超强托福考试复习资料-写作讲义

1、托福基础写作一、托福写作概述二、英汉两种语言的区别（1美国人与中国人思维方式的不同。lineor way of thinking（二）、英汉句子结构的特点。英语重形和，重结构，汉语重意和，重语义。英 语中常用复合句；汉语那么常用短句，简单句。10 Linking words cohesionconj,:and. but, or, so, whileif, because, although, That, who, which, what, asas more than, so thatin this reason, in conclusion, for examplehowever, unfo

2、rtunately, Undeniablyto make things worsegenerally speaking同义词repetitionthis, it, that, thoseinteresting to see 10. what is more(三)英语多变化variety (diversity),汉语多重复。(四)英语被动句多。汉语中主动句多。三、中国学生写作最易犯的十大错误Nowadays, college student should learn competition and cooperation.The problem that is created by comput

3、ers attract (draw, spark, captivate, intrigue, arouse, yield, give rise to) much attention.In present-day society, there are a great many young people go abroad.In my opinion, I think that smoking should be banned in public places.The computer can not instead the pivotal role played by teachers in e

4、ducation.是值得的。9、It is no use crying over the spilt milk.覆水难收。10 It has been a few decades since the computer came into being.自 从计算 机问世以来已经有几十年的时间了。五、假设句假设句可分为真实假设句和非真实假设句两种。常用在主体段落表示正、反论证。1 If we destroy old buildings, then we will ruin the traditional culture and heritage.如果我们推倒老房子,就要破坏传统的文化和遗产。You

5、 would miss the chance to interact with other students if you used internet at home.假如你在家上网，你就会失去与其他同学交流的机会。Once you change your present job, you will be faced with the danger of being unemployed.一旦你变换了现在的工作，就面临着失业的危险。六、倒装句在写作中恰当和准确地使用倒装句，有助于句子表达形式的多样化, 使语言更加生动 有力。Only in this way can the problem be

6、 tackled properly.只有这样才能妥善地 解决这个问题。2、Only when children take arduous efforts can they become successful. 只有 当孩子1门付出艰苦的努力他们才能获得成功。Not only does studying in school serve academic purpose, but students learnhow to handle interpersonal relations.在校学习不仅为了学 术目的，而且还可 以学会如何处理人际关系。Linder no circumstances sho

7、uld youngsters follow negative information on mass media blindly,青少年决不应当盲从群众媒体上的不良信息。So valuable is water that we cannot afford to waste it.时 I、 司是女口止匕 珍贵,我们经不起浪费它。Nowadays, most dangerous for youngsters is the tendency to indulge in playing PC games,如今对青少年最为危险的事情是倾向于过多地玩电脑游戏。七、强调句写作时为了突出句子的某一成分，常常使

8、用强调句。1、It is for the benefit of maintaining the ecological balance that human beings ought to protect the endangered animal species.正是为了维持生 态平衡， 人类才应该保护地球上濒危的动物物种。It is not until people suffer from some fatal diseases such as SARS and AIDS that they are becoming aware of how significant it is for th

9、e government to invest more money in medical care.直SU人们患了像非典和爱滋病这样致命的疾病时，才意识到政府把更多的钱 投入到医疗上的重要性。3、Nothing in the world is more valuable than health,世界上没有比健康更重 要的了。International tourism does promote mutual understanding between people from different countries.This is the very advantages brought by co

10、mputers.Under no circumstances can we neglect the immense value of education in one，s life.One cannot emphasize the importance of education too much.It is no exaggeration to say that computers are of vital importance to human，s lives.八、峻句正确地使用比拟结构可以使文章的句式增加变化，有利于提高写作成绩。Studies show that juvenile del

11、inquency rates are twice as high for youngsters from single-parent families as for those in traditional households.（同级）研究说明来自单亲家庭的青少年犯罪率是来自传统 家庭的两倍。Generally speaking, people in modern times enjoy less leisure time than they did previously.（比拟级）一般说来，现代人比过去享有更少的休闲时间。Compared with those with different

12、 abilities, children with intelligence do more well in their school work and intelligence tests.与不同育旨力的孩 子 相比，聪明的孩子在学业和智力测验方面表现更加突出。Contrary to （In contrast to, Unlikejpop stars, other professionals like doctors and teachers create the true value for their society.与明星不 同，其 他专业人员如医生和教师为社会创造了真正的价值。5、A

13、ir is to human what （as） water is to fish.空气对人类就如同水对鱼一样。 九、插入语插入语是对一句话做一些附加说明或解释。最常见的位置于句中，一般用逗号或 破折号与句子隔开。用得恰当，不仅可以增加字数，而且使文章更显地道和精彩。1、 Computers, most important of all, create wide communication around the world.最重要的是，计算机在世界范围内建立了广泛的交流。2、Providing more parking areas, in the long run, has proved to

