细胞结构英文版27张幻灯片

1、CELLSStructure and FunctionCell = smallest unit of lifeFeatures of the Human Cell Actin filamentsNuclear EnvelopeCytoplasmIntermediate filamentsMicrotubulesVesicleChromatinCentriolesCentrosomeLysosomeGolgi apparatusPolyribosomeMitochondrionRibosomesSmooth ERRough ERNucleolusNucleusCytoskeletonEndopl

2、asmic ReticulumOrganization of the Cell Plasma Membraneboundary surrounding the cellGenetic material: DNAlocated in a membrane-bound nucleus for eukaryotic cellsCytoplasmSemi-fluid matrix containing enzymes and organelles (enzyme = biological catalyst)Cytoskeletonnetwork of filaments and tubules in

3、cytoplasm that maintains cell shape, allows movement Functions of Cell Features Structure Function(s)Plasma Membrane 1. Regulates passage of materials into and out of cell2. Cell-Cell RecognitionFunctions of Cell Features Structure Function(s) NucleusCarrier of genetic material DNA + protein = chrom

4、atin2. Governs cell activities3. Directs cell reproductionSurrounded by Membrane = nuclear envelopeContains nucleolusproduces ribosomesFunctions of Cell Features Structure Function(s)Ribosomes Site of protein synthesisCan be free in cytoplasm or attached to membranesFunctions of Cell Features Struct

5、ure Function(s)Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)Produces proteins Prepares proteins for exportSmooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)Lipid SynthesisDrug detoxificationTransport of proteins from RERRERSERFunctions of Cell Features Structure Function(s)Golgi ApparatusCollects, modifies, packages and distri

6、butes proteins and lipids from ERFunctions of Cell Features Structure Function(s)LysosomeContains digestive enzymes to digest food in protists or destroy aging organelles Endomembrane SystemRough Endoplasmic ReticulumSmooth Endoplasmic ReticulumVesicleGolgi ApparatusVesicleLysosomeVesiclePlasma Memb

7、raneFunctions of Cell Features Structure FunctionPeroxisome Removes harmful oxidants from cells Functions of Cell Features Structure FunctionMitochondrionCaptures energy from organic molecules, producing ATPFunctions of Cell Features Structure Function(s)CytoskeletonMaintains cell shapeAnchors organ

8、elles and proteinsAllows for organelle movement and cellular movement in some cell typesFunctions of Cell FeaturesStructure FunctionCentrioleGives rise to basal bodies that produce cilia or flagella Functions of Cell FeaturesStructure FunctionCentrosomeOrganizes microtubules that attach to chromosom

9、es in nuclear divisionFunctions of Cell Features Structure Function(s)Cilia and Flagella Move substances across cell surface in lungs, fallopian tubes Cell movement in spermConnections Between Cells Tight Junction: joining of proteins creates impermeable barrierGap Junction: adjacent channels allow

10、communicationAdhesion Junction: filaments of cytoskeleton connect cells, allow stretch Functions of Plasma Membrane ComponentsOutsideInsideplasma membraneproteinsfilaments of cytoskeletoncholesterolcarbohydratechainhydrophobictailsphopspholipidbilayerhydrophilicheadsRegulates fluidityTransport, sign

11、al reception, recognitionCell-cell recognitionControls accessDiffusion: Movement from from high low concentration to reach equal distributionmacromoleculeH2Oaquaporinproteincharged molecules and ionsunchargedmoleculesphospholipidmolecule+-+Freely diffuse through phospholipid bilayerDiffuses through

12、pores in membrane proteinsOsmosis: Diffusion of Water Across a Selectively Permeable MembraneIsotonic solution maintains cell shapeCells gain water in aHypotonic (lower salt) solutionCells lose water in a Hypertonic (higher salt)solutionMembrane is permeable to water only, net movement of water to i

13、nsideEqual movement into and out of cell when equilibrium is reachedFacilitated Transport: Use of Carriers to Assist with DiffusionOutsideK+Na+Na+InsideglucosecarrierproteinActive Transport with Protein Carrier: Requires energy to transport from low high concentrationInsideOutsideK+K+K+K+K+PNa+Na+Na

14、+Na+Na+Na+Na+ATPADPTransporting Large SubstancesEndocytosis ExocytosisvesiclevesicleFormation of a vesicle from the plasma membrane to take in large substancesFusion of a vesicle with the plasma membrane to release large substancesSummary of Transport MechanismsPassive: Do not require energy inputDi

15、ffusionOsmosisFacilitated TransportActive: Require energy inputActive TransportEndocytosisExocytosisCellular Respiration: Producing ATP from GlucoseGlycolysisglucoseglucosemitochondrionoxygenpyruvate2322ATPInside cellOutside cellelectronstransferredby NADHelectronstransferredby NADHCitricacidcycleElectronTransport chainATPATPRequires OxygenEnergy Yield from GlucoseWithout Oxygen, Fermentation Occurs when oxygen isavailablecytoplasmNeeded to continue glucose breakdown for energyTraining reduces FermentationElectron carrier produced in g