英美两国福利制度比较研究报告

1、-. z英美两国福利制度比拟研究A parative Study of National Welfare System Beween British And American摘要西方现代福利制度是人类社会文明进步的标志，在有利于加强资产阶级统治的同时，也对保障劳动群众的生活平安起到了很大的作用。作为社会化大生产和工业革命的产物，西方福利制度为整个社会经济的有序运营创造了良好的环境。各国以立法形式通过国民收入再分配，以社会保障税和其他税收形式将高收入者的一局部收入转移支付给低收入者，谋现收入的均等化，缓解了社会矛盾，维持了社会稳定；同时也保证了劳动力的再生产，促进了经济开展；此外，也是道德观念得

2、以维护和延续。但世界各国国情不同，期福利制度在模式、保障围、资金支出与管理等方面也存在着巨大的差异。本文就英美两国的福利政策制度演进历程展开比拟，通过研究和借鉴英美国家从剩余型福利政策、到制度型社会福利、再到开展型社会福利的开展和改革的历程；比拟英美国家的不同国情的保障制度改革，提出福利制度的改革方向：构建积极的开展性的社会保障制度。目的在于提醒英美两国由于各自不同的历史传统，政治文化以及民情习惯等因素而形成的福利制度及其模式的特点，并探索他们在目前世界性的福利制度改革大潮中的开展趋势。还无疑问，这将有足浴我们在思考别国的经历教训，推动目前我国正在进展的社会保障制度的完善与开展进程。关键词：福

3、利福利制度比拟ABSTRACTWestern modern social welfare system is a sign of civilization and progress of human society, in favor of strengthening the rule of the bourgeoisie, but also to protect the lives of working people played a significant role in security. As a large-scale socialized production and the pr

4、oduct of the industrial revolution, the Western welfare system for the orderly operation of the entire social economy to create a good environment. States to legislate through the redistribution of the national ine to social security ta*es and other forms of high-ine ta* share of ine transfer paymen

5、ts to low-ine people, the pursuit of revenue equalization, ease social contradictions, and to maintain social stability; the same time also ensure that the reproduction of labor, and promote economic development; besides, it can be maintain and e*tend moral valued. However, countries in the world ha

6、ve different national conditions, its welfare system in the mode of coverage, capital e*penditures and management, there are a huge differences.In this paper, the evolution of British and American welfare system history to start parison, through research and drawing on Britain and American social we

7、lfare policy from the remaining type, the type of social welfare system, to the developmental social welfare development and reform process; more Anglo-American countries, different conditions of security system reform, reform the welfare system put forward: building positive development-oriented so

8、cial security system. As the United States and Britain intended to reveal their different historical traditions, political culture and public sentiment to form habits, the welfare system and its pattern of characteristics, and to e*plore their current welfare system reform global tide of trends. Und

9、oubtedly, this will help us to reflect on the lessons of other countries to promote our country was now the perfect social security system and development process.Key word: welfare benefits system pare1、引言英美国家的福利制度理论渊源深厚，福利制度理论的研究也比拟完善。英国较早建立了比拟完善的福利制度，为整个社会经济的有序运营创造了良好的环境，是整个过程和社会得以持续、稳定、均衡、协调地开展。并

10、且，实现收入的均等化，缓解了社会矛盾，同时保证了劳动力的再生产，出尽了经济开展。随着福利国家带来的福利病，英国进展了不断的改革和调整。福利制度模式向积极性的福利制度模式转变。和英国相比，美国的社会保障制度起步较晚，知道20世纪30年代大萧条时期才根本建立起来；迄今为止，起社会保障的覆盖面与水平不仅低于英国，和同在北美的加拿大不起来也有不小的差距。按照西欧国家的标准，也许美国甚至从来算不上福利国家，但是从20世纪80年代，西欧许多福利国家陷入困境之后，很多人开场认为美国社会模式更有利于经济开展。事实上，西欧福利国家在变革过程中已经从美国的制度模式中洗去了很多东西，从这种角度来说，美国的福利国家制

