冠词-名词-代词

1、PAGE PAGE 11冠词有两种，一是不定冠词aan，另外一种是定冠词the一、不定冠词及其用法二、定冠词的用法1. 一般来说，普通名词有特指和泛指，如果特指，就要加定冠词；如果泛指，可数名词前加不定冠词，或用其复数形式2. 定冠词the主要和名词连用，表示某些特定的人或事物3. 由of引起的限定性短语(作定语)所修饰的词前加the4. 表示身体的某一部位，用the代替物主代词my, our, your, his, her等5. 表示江河海洋，海峡海湾，山脉和群岛及有些湖泊之前用the6. 定冠词the加姓氏的复数，表示某某一家人，如果做主语，谓语动词要用复数7. 当一个抽象名词，不表示一般

2、的概念而是表示某一特定的内容时加定冠词the8. 由普通名词和一些其他词构成的专有名词前加the: the Peoples Republic of China三、同步练习1. _rose is_beautiful flower.2. Mr. Smith always smokes_cigarette with _cup of coffee.3._door of_garage is broken.4._donkeys are _ stupid animals.5._bread is made from _ flour,and _flour is made from _wheat.6. She i

3、s _good musician;she plays _piano beautifully.7. Thousands of _visitors go to _Great Wall every _day.8. When he was enghteen,he joined _navy.9. He sent me _letter and _postcard;_letter didnt arrive.10. Li is not at _office;I think hes gone_home.11. Is there _telephone here?12. She is studying _Engli

4、sh and _French.13. I bought _pen and some paper,but I left_pen in _shop.14. _machine is made of _steel and _copper.15. _honesty is _best policy.16. _coal is 60 dollars _ton at the moment.17. I stay at _home last night and listened to _radio.18. We went to Paris and saw _Palace of Versailles.19. He g

5、oes back to _ country to see his people once _year.20. _Lius are going to _cinema.语法系列复习专题名词1. 名词的分类专有名词：指某人，某地，某机构等专有的名称，其首字母要大写。如HongKong,China, Bill Clinton, Red Cross个体名词：表示某类人或东西中的个体，如 student, book可数名词 集体名词：表示若干个体组成的集合体，如：family, school, group, people不可数名词 物质名词：表示无法分为个体的实物，如：cotton, air, tea抽象

6、名词：表示抽象概念，work，happiness, news注：不可数名词可以与表示量的可数名词连用，借以表示“可数”的概念，我们可以加 a(n) piece sheet(张), suit(套), tube(管), packet(包), item(条，则), bar(条), basket(篮子), glass(杯),bunch(束), pair(双，对), bowl(碗), portion(份), herd(群), series(系列), shower(阵) etc. ，如：a piece of advice(一条建议) a basket of fruit(一篮水果) an item of i

7、nformation (一则信息)a kind of protection(一种保护)等。2名词的复数1）绝大多数在词尾加s。如：book,books; bag,bags; cup,cups; face,faces.2）以ch, sh, s, x, o结尾的名词加es。如：watch,watches;brush,brushes;hero,heroes;class,classes; 下列以o结尾的词加s构成复数：piano , photo ,radio ,zoo, bamboo ,kilo3）以辅音字母y结尾的名词，将y改为i，再加es。例如：baby, babies; family, fami

8、lies; 以元音字母y结尾的名词，直接加s。例如：boy,boys;key,keys4）以f或fe结尾的名词，先将f或fe改为v，再加es构成复数形式，如：leaf,leaves; wife,wives.但有些以f结尾的名词，是在f后加s构成复数，常见的有：roof, chief, belief, gulf等。个别的两种方式都可以，如： handkerchiefs, handkerchieves5）少数名词的复数形式是不规则的，要一一背记： manmen; womanwomen; EnglishmanEnglishmen; footfeet; toothteeth; childchildre

