风险资本和三权分立ppt课件

1、Venture Capital in the United States美国的风险资本.The appeal to venture capitalists of investing in United States high technology companies is quite obvious; the technology industry is one of the largest and most rapidly growing industries in the United States today. According to the U. S. Department of C

2、ommerce, since 1994 technology-related revenues have grown at an estimated rate of 15% per year, approximately five times the growth rate of the U.S. economy. Today, technology is estimated to account for approximately 50% of all private sector capital spending in the United States. By the year 2000

3、, technology industry revenues are expected to constitute more than 10% of the total United States Gross Domestic Product. .a. 在美国，高科技企业对于风险资本家来说具有明显的吸引力。如今，科技产业是美国规模最大的，开展最快的产业之一。b. 技术产业是当今美国规模最大，开展最快的产业之一。毫无疑问，对于风险资本家来说，投资这些高技术公司是极具吸引力的。思索到后文的衔接。私营部门资本总支出.1)Over the past two decades, venture capit

4、al has fostered the growth of many of the worlds leading high technology and other emerging growth companies in the United States./ Corporations such as Microsoft, Compaq and Intel are but a few examples of American companies whose early growth was facilitated by venture capital investments. /2)The

5、availability of venture capital financing to young, high technology companies has been a primary contributor to the dramatic revenue growth enjoyed by, and the increased competitiveness of, Americas high technology industry and to the economic expansion and increased employment levels experienced in

6、 Californias Silicon Valley and other areas of high technology company concentration. / 3) It is estimated that over 3,000 companies (including non- technology companies) which have completed initial public offerings of stock in the United States over the past two decades have received venture capit

7、al at some point in their development.1) Over the past two decades, venture capital has fostered the growth of many of the worlds leading high technology and other emerging growth companies in the United States./ Corporations such as Microsoft, Compaq and Intel are but a few examples of American com

8、panies whose early growth was facilitated by venture capital investments. 定语从句.a. 在过去20年中，风险资本促进了美国许多处于世界领先位置的高技术公司和其他新兴公司的开展。像微软、康柏和英特尔这样的公司，仅仅是那些早期开展得益于风险资本投资的美国公司的几个例子而已。前置定语b. 在过去20年中，风险资本促进了美国许多处于世界领先位置的高技术公司和其他新兴公司的开展。很多公司的早期开展都得益于风险资本投资，微软，康柏和因特尔仅是这许多公司中的几个例子。(单独成句).2) The availability of ven

9、ture capital financing to young, high technology companies has been a primary contributor to the dramatic revenue growth enjoyed by, and the increased competitiveness of, Americas high technology industry 措辞and to the economic expansion and increased employment levels experienced in Californias Sili

10、con Valley and other areas of high technology company concentration.a. 新开业的高技术公司获得风险资本融资，这对美国高技术产业收入的大幅度增长和竞争力的提高，以及对加州硅谷和其他高技术公司集中地所获得的经济开展和就业程度的增长，都起了重要作用。对，对 都起到了重要作用。措辞才干更有挑战b. 风险资本融资用于新兴的高科技产业，不仅促进了美国高技术产业总收入大幅度增长，竞争力日渐提高，同时也带动了加州硅谷和其它高技术公司密集地域的经济开展和就业程度的增长。不仅促进了同时也带动了了解措辞+组句.As venture capital

11、 has grown in popularity, venture capital investing has emerged as a major financial investment vehicle. /Traditionally, most venture capital firms consisted of small private limited partnerships utilizing capital furnished by wealthy individuals or corporations. /Today, venture capital investing re

12、presents a significant focus of most institutional or corporate investment portfolios, and many of the largest venture funds are operated by major financial institutions, or by subsidiaries specifically designed for private equity investment./ It is estimated that a majority of funding currently com

13、mitted to venture capital entities has been provided by public or private pension funds, which are allocating increasing percentages of investment funds to alternative investment such as venture capital. The remainder of investment funding is provided by insurance companies, banks, corporations, wea

14、lthy individuals, foreign investors, university or institutional endowments and private foundations. (语篇，长句，专业性).As venture capital has grown in popularity, venture capital investing has emerged as a major financial investment vehicle.由于风险资本越来越受欢迎，风险资本投资已成为金融投资的重要手段。Traditionally, most venture capit

