有机化学——石油产物英文版课件

1、Chapter 13 Organic Chemistry13-1. Carbon Bonds13-2. Alkanes 13-3. Petroleum Products 13-4. Structural Formulas 13-5. Isomers 13-6. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons13-7. Benzene 13-8. Hydrocarbon Groups13-9. Functional Groups 13-10. Polymers 13-11. Carbohydrates 13-12. Photosynthesis 13-13. Lipids 13-14. Pro

2、teins 13-15 Soil Nitrogen 13-16. Nucleic Acids 13-17. Origin of Life Organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon compounds; inorganic chemistry is the chemistry of compounds of all elements other than carbon. The general properties of carbon compounds are: 1. Most carbon compounds are non-electroly

3、tes.2. The reaction rates of carbon compounds are usually slow.3. Many carbon compounds oxidize slowly in air but rapidly if heated.4. Most carbon compounds are unstable at high temperatures. 13-3. Petroleum Products Fractional distillation Catalytic cracking Modern cracking uses zeolites as the cat

4、alyst.13-3. Petroleum Products 13-5. Isomers Optical IsomersStructural Isomers13-6. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons Unsaturated compounds have double or triple carbon-carbon bonds and are more reactive than saturated compounds, which have only single carbon-carbon bonds (alkanes and similar compounds). htt

5、p:/www.chembio.uoguelph.ca/educmat/chm19104/isomers/intro.htmhttp:/www.chembio.uoguelph.ca/educmat/chm19104/isomers/stereoisomers/index.htm 13.7 Benzene Aromatic compoundsAliphatic compounds are organic compounds that do not contain benzene rings. 13.8 Hydrocarbon GroupsAlkanes or HydrocarbonsMethan

6、e1 carbonEthane2 carbonsPropane3 carbonsButane4 carbonsPentane5 carbonsHexane6 carbonsHeptane7 carbonsOctane8 carbonsTable 13.113-9. Functional GroupsAlkenesEthene2 carbonsPropene3 carbonsButene4 carbonsPentene5 carbonsHexene6 carbonsHeptene7 carbonsOctene8 carbonsAlkynesAcetylene 2 carbonsPropyne3

7、carbonsButyne4 carbonsPentyne5 carbonsHexyne6 carbonsHeptyne7 carbonsOctyne9 carbonsFig. 13.9, etc.Acetylene gas welding and cutting.AlcoholsEthanol2 carbonsPropanol3 carbonsButanol4 carbonsPentanol5 carbonsHexanole6 carbonsHeptanol7 carbonsOctanol8 carbons13-9. Functional GroupsEthersoxygen in the

8、middleAldehydesDouble bond “O” with “H” on end13-9. Functional GroupsKetonesDouble bond “O” in middle13-49 Functional GroupsCarboxylic AcidsDouble bond “O” with “OH”AminesNH2 on end13-9. Functional GroupsEstersDouble bond “O” with “O” both in middleTable 13.213-10 PolymersA polymer is a long chain o

9、f simple molecules (monomers) linked together. Polymers that contain the vinyl group are classed as vinyls. Some examples of polymers include Styrofoam, Teflon, Orlon, and Plexiglas (or Lucite). Plexiglas is thermoplastic, meaning it softens and can be shaped when heated but becomes rigid again on c

10、ooling. Polymerization-the making of plastics Vinyl13-3. Petroleum Products Table 13.313-10 Polymers.A copolymer is a polymer that consists of two different monomers. Dynel and Saran Wrap are examples. Certain monomers that contain two double bonds in each molecule form flexible, elastic polymers ca

11、lled elastomers; rubber and neoprene are examples. Polyamides and polyesters are polymers produced by chemical reactions rather than by the polymerization of monomers. 13-10 Polymers.Teflon is polymer with a strong bond between carbon and fluorine atoms. It is used as a no-stick surface in cookware.

12、13-11. Carbohydrates D-Allose D-Altrose D-Glucose D-Mannose D-Gulose D-Idose D-Galactose D-Talose D-Glucose(an aldose) -D-Glucose -D-Glucose -D-Glucose(chair form) Sucrose Lactose Maltose 13.11 PolysaccharidesAmylopectin Cellulose in wood is extracted and converted to paper at this plant in Maine. M

13、icroorganisms in the stomachs of cows help them digest cellulose in plants. 13.11 Polysaccharides 13.12 Photosynthesis 13.12 Photosynthesis13-13. Lipids Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acid Soap Molecule with Polar head and non-polar tail13-13. Lipids13-14. Proteins The polypeptide chain forms a bac

14、kbone structure in proteins: On first inspection, this structure appears to be connected entirely by single C-C or C-N bonds. It should therefore be as flexible as a simple hydrocarbon chain. Note that flexing in a covalent structure does not occur by bending bonds, and the normal tetrahedral or tri

15、gonal planar bond angles are maintained. Instead, different shapes are obtained by torsional rotation about the axis of the bonds: 13-15 Soil Nitrogen 13-16. Nucleic Acids . Chromosomes consist of DNA molecules. Changes in the sequence of the bases in a DNA molecule can result in a mutation. 13-17.

16、Origin of Life 2001 Space Odyssey HAL 9000Where did Clarke and Kuberick get the name HAL?IBMIBM thought Hardware would be King! Net worth in 2013 $112.5 billion.Who really became King?Bill Gates software MS DOS! Net worth $72.6 billion in 2013Microsoft Net worth $290 billion in 2013.13-17. Origin of

17、 Life 13-16. Nucleic Acids . Chromosomes consist of DNA molecules. Changes in the sequence of the bases in a DNA molecule can result in a mutation. Intelligent Designhttp:/watch?v=1CwL7xXUriE#t=23 DNAMoon same size as the sun to usAtmosphere Magnetic fieldJust right size for the right gravityJust the right distance from the sunTitius -Bode Law-planetary distances from sun have a patternDark energy and matterPatterns in electron energy levelsThe brain-greatest brain authority says we know nothingThe eye-seeing