 吸湿的Deliquescent，潮解的31. electrolyte: 电解质Strong(weak) electrolytes:Nonelectrolytes:35. Fossil fuels: coal, petroleum, natural gas Oxidation:Reduction:Oxidation-reduction reactions: redoxOxidizing agent, reducing agent36. Heavy water, absorption37. Acidic anhydride(酸酐) amphoteric两性的38. Allotropes: 同素异形体43. Ion product constant for water Acid or base ionization constant45. Molecular orbital theory, bonding molecular orbital 成键分子轨道anti-bonding molecular orbital反键分子轨道 bo