外文文献翻译 《绿色贸易壁垒对中国对外贸易的影响》毕业论文 中英对照

1、毕业论文外文资料翻译题目绿色贸易壁垒及其对中国对外贸易的影响学院经济学院专业国际经济与贸易班级国贸0712学生李聪敏学号指导教师刘玉刚二O一一年四月二十二日济南大学毕业论文外文资料翻译- -JournalofEconomicSurveys,2006,11:24-25.GreenBarriersTradeanditsInfluencesonChinasForeignTradeThomasJ.SargentABSTRACTInrecentyears,greenconsumptionhasbecomeamaintrendoftheconsumptioninmanydevelopedcountries

2、andthesecountriesbegantomakestrictstandardstorestricttheentryofforeignproductsbelowtheirstandardsofenvironmentalprotection.Keywords：GreenBarriers;products;TradeInrecentyears,greenconsumptionhasbecomeamaintrendoftheconsumptioninmanydevelopedcountriesandthesecountriesbegantomakestrictstandardstorestri

3、cttheentryofforeignproductsbelowtheirstandardsofenvironmentalprotection.TheseregulationshavemanyunfavorableinfluencesontheexportofdevelopingcountriesandaregenerallyknownasGreenBarrierstotrade.InaccordancewiththeprovisionsoftheAgreementonGreenBarrierstoTradeofWTO,GreenBarrierstoTradeisdefinedasthecom

4、pulsoryandarbitraryGreenregulations,standardsandconformityassessmentproceduresoftheimportingcountriesinthenameoftheprotectionofhumanhealthandenvironmentthatactuallyformbarrierstotradewithanaimtoprotectitshomemarketanddomesticproducts.AnalysisonthecausesofformationofGreenTradeBarriersFirstly,theworse

5、ningofecologyisthemajorreasonforGreenBarriers.Withthedevelopmentofindustryandtechnology,theeconomyincreasesveryfastandthehumanlifehasbeenimproved.Butatthesametime,thedevelopmentofeconomyisatacostofthedestructionofenvironment.Theenvironmentalproblemshavearousedpublicattentionandtheinternationalsociet

6、yhasbeguntomakelawstoprotectenvironment.InJune,1972,theUnitedNationspublishedtheStockholmDeclarationandstressedtheimportanceoftheprotectionofenvironment.Fromthenon,moreandmorepeopleconcernabouttheenvironmentalproblems.Theconceptofenvironmenthasinfluencedthelifeofhumankindsineverylayerandthedeveloped

7、countriesbegantomakeverystrictenvironmentalprotectionrulesunderthepressureofpublic,whichformsabarriertotheinternationaltrade.Secondly,thedifferencesbetweencountriesintechnology,environmentalstandardsandinvestmentdirectlycausetheGreenTradeBarriers.Asweknow,developedcountriessurpassthedevelopingcountr

8、iesinscienceandtechnology.Eveniftheymakeverystrictenvironmentalstandards,theirdomesticproductscanreachtherequirementsofstrictenvironmentalstandardswhilesuchstandardsmayconstitutebarrierstoproductsfromdevelopingcountries.Infact,thesestandardsmaybecomediscriminationsagainstproductsfromthedevelopingcou

9、ntriesandconstituteameansofarbitraryorunjustifiablediscriminationbetweencountry.Thirdly,theriseofprotectionisminsomedevelopedcountriescontributesmuchtotheformationofGreenbarriers.Inmodernmarketeconomy,competitionismoreseverethanbefore.Thedomesticindustriesaredirectlyfacingcompetitionfromtheproductso

10、fothercountries,andtheywillurgetheirgovernmentstotakeeffectivemeasurestoprotectthemfromtheforeignproducts.WhilebecauseofthemultilateralnegotiationsofWTO,thetariffshavebeengreatlycutdownandtheuseofnon-tariffmeasureshasalsobeenrestricted.Therefore,manydevelopedcountrieshavetoresorttosomelegalrestricti

11、onsofimportationsuchasGreenbarrierstoprotecttheirhomeindustries,whichgivesrisetotheincreaseofGreenbarriers.ThemainformsofGreenbarrierstradeInaccordancewiththerelatedprovisionsofWTOAgreementonGreenBarrierstoTrade,theGreenbarriersareusuallyintheformsasfollows:GreenTariffSomedevelopedcountrieswouldimpo