14、 be a practical way out in manylarge cities in the world.从长远的利益来看，提供更多的停车位证明是许 多世界大城市切实可行的出路。Observing local culture, consciously and unconsciously, can reduce the chance of offending the locals, or it will lead to the embarrassment and even conflict.无论是否意识到，遵循当地的文化可以减少冒犯当地人的 机会，否贝I, 就会导致尴尬甚至冲突。Spac

15、e exploration, some people believe, will bring some unexpected discoveries.有人相信空间探索将会带来意想不到的发现。十、原因句几乎所有的写作试题都要求写原因或者可以写原因。议论文的讲道理实际就是说 明原因。因此，掌握好表达原因的结构是十分重要的。1、 Violent films can do harm to young people, because they contains numerous negative information.暴力影片对年轻人是有害的，因为其中包含大量负面信息92、Human beings a

16、re chiefly responsible for wild animal extinction.里姓 动物 灭绝的主要责任在人类。3、 We should attribute (ascribe)medical advances to the animals which do substantial contributions to the experiment.我们应该把医学的开展归 因于动 物对实验做出的巨大贡献。4、Because of overpopulation, water shortage has become one of the most serious problems,

17、由于人口过剩，水短缺已经成为一个最严重的问题。5、Owing to the fierce competition in today，s world, a great many young people find themselves under great pressure.由于当今世界的激烈竞争，大量的年轻人 承受巨大的压力。六、英语句子成分S +V + 0.主语s (名词，代词，不定式，动名词，句子).谓语V (动词或动词短语)In the advent of the era of the economic globalization, computers are becoming inc

18、reasingly significant roles in day-to-day lives.Staying in front of computers for a long time enables children to become lonely, passive, self-centered, indifferent(apathetic), inactive, eccentric, unsociable and inconsiderate.It(S) is(V) adj (0) to do + that SI VI 01It is extremely difficult for gr

19、aduates to hunt for a satisfying (decent pleasant well-paid, desirable, ideal) job.It is short-sighted to argue that space exploration is sheer a waste of time and resources.宾语。(名词，代词，不定式，动名词，句子。跟不定式作宾语的常见动词： agree hope plan decide offer prefer wish intend fail desire refuse afford choose manage exp

20、ect aim promise consent pretend neglect ignore omit happen determine demand threaten resolve decline propose undertake volunteer,星艮动 名词作宾语的常见动词：finish enjoy mind keep stop dislike consider suggest miss avoid regret admit acknowledge delay practice deny imagine postpone risk advocate recall resist ap

21、preciate cannot help confess escape fancy defer resent evade contemplate forgive permit detest repento跟双宾语的常见动词：osk sent show teach give bring buy find get keep lendtell write wish offer deprive sb of sth S +V + that + SI + VI +01.Some people propose that the young should make friends with different

22、 ideas from themselves, while others are against it.A recent survey (research, poll, investigation, questionnaire, census, study) has shown (indicated, made clear, present, demonstrate, illustrate, illuminate, reveal, lay bare, disclose, denote, signify, exhibit display, represent, expound, imply, p

23、rovide evidence) that there is a definite link between declining crime rate and imprisonment of criminals(villainz rogue, bad guy, wrong-doer, law-breaker, offender, convict, culprit, mugger, murderer, assassinator, arsonist, robber, burglar, rapist).Medical experts point out that cigarettes contain

24、 a great many ingredientsfcomponents, constituents, substances, matters, things) harmful to people，s health.Al + S + A2+ V + A3 +。 + A4(adjzn)achieve the goal of going my pen runs out of ink again Middle-aged man what + VI +01Children are too young to distinguish (differentiate, tell) right(virtue)f

25、rom wrong (evil), so they tend to imitate (follow blindly, copy, emulate, simulatejwhat they have seen and heard on mass media.A recent survey(poll, questionnaire, census) has revealed that the employment rates of graduates this year are considerably on the decline.Experts point out that smoking sho

26、uld be banned (prohibitedjorbidden) in all public places, because cigarettes contain a great many numerous poisonous ingredients(composition, substances, contents, matters, things,). 表语(名词，形容词：某些形容词，如careless, absurd, brave, courageous, careful, careless, clever, wise, foolish, silly, stupid, good,

27、nice, kind thoughtful inconsiderate, greedy, money-oriented acquisitive materialistic generous, honest modest, polite, rude, cruel , selfish, self-centered egocentric wicked, wrong等不定式后可以加of来引导出其逻辑主语。代词，数词，不定式，动名词，分词，介词短语，句子)The purpose to (of) attend colleges is to not only acquire knowledge but br