11、度恰恰是值得研究的。因此，作为西方两个兴旺国家，选取英美两国的福利制度进展比拟研究具有重要的理论意义。British and American national welfare system theoretical roots, welfare system theory research is more perfect. Britain earlier established a relatively perfect welfare system, for the whole of the orderly operation of social economy has created a g

12、ood environment, is the whole process and social sustained, stable and balanced and coordinated development. And revenue equalization, alleviate the social contradiction, at the same time to ensure the reproduction of labor force, make the economic development. As the welfare state to bring the bene

13、fits of disease, Britain has carried on the reform and adjustment. Welfare system model to the enthusiasm of the welfare system model. pared with Britain, the United States social security system started late, know basic established during the great depression in the 1930 s; So far, the social secur

14、ity coverage and level lower than the UK, and Canada in North America do not rise to also have a big gap. In accordance with the standards of western European countries, perhaps even never is not welfare state in the United States, but since the 1980 s, Western Europe after many welfare state is in

15、trouble, a lot of people are beginning to believe that American society patterns more conducive to economic development. Western welfare state in the process of change have, in fact, from the United States to wash the system model of a lot of things, from this perspective, the American welfare state

16、 system is worth studying. Therefore, as the two western developed countries, the selection of Britain and the United States a parative study of the welfare system has important theoretical significance.本文通过梳理福利制度的概念，以及福利制度模式的开展演进，比拟英美国家不同的历史文化传统和国庆社会保障制度的改革实践活动以及不同的政策在改革中所发挥的职能作用，寻求由于不同的政治文化和历史民情形成

17、的不同的福利制度，并将他们福利制度不同点及改革开展方向相综合，找出福利制度调整中存在的问题，从而探索福利制度的开展医院及对策建议。In this paper, by analyzing the concept of the welfare system, evolution and the development of the welfare system mode, pare British and American countries different national historical and cultural traditions, the social security sys

18、tem reform practice and different policies in the reform of the play to the functions of the seek formed due to different political, culture and history of different welfare system, and bring them the welfare system differences and the direction of reform and development of the prehensive, find out

19、the problems e*isting in the welfare system to adjust, so as to e*plore the development of the welfare state hospitals and countermeasures and Suggestions.2 福利制度及其模式的概念 2.1 福利制度的概念社会保障社会福利从全球围来看，由于各国的特点和认识不同，社会保障制度的概念在世界各国的政策、文献以及有关论著中解析不同。社会保障一词最早出现在1935年社会保障法中。国际劳工组织给社会保障下的定义是：所谓社会保障，就是通过采取一系列综合型的

20、政策和措施而追求到的一种社会成果。这些政策和措施是对因疾病、失业、年老以及死亡而中断收入来源、陷入贫苦的公众加以保护，如对上述人员提供必要的医疗，对有幼儿的家庭发放补助金等。彦，红霞，社会保障论 M：大学，1999英国在简明不列颠百科全书中对社会保障做出具体概念的界定：社会保障是一种公共福利方案，实在保护个人及其家庭免除因失业、年老、疾病或死亡而在收入上所受到的损失，并通过公益效劳和家庭生活补助，以提高其福利。这项方案包括保险方案、保健、福利事业和各种维护收益方案。网址英国在建立社会保障制度时强调遵循普遍性原则，吧社会保障视为国民收入再分配的一种手段。Globally, due to the

21、different characteristics and cognition, the concept of the social security system in the world of parsing different policy, literature, and related works. The term social security first appeared in the social security act of 1935. The international labor organization to social security is defined a

22、s: the so-called social security, it is by taking a series of policies and measures for the prehensive and pursuit to a social achievement. These policies and measures for interrupted by the disease, unemployment, old age and death source of ine, in poor trying to protect the public, such as the abo

23、ve personnel to provide the necessary medical and grants, etc. For families with young children Britain in the concise British encyclopedia to social security made specific definition of the concept: social security is a public welfare program, was to protect individuals and their families from the

24、because of unemployment, old age, illness, or death and damage in ine, and through the public welfare services and subsidies, family life, in order to improve their welfare. The program including insurance, health care, welfare and benefit of maintenance plan. (url) the emphasis on follow the princi

