大学英语语法之语法概论

1、English GrammarIntroduction to Grammar content of grammar grammatical unit part of speech phrase sentence element relationship sentencemorphologysyntaxcontent of G词法句法grammar: the rules of a language, for example for forming words or joining words together in sentences words & sentencesgrammatical u

2、nit morpheme word phrase clause sentencefive units词素词短语分句句子morpheme smallest meaningful unit into which a word can be divided;eg: runs unlikely contains two morphemescontains three morphemespart of speech /word class 词类、词性 (10) notional words 实词words form words 虚词 particle 小品词 - to do determiners 限定

3、词noun (n.) adjective (adj./a.)numeral (num.)pronoun (pron.)verb (v.)adverb (adv./ad.) article (art.)preposition (prep.)conjunction (conj.)interjection (interj./int.) art. pron. adj. num. determiners11 types of phrase 1 noun phrase2 pronoun phrase3 verbal phrase4 adjective phrase 5 adverbial phrase6

4、numeral phrase名词短语代词短语动词短语形容词短语副词短语数词短语11 types of phrase 7 prepositional phrase8 conjunctional phrase9 participial phrase 10 gerundial phrase 11 infinitive phrase分词短语动名词短语不定式短语介词短语连词短语green house; white smith; 银匠，锡匠 full of water; because of;hundreds of; take place; to study hard; one another;on co

5、ndition that; as well;standing at the door; in case; Going to bed early and getting up early is a good habit. member of sentence / (10) sentence element (句子成分)1 主语 subject (S.)2 谓语 predicate (V.)3 宾语 object (O.)4 定语 attribute (At.) 5 状语 adverbial (Ad.)6 补语 complement (C.)7 表语 predicative (P.)动宾verba

6、l object介宾 prepositional object双宾 double object indirect object + direct object (人)间宾 (物)直宾复合宾语 complex object object +object complement 宾语 + 宾补complement: object complement 宾补 subject complement 主补Eg: make our country richer elect him our monitor let us go home He was found dead in the room.8 同位语 a

7、ppositive9 插入语 parenthesis10 呼语 vocative This is my sister Mary. Mary is a good girl, they say. Sit down, Mary. He eats an apple every day. She is for the idea. Please hand me the book! Lets go home.Relationshipword class sentence element 1 n. /pron. /num. S.2 v. V.3 n. /pron. /num. O. 4 adj. /n. /v

8、. C.5 n. /pron. /adj. /adv. P.6 adj. /n. /pron. /num. /adv. At.7 adv. Ad.Relationshipword class sentence element An orange is orange. Spring is here and we are busy with spring ploughing.There is a hot spring near the hill village. All the plants have sprung up. He can spring over 1.9 meters.Sentenc

9、es characteristics classification sub-classificationcharacteristics first letter capitalized; with punctuation; independent syntactic structure; complete semantic meaning;according to: communicative function grammatical structure交际功能语法结构declarative sentences 陈述句interrogative sentences 疑问句imperative

10、sentences 祈使句exclamatory sentences 感叹句 simple sentences 简单句compound sentences 并列句complex Sentences 复合句Sub-classification declarative sentence interrogative sentence imperative sentence exclamatory sentence simple sentence compound sentence complex sentence declarative sentences: affirmative negative

11、 肯定句否定句interrogative sentencesgeneral question / yes-no question 一般疑问句是非疑问句 special question 特殊疑问句alternative question 选择疑问句disjunctive question 反意疑问句rhetorical question 修辞疑问句Have you finished your work?What are you doing?Is the boy your friend or your brother?It is a nice day, isnt it?What is the u

12、se of crying over spilt milk? Who doesnt desire happiness?imperative sentences1st-person 第一人称祈使句2nd-person 第二人称祈使句3rd-person 第三人称祈使句 without v. 无动词祈使句negative form & emphatic form1st-person : Lets + v.+ Let us + v.+ Let me + v.+2nd-person : v.+; Be +a.+; You +v.+ (生气、训斥)eg: Stand up, please! Be quie

13、t, please! You shut up! You mind your own business!3rd-person :John phone the hospital!All be quiet, please!Somebody fetch some chalk for me. without v.:eg: Out of the way! Those in favor of this idea, hands up.Negative form:Lets not + v.+Dont /Never + v. / be+adj. +Emphatic formDo + v. / be+adj. +e

14、xclamatory sentences： How + adj./adv. + S.+ V.+! What + (a/an) + (adj.) + n.+ S.+ V.+! words, phrases or sentences as eg: Excellent! A good idea! Here comes the bus! I have never heard of it before!Basic Sentence Patterns: S. + Vi. + S. + V. + P. S. + Vt. + O. + S. + Vt. + Oi. + Od. + S. + Vt. + O.

15、+ O.C. + Compound Sentencescoordinative transitional alternative causal 等立并列句转折并列句选择并列句因果并列句Complex Sentencesnominal clauseadjectival clauseadverbial clause 名词性从句形容词性从句副词性从句Nominal ClausesIncluding: subject clauses object clausespredicative clausesappositive clauses主语从句宾语从句表语从句同位语从句Adjectival Clause

16、i.e.attributive clauses 定语从句Subdivided into:restrictive 限制性定语从句non-restrictive 非限制性定从i.e. Adverbial Clause time placeadverbial clause of cause condition purpose时间状从地点状从原因状从条件状从目的状从i.e. Adverbial Clause result concessionadverbial clause of manner comparison analogy结果状从让步状从方式状从比较状从类比状从Complex Sentences Relevant Terms Determination of C. S. main clausesubordinate clause antecedent主句从句先行词从句类型判定：位置、成分 位于句子开头的是主语从句； 动词后面的从句是宾语从句； 系动词后面的从句是表语从句; 名词后面的从句是同位语从句或定语从句; 其它情况则都是状语从句。t