9、n; mousemice 少数名词的单、复数形式相同，如：Chinese, Japanese, sheep, deer, fish, means (注: fishes表不同种类的鱼)6）复合名词：A.含man或woman的复合名词，两部分都变为复数形式。如：two men teachers, four women doctors B.将复合名词中的主体名词变为复数形式，如：lookers-on旁观者，editors-in-chief总编辑, passers-by过路人C.如果没有主体名词，就在词尾后加s。如：grown-ups 成年人，go-betweens 中间人7）以复数形式出现的名词：t

10、rousers, glasses眼镜，scales天平，savings储蓄， findings 调查结果， doings行为，surroundings环境，arms武器，fireworks 烟火，remains残余，thanks感谢，riches财富，ashes灰烬 ，stairs 楼梯8）有些名词在一定的词组中要用复数形式。例如：take pains下功夫,made preparations作准备，give regards to 问候3.名词的所有格1）名词的所有格一般用于有生命的名词。多在词尾加上“s”如：Toms bike, Marxs works 以s结尾的专有名词，在词尾后加“”或“

11、s”。如：Engels / Engelss works 以s结尾的复数名词，只在词尾加“”。如：students homework, a workers night school 不以s结尾的复数名词，仍在词尾加“s”。如：mens clothes; childrens books2）如果一个事物为两个人共有，只在后一个名词的词尾加“s”，如果不是共有，就要在两个名词的词尾分别加上“s”。例如：Tom and Mikes room汤姆和迈克合住的房间 Toms and Mikes rooms汤姆、迈克各自的房间3）表示店铺或某人的家时，常在名词所有格后省去shop, house等名词。 the

12、 tailors 裁缝店，the barbers理发店，go to the doctors上诊所，at my uncles4）表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的名词，可以在词尾加“s”或“”来表示 所有格。如：todays newspaper, half an hours rest, two weeks work, ten minutes walk, Chinas population, Shanghais industry5）表示无生命的名词一般用of短语表示所有关系。如：the students of their school, the teachers of Grade 26）表示所属

13、物的名词前如果有不定冠词、数词、不定代词，常用“of所有格”来表示所属关系。例如：He is an old friend of my fathers. This is a picture of Marys.1._from Beijing to London!A.How long way it is B.What a long way is it C.How long way is it D.What a long way it is 2.Weve worked out the plan ,and now we must put it into_. A.fact B.practice C.rea

14、lity D.deed 3.Electrcity , like other forms of _ ,has greatly increased in price. A.pressure B.force C.strength D.energy4That fellow is clever ; he has _. A.brain B.a brain C.the brain D.brains5.Julie went to the _ to buy a pair of shoes. A.shoes store B.shoes store C.shoe store D.shoes store 6.Thos

15、e _ took lots of _ in the Summer Palace. A.Germen; photoes B.Germen; photos C.Germans; photos D.Germans; photoes7.All possible means _ to save the hero. A.has tried B.have tried C.has been tried D.have been tried8.Whose car is it ? Its_. A.Tom and Mary B.Toms and Marys C.Toms and Mary D.Tom and Mary

16、s9.There are 5_ in th fields. A.heads of cattles B.heads of cattle C.head of cattles D.head of cattle 10.He is the very thief the police _ looking for . A.is B.are C.has D.have11.All but Jack _ here just now . A.is B.are C.was D.were 12.He knows almost everything .So we say he is a man of many _. A.

17、knowleges B.presents C.gifts D.rewards13.Carelessness is the usual _ of fire. A.way B.excuse C.cause D.reason14.The girl is quite _to her mother now . A.a help B.helps C.help D.helpness15._is coming to give us a lecture . A.A manager and an expert B.A manager and expert C.Manager and expert D.Manage

18、r and an expert16.Most of the bridges over the river are made of _. A.stone B.the stone C.a stone D.the stones17.If you hurt her _ ,you should apologize. A.feelings B.feel C.feels D.feeling18.Ill go and call at _ right after school. A.the doctor B.the Smiths C.Smith D.my uncles19.The shop will be cl

