商务英语入门术语汇编讲课讲稿

1、此文档仅供收集于网络，如有侵权请联系网站删除只供学习与交流商务英语入门术语汇编Chapter 1：TermsEnglish Definition中文翻译sole proprietorshipAn organization that is owned, and usually managed, by one person is called a sole proprietorship.个人独资企业partnershipA partnership is a legal relationship between persons carrying on a profit-motivated busin

2、ess.合伙企业general partnershipA general partnership is a business with at least one general partner who has unlimited liability for the debts of the business.普通合伙general partner主要合伙人limited partnershipA limited partnership is an arrangement where a person can contribute a business without being involve

3、d in the affairs of the partnership.有限合伙limited partner有限合伙人investor投资者creditor债权人liability债务责任corporationThe corporation is a legal entity （法人实体） ， allowed by legislation, which permits a group of people, as shareholders or members, to create an organization, which can then focus on pursuing set ob

4、jectives.（股份制）公司for-profit company营利性公司non-profit company非营利性公司limited liability有限责任（以出资额为限）unlimited liability无线责任（个人财 产也要用于清算）double taxationThe corporation has to pay taxes on its profits. The stockholders mush also pay income tax on the dividends they receive through ownership.双重课税joint ventureA

5、 joint venture is the pooling of resources and expertise by two or more businesses, typically from different areas or countries to achieve a particular goal.合资公司limited liability companies（ LLC ）A limited liability company（LLC） is a type of business ownership combining several features of corporatio

6、n and partnership有限责任公司structures.minute会议记录mergerA merger is the result of the combination of two or more companies to form a new company.兼并acquisitionAn acquisition is one company buying the property and obligations of another company.收购horizontal mergerA horizontal merger joins firms in the same

7、industry and allows them to diversity or expand their products.横向兼并vertical mergerA vertical is the joining of two firms involved in different stages of related businesses a manufacturer merging with a supplier of component products, or a manufacturer merging with a distributor of its products.纵向兼并c

8、onglomerate mergerA conglomerate merger unites firms in completely unrelated industries.混合兼并franchiseA franchise is the right to use a business name and sell products or services, usually in a specific geographical territory.特许franchising特许经营franchiserthe person who sells a franchise特许者franchiseethe

9、 person who buys a franchise被特许者Chapter 2：TermsEnglish Definition中文翻译bandwagon effect从众效应market assessment市场评估market niche缝隙市场market research市场调查business planBusiness plan is a detailed written document that defines the goals of your business and describes the means you will use to attain those goal

10、s, the advantages the business will have in relation to competition, and the resources and qualifications of the owners.企业计划书，企划书lease agreementA lease agreement is a contract between you and the owner of the property.租赁协议general business licenseA general business license is assessed annually for th

11、e privilege of operating a business in the jurisdiction.普通经营许可证special licenseA special license is one that is issued to a business that will provide products or services that require regulation.特殊经营许可证cash float现金流overdraft透支bank statement银行结单Chapter 3：TermsEnglish Definition中文翻译fringe benefits附加福利

12、corporate ethicscorporate ethics are the evaluation of corporate activities and behavior as right or wrong.企业道德ethical dilemma道德困境corporate social responsibility （ CSR）Corporate social responsibility is the awareness that business activities have an impact on society, and the consideration of that i

13、mpact by firms in decision making.企业社会责任corporate cultureCorporate culture is described as the personality of an organization, including such elements as core values and beliefs, corporate ethics, and rules of behavior.企业文化core values核心价值观risk-taking personality喜欢冒险的个性attention-to-detailpersonalitie

14、s注重细节的个性outcome-oriented personalities注重结果的个性customer service客服people-orientedpersonality以人为本的个性team-oriented personality注重团队合作的个性aggressive personality积极进取的个性non-stable personality不求稳的个性codes of ethics道德规范corporate climate企业氛围Chapter 4：TermsEnglish Definition中文翻译managementManagement is defined as t

