1.时态和语态

1、语法难点突破之一 动词的时态和语态 语法专题突破 动词的时态和语态一直是历年高考的必考点。主要考查考生在特定语境下对时态和语态的理解，其中现在完成时、一般过去时、过去完成时的使用出现得最为频繁。此外，为了增加试题的区分度，命题者还常常把动词的时态和语态以及主谓一致结合在一起考查。1.时态和语态【解析】 C 考查现在完成实行时。由all day能够看出一直在打电话，此时仍然在打，过去发生的动作持续到现在并仍在实行，选C。4I dont really work here; I _until the new secretary arrives. Ajust help outBhave just he

2、lped out Cam just helping outDwill just help out【误】 此题易受第一句话的影响，而误选A。【正】 表示我现在仅仅在临时帮忙，是现在正在实行的动作，选C。【解析】 一般现在时表示现在的、经常性的行为或状态，而现在实行时表示正在实行的、暂时性的动作。26Has Tom already finished his new story?I have no idea. He _it last month. Ahad written Bwas writingCwould write Dwrote【解析】 B 本题考查时态。过去某个动作表示未完成或者不知道有没有

3、完成时，用过去实行时态，句中是不知道有没有完成，所以本题选择B项。2北京卷 John was given the same suitcase his father and grandfather_ with them to school. Atook Bhad takenCwere taking Dwould take【答案】 B3辽宁卷 Excuse me, Marcia, a reporter from Vanity Fair_ all day. Could you speak to her now? Aphones Bhas phonedChas been phoning Dphoned

4、【解析】 A 考查动词时态。由第一句可知：我们已经得到了暑假去英国旅行的短期签证，再由第二句中then可知：这是对去英国旅行的美好祝愿，动作尚未发生。所以时态应为将来实行时。23北京卷 In the spoken English of some areas in the US, the “r” sounds at the end of the words _.Aare dropped BdropCare being dropped Dhave dropped【解析】 A 本题考查动词的时态和语态。the “r” sounds和drop之间构成逻辑上的动宾关系，要用被动语态；题目描述的是习惯做法

5、，要用一般现在时态。12Have you read the book called Waiting for Anya?Who _it? Awrites Bhas written Cwrote Dhad written【解析】 C 本题考查时态。题干中的答句问“谁写的这本书？”说明此书肯定是过去写的，所以用动词的过去式。16安徽卷 Were you surprised by the ending of the film?No. I _ the book，so I already knew the story. Awas reading Bhad readCam reading Dhave rea

6、d【解析】 B 考查时态。句意为：“你对电影结果感到吃惊吗？”“不，我已经读过这本书，所以我已知道了这个故事。”“读书”是在“看电影”之前，故用过去完成时。18辽宁卷 I _ all the cooking for my family，but recently Ive been too busy to do it. Awill do Bdo Cam doing Dhad done【解析】 B 考查动词时态。第一句表示通常、一般性的一种状况，所以用一般现在时态。句意为：我为一家人做饭，但是最近我太忙不能做了。25Unfortunately，when I got to her flat, she_

7、，so we had only a moment for a few words. Ajust left Bhad just leftChas just left Dwas just leaving【解析】 D 考查时态。从后半句的“所以我们仅用一会儿时间说了几句话”可知，当说话人到达那位女士的公寓时，她正要离开，应该用过去实行时表示过去马上要发生的动作。18辽宁卷 I _ all the cooking for my family，but recently Ive been too busy to do it. Awill do Bdo Cam doing Dhad done【解析】 B 考

8、查动词时态。第一句表示通常、一般性的一种状况，所以用一般现在时态。句意为：我为一家人做饭，但是最近我太忙不能做了。在解题时要注意以下几个问题：1这个动作可能发生在什么时间？题干中可参照的时间信息有哪些？2这个动作处于什么状态？是实行中，还是已结束(完成)？限制或修饰这个动作的状语信息有哪些？3这个动作与主语的关系，是主动还是被动？只要全面细致地考虑了这些问题，试题的答案也就水落石出了。一、动词时态的基本结构和用法二、几种易混时态的辨析1一般现在时与现在实行时一般现在时表示经常性的、习惯性的或状态性的行为。 而现在实行时则具有实行性、未完成性和暂时性的特点。如：On the wall hangs