12、seimportsurtaxonproductsthatmaycausepollutionorharmstotheenvironment.Ifsuchmeasureisabused,itwillconstituteaGreenbarriertotrade.GreenStandardsGreenstandardsrefertothosecompulsoryGreenstandardsprovidedthroughlegislation.Withtheirsuperiorityineconomyandtechnology,developedcountriestendtomakehigherGree

13、nstandardswithnoconsiderationontheinterestsofthedevelopingcountries.SuchhighGreenstandardswillinfactconstituteabarriertotheproductsfromdevelopingcountrieswhichareinferiorintechnology.PackageRequirementsCertaindevelopedcountriesstresstoomuchontheprotectionofenvironmentandrequiretheproductsshouldbepac

14、kedwithmaterialsthatwillhavenoharmtotheenvironment.Iftheproductsarenotpackedinthisway,theywillnotbeallowedtosellinthedevelopedcountries.Ifsuchrequirementsareunnecessarilystrict,theywillbeabarriertotheinternationaltrade.SanitaryandquarantineinspectionsystemOntheexcuseoftheprotectionofthehealthofhuman

15、,animalsandplants,developed-gg-gcountriestendtouseverystrictsanitaryandquarantineinspectiontorestricttheimportationoftheproductsfromthedevelopingcountriesandprotecttheirdomesticindustries.InfluencesofGreenbarriersonChinasforeigntradeChinahassufferedgreatlossduetotheGreenbarriers.In2002,vegetablesfro

16、mTaizhouwerepreventedfromenteringJapanbecauseofJapanesestrictinspectionandthepricewasgreatlycutdown.Alsoin2002,theaquaticproductsfromNingbowererestrictedbyEuropeanUnion(EU)becausetheycouldnotreachthesanitarystandardsofEU.DuetoGreentradebarriers,60kindsofChineseagriculturalchemistswerebannedbyEUbecau

17、setheycouldnotreachtheGreenstandardsofEU.InaccordancewiththestatisticsofUnitedNations,Chinahassufferedalossof$7.4billionin2002duetoGreenbarrierstrade.ChinasexporttoEU,Japan,Koreaandothercountriesdecreasesnotably.Generallyspeaking,agriculturalproductsandfoodstuff,textileproductsandmechanicalandelectr

18、onicproductsarethethreemainindustrieswhichsuffergreatlossbecauseofthestrictGreenbarriers.SincethesethreeproductsconstitutethemajorityofChineseexportation,wecaneasilydrawaconclusion:GreenbarrierstotradehasbecomeoneofthemajorobstaclesinChineseexportation.CountermeasurestotheGreenbarriersofthedeveloped

19、countriesAsmentionedabove,itisafactthattheChineseexportproductsarefacingGreenbarriersofthedevelopedcountriesandhassufferedgreatloss.ThereforeChineseexportersshouldthinkcarefullyaboutthecountermeasurestoeliminatetheunfavorableinfluencesofsuchmeasures.First,weshouldmakefulluseofthepreferentialtreatmen

20、ttothedevelopingcountriesstipulatedintheAgreementofGreentradebarrier.AccordingtotheprovisionsoftheAgreementofGreentradebarrier,developedcountriesshouldtakeaccountofthespecialdevelopment,financialandtradeneedsofdevelopingcountrymemberswithaviewtoensuringthatsuchGreenregulations,standardsandconformity

21、assessmentproceduresdonotcreateunnecessaryobstaclestoexportsfromdevelopingcountries.So,asadevelopingmemberofWTO,Chinaisentitledtosuchpreferentialtreatment.Secondly,ChinashouldmakeuseoftheDisputeSettlementSystemofWTOtoprotectherinterests.DifferentfromGATT,WTOhassetupapowerfuldisputesettlementsystemto

22、solvethedisputesbetweenthemembersofWTO.So,ifourinterestsareharmedbytheunfairGreenbarriersofotherWTOmembers,wecanresorttoDisputeSettlementBodytosettlethisdisputeandurgeothermemberstochangetheirunfairpracticessoastoprotectourinterests.Thirdly,Chinashouldstresstheprotectionofenvironmentandtakemeasurest

23、oimprovethequalityandGreenlevelofherexportproductstomeethigherGreenstandards,whichwillfundamentallysolvetheproblemofGreenbarriers.ReferencesJohn,Smith.2007,GreentradeprotectionismtoChineseagriculturalproductexportinfluenceEconomics,4,34-56.Anderson,J.L.,2001,TheGreeningofWorldTradeIssues,JournalofMa