15、al firms consisted of small private limited partnerships utilizing capital furnished by wealthy individuals or corporations.以往，大多数风险资本公司是小型私人有限合伙制公司，利用富人或公司提供的资本。.Today, venture capital investing represents a significant focus of most institutional or corporate investment portfolios, and many of the

16、 largest venture funds are operated by major financial institutions, or by subsidiaries specifically designed for private equity investment.今天，风险资本投资那么是大多数机构投资证券组合或公司投资证券组合的一个重要的投资焦点，而且许多最大的风险基金是由主要的金融机构或专门从事私募投资的子公司运作的。.It is estimated that a majority of funding currently committed to venture capit

17、al entities has been provided by public or private pension funds, which are allocating increasing percentages of investment funds to alternative investment such as venture capital. The remainder of investment funding is provided by insurance companies, banks, corporations, wealthy individuals, forei

18、gn investors, university or institutional endowments and private foundations.alternative investment 非传统投资eg. alternative birthing/energyfunding to provide money for an activity, organization, event etc 资金， 提供资金fund 1an amount of money that is collected and kept for a particular purpose 基金2an organiz

19、ation that is responsible for collecting and spending an amount of money 基金会foundation an organization that gives money to charity, research, etc. 基金会.据估计，目前流入风险资本实体的大部分资金来自公共或私有养老基金。养老基金将越来越多的份额投向非传统领域，如风险投资。投资资金的剩余部分由保险公司，银行，企业，富有个体，外商，大学或机构捐赠，以及私人基金会提供. .In recent years, it has become increasingl

20、y popular for large corporations to form their own venture capital subsidiaries or investment vehicles. Corporations such as Microsoft, AT&T, and Motorola are but a few of many United States corporations that actively make their own venture investment, often co-investing with private venture capital

21、 firms. /2) Venture capital investment by a large corporation in a smaller, emerging growth company can provide various benefits beyond the opportunity for superior investment returns. For example, corporate venture capital investing may allow the large corporation, with minimal investment, to benef

22、it from the research and product development activities of the emerging company. In addition, large corporations can benefit from exposure to entrepreneurial companies and different management approaches./ 3)For the emerging company, the association with a corporate partner may not only enhance the

23、emerging companys balance sheet, but may enhance its credibility with customers, suppliers, investors and others, as well as create opportunities for the company to leverage off of the corporate partners marketing and distribution network or administrative services. (语篇，长句).1) In recent years, it ha

24、s become increasingly popular for large corporations to form their own venture capital subsidiaries or investment vehicles. Corporations such as Microsoft, AT&T, and Motorola are but a few of many United States corporations that actively make their own venture investment, often co-investing with pri

25、vate venture capital firms.( 定语从句)a. 近年来，大公司组建本人的风险资本子公司或投资机构的做法越来越普遍，微软、美国电报公司和摩托罗拉，仅仅是积极从事本人的风险投资(经常和私人风险资本公司共同投资)的许多美国公司中的几个例子。前置定语b.近年来，大公司组建本人的风险资本子公司或投资机构的做法越来越普遍, 它们积极从事风险投资，经常和私人风险资本公司共同投资， 微软、美国电报公司和摩托罗拉，仅仅是许多公司中的几个例子。独立成句， 铺垫.2) Venture capital investment by a large corporation in a smalle

26、r, emerging growth company can provide various benefits beyond the opportunity for superior investment returns. For example, corporate venture capital investing may allow the large corporation, with minimal investment, to benefit from the research and product development activities of the emerging c

27、ompany. In addition, large corporations can benefit from exposure to entrepreneurial companies and different management approaches.大公司对新兴增长型公司进展风险资本投资，除了能带来可观的投资报答外，还有种种其它的益处。例如，(风险资本投资)可以使大公司以最小的投资从创业公司的研讨和产品开发活动中获益。此外，大会司还能因接触创业公司和不同的管理方法而获益。.3) For the emerging company, the association with a cor

28、porate partner may not only enhance the emerging companys balance sheet, but may enhance its credibility with customers, suppliers, investors and others, as well as create opportunities for the company to leverage off of the corporate partners marketing and distribution network or administrative ser

29、vices. leverage off Am technical to make money available, using a particular method 举债运营，借贷运营using public funds to leverage private investment 利用优势，便利条件.对于新兴的公司来说，与大公司协作的益处甚多，不仅可以改善公司的资产负债表，也可以加强公司在消费者、供应商、投资者等方面的信誉度，而且还能为公司发明时机来顺势分享协作同伴的市场、销售网络或经销效力。曹东篱.Legislative, Executive and Judicial Power立法、行