25、ple of universality in establishing social security system, the right to social security as a means of national ine redistribution.在国际社会，社会福利的涵义更广，她旨在满足社会中个人和团体需求以及解决社会问题的各种社会安排，是一个包含提升人们福利和社会秩序的各种法律、社会工程、津贴补助和效劳在的系统。在英国，社会福利包括两个工程：1社会工作，个人社会效劳2社会保障：政府的福利工程。显然，在英国，社会保障是社会福利的一个局部。而美国对社会福利的定义为：1一种国家的工

26、程、待遇和效劳制度，它帮助人们满足社会的、经济的、教育的、和医疗的需要，这些讯要对维持一个社会来说是最根本的。2一个社会共同体的集体的幸福和正常的存在状态。从国际社会和英美两国的定义来看，社会福利制度币社会保障制度的含义广泛。社会福利制度是指国家和社会为实现社会福利状态所做的各种制度安排，因而在国际上社会福利的含义则广泛和模糊的多，包裹社会保障和社会救助。In the international society, the meaning of social welfare, she intended to meet the demand of individuals and groups in

27、 the society and solving social problems of all kinds of social arrangements, is a improve peoples welfare and social order of law, social programs, subsidies, subsidies and service system. In the UK, social welfare includes two projects: (1) social work, social security: personal social services (2

28、) the governments welfare programmes. Obviously, in the UK, the social security is a part of social welfare. And the definition of social welfare as: (1) a national project, treatment and service system, it helps people to meet the needs of society, economy, education, and medical needs, the inquiry

29、 is essential to maintain a society. (2) a social munity, the welfare of the collective and the e*istence of the normal state. From the international munity and the definition of Britain and the United States, the meaning of broad social welfare system currency social security system. Social welfare

30、 system refers to the state and society in order to implement the welfare state do all kinds of system arrangement, thus the meaning of social welfare in the world is broad and vague, and social security and social assistance.归纳世界各国对福利制度的定义，可以看到，各国分别是从经济职能、社会制度、社会理念和社会状态等不同的角度来阐诉福利制度概念。本文倾向于从开展历程出发点

31、，对福利制度进展概念界定。福利制度首先具有广泛性和公平性：社会福利的最高目的是缓解社会矛盾，维持社会稳定，促进经济与社会的协调开展，社会福利的根本目标是为社会成员的根本生活权利提供平安保障，表达社会公平。因此，弗里德对象应该是社会中的每一个成员，不能有特权阶级和被无视阶级的存在；另一方面，福利提供的容应该围广泛，不仅要有经济保障、效劳保障还应该有对公民的精神保障。第二，社会福利的开展具有阶级性，即社会福利能调节国民收入分配与再分配，各国国情不同起工程的设立并非一成不变，开展阶段的不同福利的容不同。例外，社会独立具有社会性和强制性。社会福利属于社会化行为，由政府或社会团体来组织实施。此外，社会保

32、障资金尽管有的来源于国加，有的来源于企业和个人缴费，但保障的最终责任主体还是国家，所以，需要国家统一管理并表达其强制性。Inductive definition of welfare countries around the world, you can see, the nations respectively from economic function and social system, social idea and social status in different perspective, such as welfare concept. This article tends

33、to development course from a starting point, definition of welfare system. Welfare system has the universality and fairness: first the highest purpose is to ease social contradictions of social welfare, maintain social stability, promote the coordinated development of economy and society, the social

34、 welfare is the basic goal of to provide security for the members of the munity of basic living rights and social justice. Fried objects should, therefore, is every member of the society, not the e*istence of the privileged class and the neglected class; Welfare content should, on the other hand, a

35、wide range, not only have the economic security, service security to citizens should have the spirit of the guarantee. Second, the development of social welfare has class character, that is, the social welfare can adjust national ine distribution and redistribution, the various countries different c

36、onditions on the project set up is not fi*ed, different welfare content at different stages of development. E*ceptions, society independent of sociality and mandatory. Belong to the social behavior, social welfare by the government or social organizations to organize their implementation. In additio

37、n, although some is derived from the social security fund, some from the enterprise and individual pay cost, but guarantee the ultimate responsibility for the main body of country, so need to national unified management and demonstrate its mandatory.基于以上所述，社会福利是指随社会阶段性开展而调整的国家经济分配形势下的一种公共福利方案，他是有国家通