28、oaden your minds. HorizonI am extremely exceedingly amazed astonished to hear that a 19-year-old girl killed a middle-aged man.An advantage of raising pets is that some peo pie can dispel the loneliness.定语(形容词，代词,数词，名词，不定式，动名词，分词，介词短语，句子)Al + S + A2 + V + A3 + 0 + A4Adj - n+ed white-haired girl, gre

29、en-eyed examiner n + to doThe purpose to attend university is not only to acquire knowledge, but to widen (broaden, expand, enlarge) one，s eyesightfvision, horizon, the scope).Yang Liwei, a distinguished astronaut in China, has become the first man to explore space in the history of China.Nowadays,

30、there are an increasing number of young people studying abroad.Poisonous fumes (wastes, pollutants) emitted (released, discharged, given off, sent, made) from factories endanger (threaten) people，s health.The negative effects caused (induced) by computers on children，s psychological health can hardl

31、y be neglected.S + who (SI) + VI +01 + V + 0.People who are against (advocate) raising(feeding) pets assert that it can not only disturb normal lives of neighbors, but transmit (contract) some diseases such as rabies (hydrophobia) and bird flu.S + that (SI) +VI +01 +V + 0.One leading factor that lea

32、ds to the rising juvenile delinquency rate is parental divorce.S + that (01) + SI + Vl+V + 0.Another factor (that) we cannot neglect is that television can present a vivid (lifelike, graphic, colorful) pictures in front of audiences.S + where (in which, why, when) + SI + V1+ 01.In modern society whe

33、re competition is becoming increasingly fierce, young people find themselves under heavy pressure (lead a stressful life) When it comes to taking part-time job, I recall those wonderful days when I stayed in colleges.There exist numerous recreational (entertaining) facilities and employment opportun

34、ities in large cities (metropolises), and this is the reason why countless people flood (swarm, flock, crowd) into them.S +V + 0, which SI + VI +01.which is beneficial towhich is detrimental (hazardous, toxic, virulent) towhich meansfis equivalent to)Old people should be encouraged to cultivate (fos

35、ter) some hobbies such as keeping pets, growing flowers, and learning painting, which contributes greatly to dispelling the loneliness.The government ought to give priority to developing international tourism, which is conducive to the increase of tax revenues of a nation. Now some children spend to

36、o much time being addicted to playing computer games all day long, which is detrimental to their physical and mental well-beings.These days, the number of graduates is increasing at an alarming (amazing, astonishing, surprising, staggering, unprecedented) speed, Which means that the prospect of empl

37、oyment will become bleak (bleary).6.状语Ad (副词，名词，不定式，分词，介词短语，句子)Adi + Al + S + A2+ V + A3 + 0 + A4 + Ad2介词短语原因 because of, in view of on account of by virtue of Because of the advancement in medical science at an alarming (amazing) rate, scientists have cured numerous fatal (deadly, mortal, lethal) d

38、iseases.方式By watching advertising on TV , customers (clients, consumers, shoppers, buyers) can have access to (learn)where to purchase their favorite productsfgoods, commodities, merchandizes, things).比拟In contrast to the computer that is like a cold flickering machine, classroom teaching can promot

39、e emotional exchanges between teachers and students.否认Instead of benefiting from the internet, some children are addicted to playing PC games.不定式.目的In order to acquire some unexpected discoveries, the government should subsidize (invest, finance, fund, patronize, allocate) more money in space explor

40、ation.原因I am surprised to hear that 19-year-old girl killed a middle-aged man.In order to enrich the late lives of senile groups, they are supposed to be encouraged to foster (cultivate) some hobbies such as feeding pets, growing flowers.I never fail to be surprised to hear that现在分词原因Living in rural

41、 areas for a long time, people can experience a quiet, comfortable pastoral life.结果Smoking can cost large sums of money, thus bringing about tremendous economic burdens to smokers* families.Staying in front of computers for a long period, children tend to become inactive, passive, eccentric, indiffe

42、rent (apathetic, aloof, inconsiderate), unsociable and self-centered (egocentric, selfish).过去分词Influenced by attractive (fascinating, charming, tempting, captivating, glamourous ) messages on the net some kids spend too much (excessive) time in being indulged in playing PC games让步句SI + VI + 01; howe

43、ver, S + V + 0.Although (While, Even though) SI + VI +OLS +V + 0.01+as+Sl + VI (be),S + V + 0.Beneficial to our lives as computers are becoming, Plausible as the view sounds, it cannot hold water after a second thought.In spite of (Despite) + 01+(that)+ SI + VI , S + V + 0.Celebrities such as movies

44、, sports stars deserve high salaries, because they have made painstaking endeavors before they become famous. Since human beings are omnivore (carnivore, herbivore), they cannot survive without meat.The source of air pollution is ascribed (attributed, traceable) to poisonous fumes emitted from a var

45、iety of factories.If we topple (tear, knock, break, put) down old buildings, we will undermine cultural heritage as well as traditional values.Once people have shifted (switched) their present jobs, they will be (run the risk ofjfaced (confronted) with the danger of being unemployedflaid off).A surv