15、he application of planning, organizing, directing, and controlling functions in the most efficient manner possible to accomplish meaningful organizational objectives.管理planningPlanning is a management function which means defining goals for future organizational performance and deciding on the tasks

16、 and use of resources needed to attain them.计划strategic planning / long-range planningStrategic planning determines the major goals of the organization as well as the policies, procedures, and strategies for obtaining and using resources to achieve those goals.战 略规划/长期 规 划tactical planning / short-r

17、ange planningTactical planning is the process of developing detailed, short-term strategies about what is to be done, who is to do it, and how it is to be done.战术规划/短期规划operational planningOperational planning is the process of setting work standards and schedules necessary to implement the tactical

18、 objectives.运营规划contingency planningContingency planning is the process of preparing alternative courses of action that may be used if the primary plans dont achieve the organization s objectives.应急计划organizingOrganizing is a management function that typically follows planning and reflects how the o

19、rganization tries to accomplish the plan.组织structural reorganization结构重组directingdirecting is the use of influence to motivate employees to achieve organizational goals.领导，指挥autocratic leadershipAutocratic leadership, the close style of supervision, means providing subordinates with detailed job ins

20、tructions.专制型领导democratic leadershipDemocratic leadership, the general supervision, is a management style in which the manager consults with subordinates about job activities, problems, and corrective actions.民主性领导controllingControlling is a management function that involves verifying that actual pe

21、rformance matches the plan.控制organizational structureOrganizational structure is the formal decision-making framework by which job tasks are divided, grouped, and coordinated.组织结构top-level managersTop managers are those who take the responsibility of setting organizational goals, defining strategies

22、 for achieving them, monitoring and interpreting the external environment, and making decisions that affect高层管理者the entire organization.middle-level managersMiddle-level managers are those who receive the broad overall strategies, missions, and objectives from top-level managers and translate them i

23、nto specific action programs.中层管理者first-level managersFirst-level managers are those who emphasize directing and controlling the work of employees in order to achieve the team goals.基层管理者supervisor主管（基层管理者）managerial roles经理人角色figurehead roleThe manager handles ceremonial and symbolic activities for

24、 the department or organization.名誉领袖角色liaison roleThe manager interacts with peers and people inside and outside the organization.联络人角色leader roleThe leader role encompasses relationships with subordinates, including motivation, communication, and influence.领导人角色monitor roleThe manager receives and

25、collects information from many sources.监听者角色disseminator roleThe manager transmits special information into the organization.传播者角色spokesperson roleThe manager disseminates the organization s information into its environment.发言人角色entrepreneur roleThe manager initiates change.企业家角色disturbance handler

26、roleThe manager resolves conflicts among subordinates or between his/her department and other departments.障碍排除者resource allocator roleThe resource allocator role is about decisions of allocating people, time, equipment, budget, and other resources to attain desired outcomes.资源分配者negotiator roleThe m

27、anager negotiates on behalf of the organization.谈判者conceptual skillconceptual skill is the cognitive ability to see the organization as a whole and the relationship among its parts.概念技能human skillHuman skill is the managers ability to work with and through other people and to work effectively as a g

28、roup member.人际技能technical skillTechnical skill is the understanding of and proficiency in the performance of specific tasks.技术技能/业务技能Chapter 5：TermsEnglish Definition中文翻译productionProduction is the process of transforming inputs such as raw materials into outputs such as goods and services.生产manufac

29、turingManufacturing is one part of production which means making goods by hand or with machinery as opposed to extracting things from the earth (mining and fishing).制造operationOperations are the functions needed to keep the company producing, literally any function or series of functions introduced

30、to carry out a strategic plan.运作inputsInputs to the production process are those resources that will be needed to produce the desired goods or services.投入品transformationTransformation consists of those production activities that take the inputs and combine them in some special way to produce the out

31、put.改造，转换outputsThe output is the final result of the production process.产品plant locationPlant location can mean the difference between profit and loss for a firm.厂址的选定production process生产工艺manufacturing process制造工艺assembly process装配工艺synthetic process合成工艺analytic process分解工艺continuous process连续性生产工