9、 a picture painted by Qi Baishi. This is not my coat. Mine is hanging behind the door. 如：重庆卷 The palace caught fire three times in the last century，and little of the original building _ now.AremainsBis remainedCis remainingDhas been remained【解析】 A 考查动词用法即时态。remain作不及物动词用，表示“剩下，仍有”，只能用于主动语态，不可直接跟宾语。结

10、合语境应用一般现在时表示现状。2一般过去时和现在完成时一般过去时所表达的事件与现在无关。而现在完成时则强调对现在的影响和结果。如：I stayed in Beijing for five days. Then I went to America. (I am not in Beijing now. )I have stayed in Beijing for five days and havent decided where to go next. (I am still in Beijing now and dont know where to go next.)北京卷 Im sorry，b

11、ut I dont quite follow you. Did you say you wanted to return on September 20?Sorry，I _myself clear. We want to return on October 20.Ahadnt made Bwouldnt makeCdont make Dhavent made【解析】 D 本题考查时态和情景交际。答句句意为：抱歉，我还没有把我的意思表达明白，强调对现在造成的影响，用现在完成时态。1.时态和语态3一般过去时和过去实行时一般过去时表示发生在过去的动作或过去存有的状态。过去实行时则表示在过去某个时间点

12、或时间段正在做某事。实行时具有实行性、未完成性和暂时性的特点。如：I read a book last month. (书已经在过去某个时间点读完)I was reading a book last month. (书未读完)Has Sam finished his homework today?I have no idea. He _it this morning. Adid Bhas doneCwas doing Dhad done【解析】 C 此题容易误选A。根据I have no idea这个关键信息可知，说话者对是否完成并不知道，所以用实行时，表示今天上午在做。4一般过去时和过去完成

13、时判断是不是过去完成时应先从时间轴上找到表示“过去”的时间点或动作，然后判断在这个时间点或动作之前还有没有另一个动作，并且判断该句是否强调发生在前。The moment I got home, I found I had left my jacket on the playground.5完成时和完成实行时的用法比较现在完成时和过去完成时分别表示某一动作持续到现在或过去某一时间。现在完成实行时和过去完成实行时虽然也表示一个动作持续到现在或过去某一时间，但更强调动作的持续性。完成时强调动作的结果，完成实行时强调动作的延续。如：(1)Why does the river smell terribl

14、e? Because the water_. Ahave pollutedBis being pollutedChas been pollutedDhave been polluted【解析】 C 考查完成时和完成实行时的用法和主谓一致。根据问句可知所填动词表示过去发生的动作对现在产生的影响，时态用现在完成时，动词与主语是被动关系，用被动语态。主语是the water，谓语动词用单数，选C。(2)He _ articles for our newspaper these years, and he _about 40 articles. Ahas written；has writtenBhas

15、 been writing；writesCis writing；has been writingDhas been writing；has written【解析】 D 考查完成时和完成实行时的用法。由句意知“这些年他一直在写”，用has been writing；“已写完了”用has written。三、被动语态 动词的语态反映主语与谓语动词之间的一种关系。动词的语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。当句子的主语是谓语动词所表示的动作的执行者时，谓语动词用主动语态；当句子的主语是谓语动词所表示的动作的承受者时，谓语动词用被动语态。在主动语态中，句子通过谓语动词的不同形式体现出不同的时态形式；被动语态

16、由“助动词be 过去分词”构成，不同的时态通过 be 的不同形式体现。其被动语态构成方法与普通的及物动词的被动语态的构成方法相同。1Hi, Lucy, you look tired. Im really tired. I _the living room all day. ApaintedBhad paintedChave been paintingDhave been painted【误】 学生容易分辨不清C与D的区别，而误选D。【正】 C表示我一整天都在刷房子，应该用现在完成进行时。2Nancy is not coming tonight. But she _！(promise)【误】 B

17、ut she has promised. 【正】 But she promised. 【解析】 Nancy“答应要来”这个动作应该发生在过去，是过去作出的承诺，前文已告诉我们“她不来了”，因此诺言已跟现在没有关系，只是过去的一个动作。3托尼给我打电话时，我刚完成工作，要开始洗澡。【误】 When Tony phoned me I had just finished my work and started to take a shower. 【正】 When Tony phoned me I had just finished my work and was starting to take a