46、ey has suggested that the number of graduates this year is up to twice more than that a decade ago.The more + SI + VI + 01, the more+ S + V + 0.The more developed and advanced the scientific technology is becoming, the more workers will be unemployed.Compared with male counterpart, females are more

47、suited to doing certain kinds of jobs such as actresses, nurses, operators, and secretaries.A is to B what (as) C is to D.The main road is essential to a city as the artery is to blood circulation in the body.补语(形容词,名词，不定式:下面的动词要求不定式做宾补:动词+宾语+动词不定式 ask get prompt allow forbid prefer force press insp

48、ire require assist hate advise recommend bear implore remind beg induce report compel invite command intend show drive mean train cause instruct deserve leave telldirect tempt entitle order warn enable need urge encourage oblige condemn teach entreat permit wish ,分词，介词短语)Parents should encourage kid

49、s to learn how to communicate with peers, which contributes greatly to advancing their career in the future.A great consumers find some fake advertisement misleading and cheating, deceitful (deceptive ).同位语(名词，句子，后跟同位语从句的常见词Edison Chen, a famous movies star in Hong Kong, fact news question proposal

50、report altitude ( latitude longitude evidence proof suggestion request idea conclusion thought notion value fiction fear) that (90%)Edison Chen, a well-known singer in Hong Kong, is disclosed some photo scandal. Confucius, a famous philosopher in ancient China, instructed his students to worship mor

51、al values.Johnson, a sociologist inThe undeniable fact that the computer has found a wide application in almost every field in the society is generally accepted.There is considerable evidence that there is a definite link between smoking and lung cancer. Namely, the more you smoke, the higher rate o

52、f the risk of catching lung cancer. Inversely proportional toThe undeniable fact that international tourism is able to enhance tax revenues of a nation is hard to be negligible.Cater for embrace job-hoppingOnce you have shifted (switched, changed) your present jobs, the fearthat you will be unemploy

53、ed (laid off, dismissed, expelled, lose your job, out of jobjsomeday will arise.Restart at a lowest rank, barricade promoted loyal toShopping, a necessary activity in daily lives, is becoming increasingly widespread and convenient in large cities.插入语(不定式，分词，介词短语，句子)Adi + Al +S + A2, P, + V +A3 + 0 +

54、A4 +Ad2 (3 + 3)六、典型句式it引导的句子1. It is hard to imagine what would look likewithout很难想象如果 没有了 会变成什么样子。Residents in the disasters immediate prompt很难想象如果现代社会没有了计算机，我们的生活会变成什么样子。Some people welcome raising pets, others hold different opinions.In large cities of China has many fast food shops.At college, w

55、e should learn as much knowledge as possible so that we can be well prepared for our future career.Some students are interested in play computer games.You really have two down sons.四、托福写作25分必备的100个意群词汇 持某观点：claim ( assert, contendreckon deem share the belief that)支持某观点：advocate(maintain, welcome vot

56、e for side with be in favor of)反又寸某观点：contradict (oppose, object to, criticize, refutebe against cast doubts on question, challenge)合理的：justified (sensible feasible convincing hold water bear much analysis)好处：advantage (benefit merit, positive (bright) side, upside, boon, pros, strength )弊端：disadvan

57、tage! harm, demerit, negative (dark) side, downside, bane, cons, weakness defect, flaw, drawback )肯定：undoubtedly (indeed undeniably there is no denying that)不确定：be likely to ( potentially presumably)重要的：essential (significant, vital crucial, critical, fundamental, indispensable, pivotal)有益的：benefici

58、al ( conducive instrumental, rewarding )有害的：detrimental ( harmful virulent)有争议的：controversial (arguable, debatable disputable, contentious)普遍的：widespread ( prevalent, universal, pervasive, ubiquitous) 显著地： considerably (significantly, remarkably,Dramatically tremendously, substantially)明显的:evident (

59、apparent, manifest z crystal-clear)It is true that;howeverz.确实，但是。确实，年轻人在现代社会中会遇到极具挑战性的困难，但是他们会想尽一切方法去克服。It has been made easier (possible) for somebody to do某人彳 艮容易做 某事现代人很容易通过互联网在几秒钟内就取得联系。医学的开展使得人们有可能比过去活得长多了。It takes time for somebody to do something 做某事需要多少时间对许多人来说,要适应工作上的较大变动，可能需要很长一段时间。It is

60、+形容词，名词+that (whether)主语从句It is evident (an undeniable fact) that the wide use (popularity) of computers can make lives of modern people convenient.It is unconceivable that instead of shifting (switching) it job- hopping.可想而知(无可争辩)，o可想而知，积极参加体育活动有利于身体健康。It is conceivable that taking an active part i