38、过立法和行政措施设立的保证全体社会成员尤其是那些丧失劳动能力以及需要特殊帮助者经济与精神生活平安工程的总称。而福利制度则是政府关于社会保障职能所制定的政策措施的总称。因而，我们研究西方国家福利制度时，应从西方福利制度的概念角度进展研究。Based on the above, the phased development of society and social welfare is to point to adjust the distribution of the countrys economic situation of a public welfare program, he is

39、a national legislation and administrative measures to ensure that all social members, especially those who lose labor ability and need special helper the floorboard of the economic and cultural life safety project. The welfare system is set by the government about the social security function the fl

40、oorboard of the policies and measures. Therefore, we study the west welfare system, should from the perspective of the concept of the western welfare system research.3 英美福利制度的开展及其特点 3.1英国福利制度的形成与特点英国式世界上最早实现工业化的国家，其福利制度实在工业化进程中逐步建立起来的。British earliest industrializing countries in the world, the welf

41、are system was gradually established in the process of industrialization. 3.1.1 英国福利制度的形成与开展18世纪开场，英国社会各个层面自发的建立职业福利机制，工人们建立了各种互助制度，公会开场发挥一定的职业保障功能，局部工厂主也开场为自己的职工提供一些职业福利。19世纪末，英国治本主义开展进入鼎盛时期，英国国的制度和政治体制建立也进入了新的历史阶段，现代国家功能日趋完备，为社会福利事业奠定了根底。1906年，英国自由党执政，开场建立社会福利制度。二战后，随着国民保险法国家医疗保险法国民救济法这三个法律的施行，标志着

42、英国已经建成了现代社会保障制度，保险覆盖面已编辑全体公民，保险工程已经到达from the cradle to the grave的水平了。20世纪90年代，英国社会福利制度根本形成。The beginning of the 18th century, British society all aspects for the construction of the spontaneous professional welfare mechanism, the workers set up various kinds of mutual aid system, the council began

43、to play a professional guarantee function, some factory owners are beginning to provide some professional benefits to their workers. The end of the 19th century, the fundamental socialist development entered the heyday, British democracy and political system construction has entered a new historical

44、 stage, modern nations became more plete, which laid a foundation for social welfare. In 1906, the British liberal party in power, began to build system of social welfare. After the second world war, as the national law, national health insurance law the national relief act three law enforcement, ma

45、rks the British has built the modern social security system, insurance coverage edited all citizens, and insurance program has reached from the cradle to the level. In the 1990 s, the British social welfare system basic formation. 3.1.2 英国福利制度的特点覆盖面比拟广The coverage of wider低入低出原则，即社会保障收益只用来维持根本生活，不能成

46、为人们收入的主要组成局部。从历史上看，英国的社会福利收入占人均总收入的比重一直低于15%，远低于法国45%、德国40%和瑞典20%等过，在西欧国家中是最低的。同时，由于社会保障收益比拟低，社会保险税也比拟低；1999年，英国社会保险税占国民总值的比重仅为7.8%，在西欧国家中是最低的。Low into the principles, namely social security benefits only used to maintain basic life, cant bee the main part of peoples ine. Historically, the British s

47、ocial welfare accounted for the proportion of per capita ine has been below 15%, far below France (45%), Germany (40%) and Sweden (20%) and so on, is the lowest in the western European countries. At the same time, because of lower social security benefits, social insurance ta* is low; In 1999, the s

48、ocial insurance ta* accounted for the proportion of its GDP is only 7.8%, the lowest in the western European countries.强调个人原则Emphasis on individual principle问题：一、由于社会保障收益太低，英国社会保障制度无法有效地解决社会上的贫困问题，二、虽然英国社会保障支出水平不高，但由于社会保障税也比拟低，所以其社会保障制度仍然面临财困难，同样遇到了福利国家的危机与困境三、英国的社会保障水平比拟低，所以很难与西欧其他国家实现社会保障制度上的一体化A,