32、艺intermittent process机械性生产工艺materials management物料管理materials requirements planning (MRP)MRP is a computer-based system that uses sales forecasts to make sure that needed parts and materials are available at the right place and the right time.物料需求计划manufacturing resource planning ( MRPII )MRPII is a

33、n advanced version of MRP that allows plants to include all the resources involved in the efficient making of a product.制造资源计划enterprise resource planning ( ERP)ERP is a computer-based production and operations system that links multiple firms into one integrated production unit.企业资源计划purchasingPurc

34、hasing is the function in the company that searches for quality material resources.采购inventoryInventory refers to a list of goods and materials held available in stock.库存inventory control库存控制manufacturer制造商distributor分销商wholesaler批发商retailer零售商Just-in-time （ JIT ） inventory controlThe idea is to hav

35、e suppliers deliver their products “just in time ” to go on the assembly line.准时库存控制JIT II准时库存控制二代job scheduleA job schedule is the plan for a particular job.工作计划schedulingScheduling amalgamate several job schedules.制订计划production schedule / factory schedule生产计划/工厂计 划master production schedule主生产计划c

36、ross-training workers综合训练的工人program evaluation and review technique （PERT） chart项目评估与审查技术路线图critical path关键路径flexible manufacturing systems （FMS）柔性制造系统computer-aided design （CAD ）计算机辅助设计computer-aided manufacturing （ CAM ）计算机辅助生产computer-aided engineering （CAE ）计算机辅助工程lean manufacturingLean manufact

37、uring is the production of goods using less of everything compared to mass production.精益生产modular construction组合生产productivityProductivity means the amount of products or services produced with the resources used.生产率productivity measurement生产率衡量performance evaluation业绩评估qualityThe quality of a produ

38、ct or service is a customers perception of the degree to which the product or service meets his/her expectations.质量quality managementQuality management is concerned with质量管理controlling activities with the aim of ensuring that products and services are fit for purpose and meet the specifications.qual

39、ity control （ QC）QC is the measurement of products and services against set standards.质量控制quality assurance （QA ）QA is about how a business can design the way a product or service is produced or delivered to minimize the chances that output will be sub-standard.质量保证total quality management （TQM ）TQM

40、 infuses the concept of quality throughout every activity in a company.全面质量管理quality circles （ QCs）A quality circle is a group of 6 to 12 volunteer employees who meet regularly to discuss and solve problems affecting their common work activities.质量管理小组benchmarkingbenchmarking is the continuous proce

41、ss of measuring products, services, and practices against the toughest competitors or those companies recognized as industry leaders.标杆分析法continuous improvementContinuous improvement is a preferred method of innovation and produces effective results.持续改进Chapter 10：TermsEnglish Definition中文翻译internat

42、ional tradeThe exchange of goods and services across international borders国际贸易domestic tradeThe exchange of goods and services within the border国内贸易absolute advantageA country has an absolute advantage in the production of a product when it is more efficient than any other country in producing it绝对优

43、势comparative advantagethe ability of a country to produce a particular good at a lower opportunity cost over another country相对优势exchange rateThe price at which one currency exchanges for another is called exchange rate.汇率currency depreciationA fall in the value of one currency in terms of another cu

44、rrency货币贬值currency appreciationA rise in value of one currency in terms of another currency货币升值BOP （Balance of Payments）A nation s balance of payments （BOP） the sum of all the transactions that take place国际收支between its residents and the residents of all foreign nations.the current accountIt refers

45、to the net flow of current transactions, including goods, services, and interest payments, between countries.经常账户the capital accountIt reflects the net change in national ownership of assets.资本账户the official reserves accountThe central banks hold quantities of foreign currencies called official rese

46、rves.官方储备账户sum to zerono overall surplus or deficit, that is, the sum of the three components of the BOP must equal zero.余额归零surplusA country s BOP is said to be in surplus by a certain amount if sources of funds exceed uses of funds by that amount.顺差deficitA country s BOP is said to be in deficit b

