考研英语真题答案分析

1、考研英语真题答案分析2015年考研英语(一)真题+答案+分析SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET.(10points)Thoughnotbiologicallyrelated,friendsareas“related”asfourthcousins,sharingabout1%ofgenes.Thatis_(1)_astudy,publishedfromtheUniversityofCalif

2、orniaandYaleUniversityintheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences,has_(2)_.Thestudyisagenome-wideanalysisconducted_(3)_1,932uniquesubjectswhich_(4)_pairsofunrelatedfriendsandunrelatedstrangers.Thesamepeoplewereusedinboth_(5)_.While1%mayseem_(6)_,itisnotsotoageneticist.AsJamesFowler,professorofmed

3、icalgeneticsatUCSanDiego,says,“Mostpeopledonoteven_(7)_theirfourthcousinsbutsomehowmanagetoselectasfriendsthepeoplewho_(8)_ourkin.”Thestudy_(9)_foundthatthegenesforsmellweresomethingsharedinfriendsbutnotgenesforimmunity.Whythissimilarityexistsinsmellgenesisdifficulttoexplain,fornow,_(10)_,astheteams

4、uggests,itdrawsustosimilarenvironmentsbutthereismore_(11)_it.Therecouldbemanymechanismsworkingtogetherthat_(12)_usinchoosinggeneticallysimilarfriends_(13)_”functionalKinship”ofbeingfriendswith_(14)_!Oneoftheremarkablefindingsofthestudywasthesimilargenesseemtobeevolution_(15)_thanothergenesStudyingth

5、iscouldhelp_(16)_whyhumanevolutionpickedpaceinthelast30,000years,withsocialenvironmentbeingamajor_(17)_factor.Thefindingsdonotsimplyexplainpeoples_(18)_tobefriendthoseofsimilar_(19)_backgrounds,saytheresearchers.ThoughallthesubjectsweredrawnfromapopulationofEuropeanextraction,carewastakento_(20)_tha

6、tallsubjects,friendsandstrangers,weretakenfromthesamepopulation.AwhenBwhyChowDwhatAdefendedBconcludedCwithdrawnDadvisedAforBwithConDbyAcomparedBsoughtCseparatedDconnectedAtestsBobjectsCsamplesDexamplesAinsignificantBunexpectedCunbelievableDincredibleAvisitBmissCseekDknowAresembleBinfluenceCfavorDsur

7、passAagainBalsoCinsteadDthusAMeanwhileBFurthermoreCLikewiseDPerhapsAaboutBtoCfromDlikeAdriveBobserveCconfuseDlimitAaccordingtoBratherthanCregardlessofDalongwithAchancesBresponsesCmissionsDbenefitsAlaterBslowerCfasterDearlierAforecastBrememberCunderstandDexpressAunpredictableBcontributoryCcontrollabl

8、eDdisruptiveAendeavorBdecisionCarrangementDtendencyApoliticalBreligiousCethnicDeconomicAseeBshowCproveDtellSectionIIReadingComprehensionSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.(40points)Text

9、1KingJuanCarlosofSpainonceinsisted“kingsdontabdicate,theydareintheirsleep.”ButembarrassingscandalsandthepopularityoftherepublicanleftintherecentEuro-electionshaveforcedhimtoeathiswordsandstanddown.So,doestheSpanishcrisissuggestthatmonarchyisseeingitslastdaysDoesthatmeanthewritingisonthewallforallEur

10、opeanroyals,withtheirmagnificentuniformsandmajesticlifestyleTheSpanishcaseprovidesargumentsbothforandagainstmonarchy.Whenpublicopinionisparticularlypolarised,asitwasfollowingtheendoftheFrancoregime,monarchscanriseabove“mere”politicsand“embody”aspiritofnationalunity.Itisthisapparenttranscendenceofpol

11、iticsthatexplainsmonarchscontinuingpopularitypolarized.Andalso,theMiddleEastexcepted,Europeisthemostmonarch-infestedregionintheworld,with10kingdoms(notcountingVaticanCityandAndorra).ButunliketheirabsolutistcounterpartsintheGulfandAsia,mostroyalfamilieshavesurvivedbecausetheyallowvoterstoavoidthediff