18、 shower. 【解析】 从关键信息I had just finished my work可以看出是“正要开始洗澡”应该是进行时，was starting 可以表示马上就要进行的动作；而started表示“开始了”。4I dont really work here; I _until the new secretary arrives. Ajust help outBhave just helped out Cam just helping outDwill just help out【误】 此题易受第一句话的影响，而误选A。【正】 表示我现在只是在临时帮忙，是现在正在进行的动作，选C。【解

19、析】 一般现在时表示现在的、经常性的行为或状态，而现在进行时表示正在进行的、暂时性的动作。1.时态和语态5很多的鸟类正被人们捕杀。【误】 Many birds are killed now. 【正】 Many birds are being killed now. 【解析】 现在进行时的被动语态结构要完整，不能遗漏其中的助动词，导致时态错误。12010上海卷 The church tower which_will be open to tourists soon. The work is almost finished. Ahas restored Bhas been restoredCis

20、restoring Dis being restored【解析】 D本题考查被动语态。restore意为“修复”，而最后一句表明工程还未完成，因此为正在修复中，选D。2北京卷 John was given the same suitcase his father and grandfather_ with them to school. Atook Bhad takenCwere taking Dwould take【答案】 B3辽宁卷 Excuse me, Marcia, a reporter from Vanity Fair_ all day. Could you speak to her

21、 now? Aphones Bhas phonedChas been phoning Dphoned【解析】 C考查现在完成进行时。由all day可以看出一直在打电话，此时仍然在打，过去发生的动作持续到现在并仍在进行，选C。4天津卷 My parents _ in Hong Kong. They were born there and have never lived anywhere else. Alive Blived Cwere living Dwill live【解析】 A考查时态。后句意思为：他们出生在香港，从来没有在别的地方住过。由此可知前句“一直在香港住”，时态用一般现在时，说

22、明事实，选A。5江苏卷 Ann is in hospital. Oh, really? I _know. I _go and visit her. Adidnt; am going to Bdont; wouldCdont; will Ddidnt; will【解析】 D由答语中的“Oh, really？”可以看出，“我”是刚刚知道的，所以用I didnt know表示现在之前不知道。A项中的am going to表示“说话时早有的打算”，而D项中的will则表示“说话时临时的打算”。6上海卷 During the period of recent terrorist activities,

23、people _not to touch any unattended bag.Ahad always been warnedBwere always being warnedCare always warningDalways warned【解析】 B根据时间状语可知是指过去，be always doing sth.表示“一种感情色彩”，并且人们与警告之间是被动的关系，选B。7He_ football regularly for many years when he was young. Awas playing BplayedChas played Dhad played【解析】 B考查考

24、生对题干中句子含义的理解以及对动词时态的掌握情况。由题干中的“for many years”很多同学推断出应为现在完成时，但“when he was young”这个时间状语表明他打球是过去时，未持续到现在。由“regularly” 可知他过去经常打球，是一种过去的习惯性的动作，选B。8全国卷 Linda，make sure the tables _ before the guests arrive. Abe set BsetCare set Dare setting【解析】 C考查动词时态语态。make sure意为“确信，确保”，set tables意为“摆放桌子”，结合语境应用被动形式。

25、92010全国卷 Excuse me. I_ I was blocking your way. Adidnt realize Bdont realizeChavent realized Dwasnt realizing【解析】 A考查动词时态。这里应用一般过去时表示说话之前“没有意识到”。10My friend went to Canada three years ago. He_ there for a few months and then went to America. Awas living Bhas livedCwas lived Dlived【解析】 D句意为：我的朋友三年前去了

26、加拿大，他在那里住了几个月，然后去了美国。由句意可知，住在加拿大这个情况发生在过去，且已经结束，故用一般过去时。11四川卷 When shall we restart our business?Not until we _ our plan. Awill finish Bare finishingCare to finish Dhave finished【解析】 D考查动词时态。状语从句用现在时代替将来时，这里表示计划完成后，所以用现在完成时。12Have you read the book called Waiting for Anya?Who _it? Awrites Bhas writt