49、 because of the social security ine is too low, the British social security system is unable to effectively solve the problem of poverty in the society,Second, although the British social security level is not high, but also because of the social security ta* is lower, so its social security system

50、still faces fiscal difficulties, also met the crisis and the plight of welfare stateThird, the social security level is low, so it is difficult to with other Western Europe countries to realize the integration of the social security system3.2 美国福利制度及其特点和英国相比，美国的社会保障制度起步较晚，可以说，知道20世纪30年代经济大萧条时期才根本建立起

51、来。迄今为止，美国的社会保障的富贵面与水平不仅低于英国，而且与同在北美洲的加拿大比也有不小的差距。但是，从整个国家形态来看，美国与英国之间的共同性还是要大于差异性。pared with Britain, the United States social security system started late, so to speak, know basic established during the great depression in the 1930 s. So far, the American social security levels of wealth and not on

52、ly lower than the UK, Canada and also in North America than there are quite a gap. However, from the point of the whole country form, the monality or than differences between the United States and Britain.3.2.1 美国福利制度的形成和英国一样，美国的福利国家制度也是在工业化的过程中开展起来。1933年，罗斯福新政以前，美国只是出现了一些社会保障制度的萌芽。新政之后，1933年1961年，美

53、国建立了社会保障制度的根本框架。从1961年约翰逊总统的伟大方案直到20世纪80年代，伟大方案的实施标志着美国福利制度国家的全面建立。Like Britain, Americas welfare state system is also developed in the process of industrialization. In 1933, Roosevelt before the New Deal, the United States is just the buds of some social security system. After the New Deal, 1933-19

54、61, the United States established a basic framework of social security system. In 1961 President lyndon Johnsons great project until the 1980 s, the implementation of the great plan marks the country the prehensive construction of American welfare system.3.2.2 美国福利制度的特点社会再分配程度比拟低，由于美国福利制度的覆盖面小，所以，它的

55、社会再分配度比拟低，这是美国福利制度模式的特点之一。Social redistribution degree is lower, because the coverage of American welfare system is small, so its social redistribution degree is lower, this is one of the characteristics of American welfare system model.以就业为中心，在英国等福利国家存在严重的福利陷阱的时候，美国则存在大量有工作的穷人，被人们称为工作陷阱贫富差距加大。Emplo

56、yment as the center, in Britain and other welfare state e*ists serious welfare trap, the United States there are a large number of working poor, dubbed the trap in the gap between the rich and the poor.4 英美两国福利制度的比拟The parison of British and American welfare system4.1 英国与美国福利制度的不同覆盖面不同：美国福利制度的根本特点是强

57、调针对性，从而与强调普遍性的英国福利国家制度有着明显的区别。20世纪60年代的美国党政府较扩大了干预的围，但根本特点仍然是向特殊群体提供特殊效劳，而没有想英国那样建立面向全民的福利制度。Coverage is different: the basic characteristics of American welfare system is to emphasize targeted, and with the emphasis on universality of British welfare state system has obvious difference. Democratic

58、government in the 1960 s significantly e*panded the scope of the intervention, but the underlying characteristics is still to provide special services to special groups, and not to the UK construction for universal welfare system两国市场化上下程度不同Marketization degree is different between the two countries美

59、国政府执行福利职能的方式也与英国不同。如前所述，在社会保障制度的运作防治方面，美国政府经常以间接手段，如经济法规，价格构造，税收条款与企业补助来提供社会保护。而在英国。通常国家和政府会以国家的法库政策来制定相应的福利制度、例如。1905年公布教育法规定学校为贫困家庭儿童提供免费膳食；1908年的儿童法强调在全社会制止虐待儿童和少年；在卫生保健方面，规定所有工资收入者都应参加医疗保险，在指定医院免费就医。与此同时，美国福利制度的行为主体也比英国更加多元化：国家承办的许多社会福利工程是由志愿组织来执行的，企业在养老金和失业保险等方面发挥着核心作用。The government e*ecuted w

60、elfare function is different from the British. As mentioned earlier, in the aspect of prevention and control of the operation of social security system, the U.S. government often by indirect means, such as economic laws and regulations, price structure, ta* provisions and corporate subsidies to prov