12、icultsearchforanon-controversialbutrespectedpublicfigure.Evenso,kingsandqueensundoubtedlyhaveadownside.Symbolicofnationalunityastheyclaimtobe,theirveryhistoryandsometimesthewaytheybehavetoday一embodiesoutdatedandindefensibleprivilegesandinequalities.AtatimewhenThomasPikettyandothereconomistsarewarnin

13、gofrisinginequalityandtheincreasingpowerofinheritedwealth,itisbizarrethatwealthyaristocraticfamiliesshouldstillbethesymbolicheartofmoderndemocraticstates.Themostsuccessfulmonarchiesstrivetoabandonorhidetheiroldaristocraticways.Princesandprincesseshaveday-jobsandridebicycles,nothorses(orhelicopters).

14、Evenso,thesearewealthyfamilieswhopartywiththeinternational1%,andmediaintrusivenessmakesitincreasinglydifficulttomaintaintherightimage.WhileEuropesmonarchieswillnodoubtbesmartenoughtosurviveforsometimetocome,itistheBritishroyalswhohavemosttofearfromtheSpanishexample.ItisonlytheQueenwhohaspreservedthe

15、monarchysreputationwithherratherordinary(ifwell-heeled)grannystyle.ThedangerwillcomewithCharles,whohasbothanexpensivetasteoflifestyleandaprettyhierarchicalviewoftheworld.Hehasfailedtounderstandthatmonarchieshavelargelysurvivedbecausetheyprovideaservice一asnon-controversialandnon-politicalheadsofstate

16、.CharlesoughttoknowthatasEnglishhistoryshows,itiskings,notrepublicans,whoarethemonarchysworstenemies.AccordingtothefirsttwoParagraphs,KingJuanCarlosofSpainusedturnenjoyhighpublicsupportwasunpopularamongEuropeanroyalscasedhisrelationshipwithhisrivalsendedhisreigninembarrassmentMonarchsarekeptasheadso

17、fstateinEuropemostlyowingtotheirundoubtedandrespectablestatustoachieveabalancebetweentraditionandrealitytogivevotermorepublicfigurestolookuptoduetotheireverlastingpoliticalembodimentWhichofthefollowingisshowntobeodd,accordingtoParagraph4AristocratsexcessiverelianceoninheritedwealthTheroleofthenobili

18、tyinmoderndemocraciesThesimplelifestyleofthearistocraticfamiliesThenobilitysadherencetotheirprivilegesTheBritishroyals“havemosttofear”becauseCharlestakesaroughlineonpoliticalissuesfailstochangehislifestyleasadvisedtakesrepublicansashispotentialalliesfailstoadapthimselftohisfutureroleWhichofthefollow

19、ingisthebesttitleofthetextCarlos,GloryandDisgraceCombinedCharles,AnxioustoSucceedtotheThroneCarlos,aLessonforAllEuropeanMonarchsCharles,SlowtoReacttotheComingThreatsTEXT2JusthowmuchdoestheConstitutionprotectyourdigitaldataTheSupremeCpurtwillnowconsiderwhetherpolicecansearchthecontentsofamobilephonew

20、ithoutawarrantifthephoneisonoraroundapersonduringanarrest.Californiahasaskedthejusticestorefrainfromasweepingruling,particularlyonethatupsetstheoldassumptionsthatauthoritiesmaysearchthroughthepossessionsofsuspectsatthetimeoftheirarrest.Itishard,thestateargues,forjudgestoassesstheimplicationsofnewand

21、rapidlychangingtechnologies.ThecourtwouldberecklesslymodestifitfollowedCaliforniasadvice.Enoughoftheimplicationsarediscernable,evenobvious,sothatthejusticecanandshouldprovideupdatedguidelinestopolice,lawyersanddefendants.TheyshouldstartbydiscardingCaliforniaslameargumentthatexploringthecontentsofasm