27、en Cwrote Dhad written【解析】 C本题考查时态。题干中的答句问“谁写的这本书？”说明此书肯定是过去写的，所以用动词的过去式。13They_ two free tickets to Canada, otherwise theyd never have been able to afford to go. Ahad got Bgot Chave got Dget【解析】 B本题考查时态。句意为：他们得到了两张去加拿大的免费票，否则他们将永远也去不起。此题叙述事实，又发生在过去，选B。14The singer together with her band _invited to

28、 the concert. Did you enjoy that party?No, no sooner _than they sang their top hit Oh My Baby. Awas; I had left Bwere; I have goneCwas; had I left Dwere; did I leave【解析】 C主谓一致、时态及倒装的综合考查。主语(the singer)后面跟有together with引起的短语，谓语动词与前面的主语一致，所以要用was；否定词no sooner和than连用，且位于句首时，用部分倒装结构，表示一件事紧接着另一件事发生，相当于汉语

29、的“一就”。15四川卷 Youve failed to do what you _ to and Im afraid the teacher will blame you. Awill expect Bwill be expectedCexpected Dwere expected【解析】 D考查动词时态。由语境“老师将批评你”，知道你没有完成应该做的，所以用过去时，expect sb. to do sth. 意为“期待某人做某事”，此处要用被动形式。16安徽卷 Were you surprised by the ending of the film?No. I _ the book，so I

30、 already knew the story. Awas reading Bhad readCam reading Dhave read【解析】 B考查时态。句意为：“你对电影结果感到吃惊吗？”“不，我已经读过这本书，所以我已知道了这个故事。”“读书”是在“看电影”之前，故用过去完成时。17全国卷 Have you finished reading Jane Eyre?No，I _ my homework all day yesterday. Awas doing Bwould doChad done Ddo【解析】 A考查动词时态。all day yesterday是信息词，暗示用过去进行

31、时。18辽宁卷 I _ all the cooking for my family，but recently Ive been too busy to do it. Awill do Bdo Cam doing Dhad done【解析】 B考查动词时态。第一句表示通常、一般性的一种状况，所以用一般现在时态。句意为：我为一家人做饭，但是最近我太忙不能做了。19全国卷 The discovery of gold in Australia led thousands to believe that a fortune _. Ais made Bwould makeCwas to be made D

32、had made【解析】 C考查动词时态和语态。make a fortune表“发财”，此处是被动语态，was to be made表示过去将来时，相当于would be made。20福建卷 Every year a flood of farmers arrive in Shenzhen for the moneymaking jobs they _ before leaving their hometowns. Apromised Bwere promisedChave promised Dhave been promised【解析】 D考查动词时态。句意为：因为在离开家乡前被许诺的能挣钱

33、的工作，每年大量的农民工涌入深圳。由句中arrive的时态可知此处的时态是现在时，又根据before leaving their hometowns可知在离开家乡前的承诺，强调结果，所以该空应为现在完成时。21福建卷 Guess what，weve got our visas for a shortterm visit to the UK this summer. How nice！You _ a different culture then. Awill be experiencingBhave experiencedChave been experiencingDwill have exp

34、erienced【解析】 A考查动词时态。由第一句可知：我们已经得到了暑假去英国旅行的短期签证，再由第二句中then可知：这是对去英国旅行的美好祝愿，动作尚未发生。因此时态应为将来进行时。22安徽卷 Weve spent too much money recently. Well，it isnt surprising. Our friends and relatives _ around all the time. Aare coming Bhad comeCwere coming Dhave been coming【解析】 D考查时态。句意为：“最近我们花钱太多了。”“一点也不奇怪。我们一直

35、有朋友和亲戚来。”句中出现了明显的时间状语recently和all the time。23北京卷 In the spoken English of some areas in the US, the “r” sounds at the end of the words _.Aare dropped BdropCare being dropped Dhave dropped【解析】 A本题考查动词的时态和语态。the “r” sounds和drop之间构成逻辑上的动宾关系，要用被动语态；题目描述的是习惯做法，要用一般现在时态。24北京卷 Im not finished with my dinner yet.But our friends _for us. Awill wait BwaitChave waited Dare waiting【解析】 D本题考查动词的时态。根据第一句话可知，双方谈论的是正在发生的事情，故用现在进行时态。25Unfortunately，when I got to her flat, she_，so we had only a moment for a few words. Ajust left Bhad just leftChas