19、osed during_. A.repairs B.a repair C.repair D.repairing20.The_we saw yesterday come out to the farm once in a while. A.mouse B.deer C.dog D.cow21.My brother didnt find army life to his _. A.like B.taste C.quality D.favour22.Though they hadnt met for long ,he recognized her _. A.voice B.noise C.sound

20、 D.laughter23.Learning that they were to have a picnic,the children were in _. A.the high spirit B.high spirits C.a high spirit D.high spirit24.After _ silence ,they began to write letters to each other . A.three-year B.a three-year C.three years D.three yearss25.If these trousers are too big ,buy a

21、 smaller_. A.copy B.pair C.piece D.set 26.That daughter of Jacks is _. A.a good fun B.good runs C.good fun D.good funny27._will make a trip around the world during the coming Christmas. A.The Evenses B.The Evens C.The Evenses D.The Evens28.He is one of the most successful_ in the city. A.newspapers

22、writer B.newspaper writers C.nesapapers writer D.newspaper writer29.Where is your brother? At_. A.Mr Greens B.Greens C.the Mr Greens D.the Greens30.Are you _ ,Mr Black? Yes ,I speak_. A.English ; the English language B.the English ; English C.an Englishman; on English language D.an English ; English

23、同步练习（Correct errors, if any, in the following sentences:）1. The scholars met once a year to exchange esperiences.2. Foreign ship are not allowed to fish in our territorial water.3. I went to the doctor for an advice about my health.4. The letter contained an important information.5. In the afternoon

24、 I did some baby-sittings, for it is a fun looking after children.6. The congregation was not numerous that night, but they seemed to be listening attentively to my lecture.7. Poultries are dear in the city.8. The board of director is shaking heads at the chairmans speech.9. The merchandises have ar

25、rived undamaged.语法系列复习专题二代词代词的分类1.人称代词：有主格、宾格、所有格（含形容词性和名词性两种所有格）2.反身代词:myself ,yourself ,himself ,herself ,itself ,ourselves ,yourselves themselves3.指示代词:this ,that ,these ,those4.疑问代词:who ,whom ,what ,which5.相互代词:each other ,one another6.不定代词:some ,any ,all ,both ,none ,one, each ,either ,neither

26、,other ,another, something ,anything ,nothing ,anyone ,anybody , someone ,somebody ,nobody7.关系代词(用于定语从句):who ,whom ,whose，that ,which ,as 代词用法注意点1.名词性所有格代词可作主语、宾语、表语，可用于双重所有格。例如： This isnt my book. Its his. Mine is in the bag. /Is she a friend of yours ?/Do you think this bag of mine beautiful ?/She

27、 lost some pencils of hers.2.反身代词可用于某些固定搭配。例如： (all)by oneself 自己单干，独立干： The boy usually finishes his homework by himself. of oneself 自动地，自行地： Mary will correct her mistakes in the exercises of herself. for oneself 替/为自己：You have to choose for yourself.3.指示代词this/these一般用来指时间和空间上较近的人或物；that/those 常指

28、时间和 空间上较远的人或物。 进行比较时，that可代替不可数名词或单数名词以避免重复；those 可代替复数名词以免重复。例如： The water of the well is cleaner than that of the river./The Christmas cards are much better than those you bought yesterday.4.相互代词each other ,one another.前者通常指两者之间的“相互”，后者侧重三者或三 者以上的“相互”，也可指两者之间的“相互”。5.不定代词some多用于肯定句；any多用于否定句，疑问句或条件

29、句中。另外some可用于表示请求、提议或者希望得到肯定回答的疑问句中，修饰可数名词，表示“任何、无论哪一个” If you have any ink ,please give me some. Edison became quite expert at it and could find work in any town he went to.all 与noneall表示“三者或三者以上全部”，可以修饰可数、不可数名词。none用于表示对三个或三个以上的人或物的否定，意思是“没有什么人，没有什么东西”，可作主语和宾语。none of后的谓语可以是单数或复数形式。none可以简略回答以How m