22、artphone-avaststorehouseofdigitalinformationissimilartosay,goingthroughasuspectspurse.ThecourthasruledthatpolicedontviolatetheFourthAmendmentwhentheygothroughthewalletorporcketbook,ofanarresteewithoutawarrant.Butexploringonessmartphoneismorelikeenteringhisorherhome.Asmartphonemaycontainanarresteesre

23、adinghistory,financialhistory,medicalhistoryandcomprehensiverecordsofrecentcorrespondence.Thedevelopmentof“cloudcomputing.”meanwhile,hasmadethatexplorationsomuchtheeasier.ButthejusticesshouldnotswallowCaliforniasargumentwhole.New,disruptivetechnologysometimesdemandsnovelapplicationsoftheConstitution

24、sprotections.OrinKerr,alawprofessor,comparestheexplosionandaccessibilityofdigitalinformationinthe21stcenturywiththeestablishmentofautomobileuseasadigitalnecessityoflifeinthe20th:Thejusticeshadtospecifynovelrulesforthenewpersonaldomainofthepassengercarthen;theymustsortouthowtheFourthAmendmentappliest

25、odigitalinformationnow.TheSupremecourt,willworkoutwhether,duringanarrest,hibitsuspectsfromusingtheirmobilephones.TheauthorsattitudetowardCali

26、forniasargumentisoneoftolerance.indifference.disapproval.cautiousness.Theauthorbelievesthatexploringonesphonecontentiscomparabletogettingintoonesresidence.handingoneshistoricalrecords.scanningonescorrespondences.goingthroughoneswallet.InParagraph5and6,theauthorshowshisconcernthatprinciplesarehardtob

27、eclearlyexpressed.thecourtisgivingpolicelessroomforaction.phonesareusedtostoresensitiveinformation.citizensprivacyisnoteffectiveprotected.KerrscomparisonisquotedtoindicatethattheConstitutionshouldbeimplementedflexibly.NewtechnologyrequiresreinterpretationoftheConstitution.Californiasargumentviolates

28、principlesoftheConstitution.PrinciplesoftheConstitutionshouldneverbealtered.Text3ThejournalScienceisaddinganextraroundofstatisticalcheckstoitspeer-reviewprocess,editor-in-chiefMarciaMcNuttannouncedtoday.Thepolicyfollowssimilareffortsfromotherjournals,afterwidespreadconcernthatbasicmistakesindataanal

29、ysisarecontributingtotheirreproducibilityofmanypublishedresearchfindings.“Readersmusthaveconfidenceintheconclusionspublishedinourjournal,”writesMcNuttinaneditorial.WorkingwiththeAmericanStatisticalAssociation,thejournalhasappointedsevenexpertstoastatisticsboardofreviewingeditors(SBoRE).Manuwillbefla

30、ggedupforadditionalscrutinybythejournalsinternaleditors,orbyitsexistingBoardofReviewingEditorsorbyoutsidepeerreviewers.TheSBoREpanelwillthenfindexternalstatisticianstoreviewthesemanus.Askedwhetheranyparticularpapershadimpelledthechange,McNuttsaid:“Thecreationofthestatisticsboardwasmotivatedbyconcern

31、sbroadlywiththeapplicationofstatisticsanddataanalysisinscientificresearchandispartofSciencesoveralldrivetoincreasereproducibilityintheresearchwepublish.”GiovanniParmigiani,abiostatisticianattheHarvardSchoolofPublicHealth,amemberoftheSBoREgroup,saysheexpectstheboardto“playprimarilyanadvisoryrole.”Hea

32、greedtojoinbecausehe“foundtheforesightbehindtheestablishmentoftheSBoREtobenovel,uniqueandlikelytohavealastingimpact.ThisimpactwillnotbethroughthepublicationsinScienceitself,buthopefullythroughalargergroupofpublishingplacesthatmaywanttomodeltheirapproachafterScience.”31ItcanbelearnedfromParagraphItha

33、tScienceintendstosimplifyitspeer-reviewprocess.journalsarestrengtheningtheirstatisticalchecks.fewjournalsareblamedformistakesindataanalysis.lackofdataanalysisiscommoninresearchprojects.32、Thephrase“flaggedup”istheclosestinmeaningtofound.revised.markedstored33、GiovanniParmigianibelievesthattheestabli