24、rketingResearch,24,347-356.Gallagher,R.,2003,InternationalTradeinAgriculturalProducts,JournalofGeneralManagement,3,1,43-62.经济研究杂志,2006,11:24-27.绿色贸易壁垒及其对中国对外贸易的影响萨金特莱斯大学经济管理学院摘要：近年来，绿色消费在许多发达国家中已成为一个主要的消费趋势，这些发达国家开始采取严格的措施来限制一些国家的产品进入其国内市场。这些国家主要是其产品低于发达国家制定的环境保护标准。关键词：绿色壁垒；产品；贸易近年来，绿色消费在许多发达国家中已成为一

25、个主要的消费趋势，这些发达国家开始采取严格的措施来限制一些国家的产品进入其国内市场。这些国家主要是其产品低于发达国家制定的环境保护标准。这些规定对发展中国家的出口有许多不利的影响，这些规定一般被称为“绿色贸易壁垒”。绿色贸易壁垒的有关规定与世界贸易组织的有关协议相一致。绿色贸易壁垒的定义是：以保护整个人类赖以生存的自然环境和保护人体健康为的名义，制定一系列的规则条款，以达到发达国家保护其国内市场和国内产品的目的。一、分析绿色贸易壁垒的形成原因首先，生态环境的恶化是绿色贸易壁垒形成的主要原因。随着工业和技术的发展，社会经济飞速发展，人民生活水平得到显著改善。但与此同时，经济的发展也以生态环境的破

26、坏为代价。环境问题已经引起社会公众的注意而且国际社会也已开始制定法律来保护生态环境。在1972年6月，联合国发表的斯德哥尔摩宣言，强调了保护环境的重要性。从那时起，越来越多的人开始关注的环境问题。环境的概念应景影响人类生活的各个层面，在社会公众的压力下发达国家开始制定严格的措施来保护生态环境。这也就逐渐形成了国际贸易的绿色壁垒。其次，国与国之间在技术水平，环境标准和对外直接投资等方面的差异导致了绿色贸易壁垒的形成。正如我们所知，发达国家在社会整体水平和科学技术水平上远远领先发展中国家。即使他们作出非常严格的环境保护标准，其国内的产品可以达到严格的环境保护标准的要求，而这些标准则可能对来自发展中

27、国家的产品构成障碍。事实上，这些标准有可能成为对来自发展中国家产品歧视的一种手段，并构成国与国之间任意或不合理的歧视。第三，在一些发达国家，贸易保护主义的抬头，是形成绿色贸易壁垒的一个很重要的原因。在现代市场经济条件下，竞争与以前相比是越来越激烈了。国内产业直接面临来自其他国家产品的强有力的竞争，他们将敦促各国政府采取有效措施，以保护他们自己免受来自外国产品的冲击。然而由于世界贸易组织的多边谈判，关税已大大降低，使用非关税措施也受到限制。因此，许多发达国家采取的一些法律限制进口，如绿色壁垒，以保护本国产业，从而引起绿色贸易壁垒的增加。二、绿色贸易壁垒的主要形式根据世界贸易组织有关绿色贸易壁垒的

28、有关规定，绿色贸易壁垒通常有如下几种形式：（一）绿色关税一些发达国家对其他国家强加进口附加税，这些国家主要是其产品可能会造成污染或损害环境的国家。如果这种措施被滥用，这将构成绿色贸易壁垒。（二）绿色标准绿色标准是指那些强制性的通过立法规定的环保标准。发达国家往往凭借其在经济和技术上的优势地位而制定更高要求的绿色标准，没有考虑对发展中国家的利益。如此高的绿色标准实际上是对技术上没有任何优势的发展中国家够了绿色贸易壁垒。（三）包装要求某些发达国家过于强调环境保护而且要求用对环境没有任何损害的材料来包装物品。如果产品没有按照发达国家的要求进行包装，他们将不会被允许在发达国家市场上出售。如果这种严格的要求是不必要的，它们将阻碍国际贸易的进一步发展。（四）卫生和检验检疫制度借口保护人类健康，动物和植物，发达国家往往使用非常严格的卫生和检疫限制发展中国家产品进入其本国市场从而达到保护其国内产业和国内市场的目的。三、绿色贸易壁垒对中国对外贸易的影响由于绿色贸易壁垒，中国对外