30、政、司法三权.法律文件严谨，采取各种言语手段防止误解或歧义；同时，法律言语贵在简约，用词精炼。在翻译时，既要防止模糊不清，又要力克累言赘语。.(一)在用词方面，法律语篇运用大量的专业或准专业术语，这些词的处置要规范，对应译成准确的术语。 尤其是一些较为平常的词汇，在法律语篇中，能够会有特定的意义，这类此的处置尤其要留意。Some rules laid down by statute, and by case law as well, are mandatory or compulsory and can not be avoided by the parties, while other ar

31、e implicative, interpretative, or supplementary and can be varied by agreement. .某些由成文法以及案例法规定的规那么是强迫的，当事人不得逃避；而另一些规那么是含蓄的，解释性的，补充性的，因此是可以由协议改动的。 .除了运用专门术语外，还常用一部分古词：hereto, herein, hereunder, thereby 等等。以示文字精炼，文体正式。翻译时，要留意运用正式的词汇。.(二)在句法方面，法律文件长句多，几十字、上百字的长句司空见惯。为了把意思表达得圆满准确，不至于产生歧义，大量添加附加语、修饰语、阐明语

32、，以致句子构造复杂，枝杈横生，读来晦涩。行文中少用代词，宁可反复名词。 翻译时，要先理清句子内部的逻辑关系，适当切分，才干准确明晰地予以表达。. Act. , Sec. 1 of the Constitution of California provides: The powers of the government of the State of California shall be divided into three separate departments - the Legislative, Executive, and Judicial; and no person charge

33、d with the exercise of powers properly belonging to one of these departments shall exercise any functions appertaining to either of the others, except as in this Constitution expressly directed or permitted. Most state constitutions have similar provisions, and the separation of powers principle als

34、o underlies the fabric of the federal Constitution.加利福利亚州宪法第三条第一款规定：“加利福利亚州政府的权益分为了三个独立的部门，即立法、行政与司法。任何一个拥有行使其中一个部门权益的人员不得越权行使隶属于任何其他两个部门的权益，但是本宪法有明确指示或准许的不在此限 。美国大多数州的宪法都设有类似规定。而且，三权分立的原那么也是制定联邦宪法的根底。. Such constitutional divisions of governmental powers into legislative, executive, and judicial po

35、wers make it necessary to define or at least circumscribe the meaning of these basic concepts of our public law. This task is not an easy one, because there exist borderline or twilight zones in which these concepts overlap or shade into one another. It is possible, however, to define at least the h

36、ard core of these notions.按照宪法规定的权益三分为立法、行政与司法的原那么，要求对我国公法的这些根本概念进展定义或予以限定。由于这些根本概念存在相互交叠与浸透，其分界模糊，对其予以严厉区分并非易事。但是，对这些概念的要义予以规定，还是能做到的。.Legislation is, essentially, the making of new law by means of formalized pronouncement of a law-making body. The law enacted by a legislative organ consists typica

37、lly of general rules, principles, or other normative pronouncements which permit, command, or disallow a certain course of conduct. A disposition or command which deals merely with one individual, concrete situation is not a legislative act in the genuine sense of the term.The law enacted by a legis

38、lative organ consists typically of general rules, principles, or other normative pronouncements which permit, command, or disallow a certain course of conduct.此类由立法机构公布的法令包括准许，命令或制止某种行为的普通性的规定、原那么或其他规范性的声明。.立法的本质指的是经过立法机构正式公布一项新的法令。此类由立法机构公布的法令包括准许，命令或制止某种行为的普通性的规定、原那么或其他规范性的声明。一个仅与某个别或详细事件相关的处置或指示并

39、不构成真正意义上的立法。.An executive or administrative act may be defined as an exercise of governmental power in a concrete situation to accomplish some public purpose. If the President of the United States sends a note to a foreign government protesting against an inimical act directed against the United States, he acts in an executive capacity. If the Department of the Interior authorized the construction of a new six-lane highway, it proceeds in an administrative fashion.执法或行政权可以定义为在详细的情况下行使政府权益以实现某种公共目的行为。例如，美国总统向某个外国政府发出照会，对该国针对美国的敌意行为进展抗议，他行使的是行政权益。内政部授权新