47、y a certain amount if sources of funds are less than uses of funds by that amount.逆差international trade settlementWays of payments in the international trade国际贸易结算letter of credit (L/C)信用证Bill of ladingThe bill of lading is issued to the exporter by the common carrier transporting the merchandise.提货

48、单Draft / Bill of exchangeIt refers to the instrument normally used in international commerce to effect payment.汇票credit check信用核查tariffIt is a tax levied on imports.关税revenue tariffprotective tariff保护性关税quotaAn import quota is a direct restriction on the quantity of some good that may be imported in

49、to a country.进口配额voluntary restraint agreementsTo avoid the imposition of new tariffs on their goods, countries often voluntarily restrict their exports, which is called voluntary restraint agreements.自愿限制协定embargoIt is a total restriction on the import or export of a good.禁运regulatory trade restric

50、tionsRegulatory trade restrictions are indirect methods adopted by the government to impose procedural rules that limit imports.政府监管贸易限制capitalist economy 资本主义经济 collective economy 集体经济planned economy 计划经济 controlled economy 管制经济 rural economics 农村经济 liberal economy 经济 mixed economy 混合经济 political e

51、conomy 政治经济学 protectionism 保护主义 autarchy 闭关自守 primary sector 初级成分 private sector 私营成分私营部门 public sector 公共部门公共成分 economic channels 经济渠道 economic balance 经济平衡 economic fluctuation 经济波动 economic depression 经济衰退 economic stability 经济稳定 economic policy 经济政策 economic recovery 经济复原 understanding 约定 holdin

52、g company 控股公司 trust 托拉斯 cartel 卡特尔 rate of growth 增长 economic trend 经济趋势 economic situation 经济形势 infrastructure 基本建设 standard of living 生活标准 生活水平 purchasing power, buying power 购买力 scarcity 短缺 stagnation 停滞萧条 ,不景气 underdevelopment 不发达 underdeveloped 不发达的 developing 发展中的 initial capital 创办资本 frozen

53、capital 冻结资金 frozen assets 冻结资产 fixed assets 固定资产 real estate 不动产 ,房地产 circulating capital, working capital 流动资本 available capital 可用资产 capital goods 资本货物 reserve 准备金储备金 calling up of capital 催缴资本 allocation of funds 资金分配 contribution of funds 资金捐献 working capital fund 周转基金 revolving fund 循环基金 周转性基金

54、 contingency fund 意外开支准备金 reserve fund 准备金 buffer fund 缓冲基金平准基金 sinking fund 偿债基金 investment 投资资产 investor 投资人self-financing 自筹经费 经费自给 bank 银行 current account 经常帐户（美作 :checking account ） current-account holder 支票帐户（美作 :checking-account holder cheque 支票（美作 :check）bearer cheque, cheque payable to bear

55、er 无记名支票 来人支票 crossed cheque 划线支票 travellers cheque 旅行支票chequebook 支票簿支票本（美作 :checkbook ） endorsement背书 transfer 转让 ,转帐过户 money 货币 issue 发行 ready money 现钱 cash 现金ready money business, no credit given 现金交易概不赊欠 change 零钱banknote, note 钞票纸币（美作 :billto pay incash 付现金 domestic currency, local currency 本国

56、货币 convertibility 可兑换性 convertible currencies 可兑换货币exchange rate 汇率兑换率 foreign exchange 外汇 floating exchange rate 浮动汇率 free exchange rates 汇兑市场 foreign exchange certificate 外汇兑换券 hard currency 硬通货 speculation 投机 saving 储装 存款depreciation 减价 ,贬值 devaluation （货币）贬值 revaluation 重估价 runaway inflation 无法控制的通货膨胀deflation 通货紧缩 capital flight 资本外逃 securities business 证券市场 stock exchange 贡市场 stock exchange corporation 证券交易所 stock exchange 证券交易所贡交易所 quotati