30、any或How much开头的疑问句。 None of them have/has failed. How many books are there on the desk ? None. 注意：no one (nobody)不同于none ,作主语时只能跟单数谓语，不可跟of短语连用， 回答以who开头的问句，不能回答How many/much 开头的问句。 例如： Who is in the room ? no one(Nobody). Is there any oil in the glass ? None.other ,another ,the other ,others ,the o

31、thers other表示“没有范围的，其他的”，与名词复数连用。如：other books/boys/another泛指很多中的“另一个”，可作代词或形容词用，代替或修饰单数可数名词。 I dont like this hat ,please show me another.the other可作代词或形容词用，指已知的事物或人中的“另一个”，或另一方中的“全部其他的”。如：I have two sisters.One is a student and the other is a worker./I can see only two teachers in the office.Where

32、 are the other teachers ?others泛指其他的人或物；the others特指其余的人或物。others常和some对比使用。 Thirty students in our class are boys ,the others are girls. Some are carrying water ,others are watering the trees.one作为不定代词，泛指“任何人”（包括说话人在内），还可用来代替上文出现过的可数名词（指人或物），并有复数形式ones。例如： I have bought a new bike.My old one doesnt

33、 work./One must do ones duty.注意：one ,that都可代替前面出现过的单数名词，但这样用时，one可被前置或后置定语修饰,that只能被后置定语修饰。例如： This book is the one that is needed by him. My seat is next to that of our teacher.代词专练 1. Which of the two dictionaries will you borrow ? Ill borrow _ ,for the different uses. A.all B.both C.either D.neit

34、her 2._ of them knew about the plan because it was kept a secret. A.Each B.Any C.No one D.None 3.We couldnt eat in a restaurant because _ of us had _ money on us. A.all ;no B.any ;no C.none ;any D.no one ;any 4.They were all very tired ,but _ of them would stop to take a rest. A.neither B.none C.som

35、e D.any 5.There is a No.2 trolleybus and a No.24 bus ;_ will take you there. A.both B.either C.all D.any 6.As we were asleep ,_ of us heard the sound. A.both B.none C.either D.any 7. Which of the five may I use ? Oh ,_. A.any one B.anyone C.anything D.nothing 8.Are the two answers correct ? No ,_ co

36、rrect. A.no one is B.both are not C.neither is D.either is not 9.I asked him for some oil ,but he hadnt _. A.any B.some C.no D.anything 10.You have three English dictionaries ,but I have only two _. A.ones B.不填 C.the one D.the ones 11.I have a colour TV set.I want to sell _. A.one B.the one C.that D

37、.it 12.This film is not so good as _ we saw last week. A.that B.it C.the one D.one 13._ of us must go there and help him out. A.One or other B.One by one C.One or the other D.One or another 14.We all felt _ to be the highest praise. A.it B.that C.that one D.the one 15.Havent you read _ English stori

38、ces ?Please tell us an interesting one. A.any B.all C.either D.some 16. Would you like _ dumplings ? No,thanks. A.some B.another C.any D.all 17.If there is _ chance ,I will try another. A.one B.any C.some D.all 18. Are _ here to take the college entrance exam ? Yes ,we _. A.all you ;are all B.you al

39、l ;all are C.all of you ;are all D.you of all ;all are 19.Mr Green gave the textbooks to all the pupils except _ who had already taken them. A.one B.the ones C.some D.the others 20. Have you ever seen a snake alive ? Yes ,Ive seen _. A.that B.so C.one D.it 21. Lily ,do you have an umbrella ?It is ra

40、ining outside. Yes ,but its _. A.small one B.small umbrella C.only a small one D.that one 22.Toms mother kept telling him that he should work hard ,but _ didnt help. A.this B.which C.any D.it 23. Have you got _ red ink ? Sorry ,I havent got _. A.some ;some B.any ;many C.some ;any D.any ;some 24.I pr