34、shmentoftheSBoREmayposeathreattoallitspeersmeetwithstrongoppositionincreaseSciencescirculation.setanexampleforotherjournals34、DavidVauxholdsthatwhatScienceisdoingnowaddstoresearchersworklosd.diminishestheroleofreviewers.hasroomforfurtherimprovement.istofailintheforeseeablefuture.Whichofthefollowingi

35、sthebesttitleofthetextScienceJoinsPushtoScreenStatisticsinPapersProfessionalStatisticiansDeserveMoreRespectDataAnalysisFindsItsWayontoEditorsDesksStatisticiansAreComingBackwithScienceText4Twoyearsago,RupertMurdochsdaughter,Elisabeth,spokeofthe“unsettlingdearthofintegrityacrosssomanyofourinstitutions

36、”.Integrityhadcollapsed,sheargued,becauseofacollectiveacceptancethattheonly“sortingmechanism”insocietyshouldbeprofitandthemarket.But“itsus,humanbeings,wethepeoplewhocreatethesocietywewant,notprofit”.Drivingherpointhome,shecontinued:“Itsincreasinglyapparentthattheabsenceofpurpose,ofamorallanguagewith

37、ingovernment,mediaorbusinesscouldbecomeoneofthemostdangerousgoalsforcapitalismandfreedom.”ThissameabsenceofmoralpurposewaswoundingcompaniessuchasNewsInternational,shethought,makingitmorelikelythatitwouldloseitswayasithadwithwidespreadillegaltelephonehacking.Asthehackingtrialconcludesfindingguiltyone

38、ex-editoroftheNewsoftheWorld,AndyCoulson,forconspiringtohackphones,andfindinghispredecessor,RebekahBrooks,innocentofthesamechargethewiderissueofdearthofintegritystillstands.Journalistsareknowntohavehackedthephonesofupto5,500people.Thisishackingonanindustrialscale,aswasacknowledgedbyGlennMulcaire,the

39、manhiredbytheNewsoftheWorldin2001tobethepointpersonforphonehacking.Othersawaittrial.Thissagastillunfolds.Inmanyrespects,thedearthofmoralpurposeframesnotonlythefactofsuchwidespreadphonehackingbutthetermsonwhichthetrialtookplace.OneoftheastonishingrevelationswashowlittleRebekahBrooksknewofwhatwentonin

40、hernewsroom,howlittleshethoughttoaskandthefactthatsheneverinquiredhowthestoriesarrived.Thecoreofhersuccessfuldefencewasthatsheknewnothing.Intodaysworld,ithasbecomenormalthatwell-paidexecutivesshouldnotbeaccountableforwhathappensintheorganisationsthattheyrun.Perhapsweshouldnotbesosurprised.Foragenera

41、tion,thecollectivedoctrinehasbeenthatthesortingmechanismofsocietyshouldbeprofit.Thewordsthathavematteredareefficiency,flexibility,shareholdervalue,business-friendly,wealthgeneration,sales,impactand,innewspapers,circulation.Wordsdegradedtothemarginhavebeenjustice,fairness,tolerance,proportionalityand

42、accountability.ThepurposeofeditingtheNewsoftheWorldwasnottopromotereaderunderstanding,tobefairinwhatwaswrittenortobetrayanycommonhumanity.Itwastoruinlivesinthequestforcirculationandimpact.MsBrooksmayormaynothavehadsuspicionsabouthowherjournalistsgottheirstories,butsheaskednoquestions,gavenoinstructi

43、onsnorreceivedtraceable,recordedanswers.Accordigntothefirsttwoparagraphs,Epaniesfinanciallossduetoimmoralpracticesgovernmentalineffectivenessonmoralissues.thewidemisuseofintegrityamonginstitutions.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph3thatGlennMulcairemaydenyphonehackingasacrime.morejournalistsmaybefoundguiltyofphonehacking.AndyCoulsonshouldbeheldinnocentofthecharge.phonehackingwillbeacceptedoncertainoccasions.The