41、efer a street in a small town to _ in such a large city as Shanghai. A.that B.it C.this D.one 25.Sarad has read a lot of stories by American writers.Now she would like to read _ stories by writers from _ countries. A.some ;any B.other ;some C.some ;other D.other ;other 26. Is _ here ? No ,Bob and Ti

42、m have asked for leave. A.anybody B.somebody C.everybody D.nobody 27.Our headmaster advised us that in order to succeed in life ,one has to be honest with _ friends. A.their B.her C.ones D.our 28.I borrowed some books _ myself ,but when I was going to read them ,the lamp went out _ itself and I had

43、to sit in the dark _ myself. A.不填;for;by B.by;for;of C.for;of;by D.of;不填；by 29.When I first saw the old farmer ,I could hardly imagine _ invented the machine to pick cotton. A.himself B.he himself C.he for himself D.he by himself 30.It is impossible for all the people to get the job ,because _ of th

44、em are not fit for it. A.all of B.none of C.each of D.every one of 第一节 名 词 的 数一、可数名词2. 有少数名词的复数形式是不规则的，childchildren, manmen, womanwomen, footfeet, toothteeth, goosegeese, mousemice, oxoxen3. 英语里还有些名词的单复数变化较为特殊，需特别注意analysisanalyses, bacteriumbacteria, basisbases, crisiscrises, criterioncriteria, da

45、tumdata, formulaformulae(或formulas), fungusfungi, phenomenonphenomena,syllabussyllabi, thesistheses4. 有些名词的单复数是一样的：aircraft, spacecraft, Chinese, deer, fish, Japanese, means, series, species等。5. 如果前边有表示复数的限定词时名词用其复数形式6. 在形容词最高级中，表示范围的of后要用名词复数形式7. 有些集体名词在形式上是单数如people(人民，人们)，police(警察)，cattle(牲畜)，st

46、aff(全体人员，全体职员)，但它们表达复数的含意。如果这些词做主语，其谓语须用复数形式。8. hair和fruit一般情况下用单数，表示总体。但如果我们要表示若干根头发或几种水果时，就要用这两个词的复数形式eg: He bought apples, oranges and other fruits. (“fruits”在此处意为“多种水果”)另外还要注意：police和cattle的谓语形式总是用复数形式。9. 名词做定语时，不能用作复数二、不可数名词1. 不可数名词为物质名词和抽象名词，如information, proverty, advice, anger, applause, bag

47、gage, cake, chalk, chocolate, cloth(布), bread, damage(损害), equipment, fruit, furniture, gold, information, ink, jewellery, luggage, mail(邮件), money, news, paper, protection, soap, sugar, weaponry, machinery, scenery, personnel, work等2. 有些抽象名词的意思可以转变成为具体名词，这时要用其复数形式The insurance company paid $10000 i

48、n damages for the accident. (“damage”本来为不可数名词“损害”，变复数后意思是“损失赔偿费”。) 单复数含义不同的名词还有：communication(通讯)communications(通讯系统，通讯工具)；cloth(布)clothes(衣服)；content(内容)contents(目录)；convenience(便利)conveniences(便利设备)；humanity(人类)humanities(人文科学)；necessity(需要)necessities(必需品)；pain(疼痛)pains(辛劳)；ruin(毁灭)ruins(废墟，遗迹)；sand(沙子)sands(沙地，沙滩)；wood(木材)woods(树林)；work(工作)works(工厂，著作)。另外，有些名词通常只用复数形式，如：fundamentals(基本原则)，goods(货物), means(方法), rapids(急流)，shorts(短裤), sweets(欢乐), valuables (贵重物品)。第二节 名词所有格名词有三个格：主格、宾格和所属格。这里我们只讲属格，属格表示所有关系，它有两种不同的形式。一、一是在名词尾加s (如 my brothers toy我弟弟的玩具，the hostess living room女主人的起居室)，如果