新编跨文化交际英语教程复习资料

1、新编跨文化交际英语教程复习资料（1Unit5CultureandVerbalCommunicationSomeIdeasRelatedtoverbalcommunicationandcultureDifferentorientationstocommunicationpatternsEastAsianorientationprocessorientationcommunicationisperceivedasaprocessofinfiniteinterpretationdifferentiatedlinguisticcodesdifferentlinguisticscodesareusedd

2、ependinguponpersonsinvolvedaindirectcommunicationemphasistheuseofindirectcommunicationisprevalentandacceptedasnormatreceivercenteredmeaningisintheinterpretation,Emphasisisonlistening,sensitivity,andremovaNorthAmericanorientationcommunicationisperceivedasthetransferenceofmessagesLessdifferentiatedlin

3、guisticcodeslinguisticcodesarenotasextensivelydifferentiatedasEastA4.sendercenteredmeaningisinthemessagecreatedbythesender.EmphasisisonhowtoformulatethehowtoimprovesourcecredibilityanddeliveryskillsDirectandIndirectVerbalInteractionStylesThetoneofvoice,thespeakersintention,andtheverbalcontentreflect

4、ourwayofspeaking,ourverbareflectsourculturalandpersonalvaluesandsentiments.Verbalstyleframes“how”amessageshouldbeinterpreted.Thedirect-indirectverbalinteractiondimensiofasstraddlingacontinuum.Individualsinallculturesusethegradationsofalltheseverbalstyles,identities,interactiongoals,andsituations.How

5、ever,inindividualisticcultures,peopletendtoencouemphasizethepreferentialuseofdirecttalk,person-orientedverbalinteraction,verbalself-enhancemenIncontrast,incollectivisticcultures,peopletendtoencountermoresituationsthatemphasizethepreftalk,status-orientedverbalinteraction,verbalself-effacement,andsile

6、nce.Thedirectandindirectstylesdifferintheextenttowhichcommunicatorsrevealtheirintentionsthrougandthestraightforwardnessoftheircontentmessage.Inthedirectverbalstyle,statementsclearlyreveintentionsandareenunciatedinaforthrighttoneofvoice.Intheindirectverbalstyle,ontheotherhand,verbalstatementstendtoca

7、mouflagethespeakersactualintentionsandarecarriedonuancedtoneofvoice.Forexample,theoverall.AmericanverbalstyleoftencallsforclearanddirectPhrasessuchas“saywhatyoumean,”“dontbeataroundthebush,”and“gettothepoint”aresomeexamplPerson-OrientedandStatus-OrientedVerbalStylesTheperson-orientedverbalstyleisind

8、ividual-centeredverbalmodethatemphasizestheimportanceofinfsuspension.Thestatus-orientedverbalstyleisarole-centeredverbalmodethatemphasizesformalityanddistance.Theformeremphasizestheimportanceofsymmetricalinteraction,whereasthelatterstressesasinteraction.Theperson-orientedverbalstyleemphasizestheimpo

9、rtanceofrespectingunique,personalidentitiesintstatus-orientedverbalstyleemphasizestheimportanceofhonoringprescribedpower-basedmembershipidenwhoengageinstatus-orientedverbalinteractionusespecificvocabulariesandparalinguisticfeaturestostatusdistanceoftherolerelationships.,inparent-childinteraction,sup

10、erior-subordinaterelations,interactioninmanyLatinAmericancultures).Whilelow-contextculturestendtoemphasizetheuseoftheverbalstyle,high-contextculturestendtovaluethestatus-orientedverbalmode.Self-EnhancementandSelf-EffacementVerbalStylesTheself-enhancementverbalstyleemphasizestheimportanceofboastingab

11、outonesaccomplishmentsandabilities.Theself-effacementverbalstyle,ontheotherhand,emphasizestheimportanceofhumblingoneselfviaverbalrestraints,hesitations,modesttalk,andtheuseofself-deprecationconcerningoneseffortorperformance.Forexample,inmanyAsiancultures,self-effacementtalkisexpectedtosignalmodestyo

12、rhumility.InJapan,whenoneofferssomethingtoanotherpersonsuchasagiftoramealthatonehasprepared,verbalself-deprecationisexpected.Therearesetexpressionsforverbalhumilitysuchas“Itsnotverytasty”and“Itsnothingspecial.”Thehostesswhoapologizestohergueststhat“Thereisnothingspecialtoofferyou”hasprobablysenttheb

13、etterpartoftwodaysplanningandpreparingthemeal.Ofcoursetheguestshouldprotestsuchadisclaimerandreemphasizeherorhisgratitude.Self-effacementisanecessarypartofJapanesepolitenessrituals.Inthe.culture,individualsareencouragedtosellandboastaboutthemselves,forexample,inperformancerevieworjobinterviewsession

14、s,orelsenoonewouldnoticetheiraccomplishments.However,thenotionofmerchandizingoneselfdoesnotsetwellwiththeJapanese.InJapan,onedoesnotliketostandoutorbesingledout,evenbyothers;itisfarworsetopromoteoneself.InmanyAsiancultures,individualsbelievethatiftheirperformanceisgood,theirbehaviorwillbenoticed,for

15、example,bytheirsupervisorsduringpromotionreviewsituations.However,fromtheWesternculturalstandpoint,ifmyperformanceisgood,Ishoulddocumentorboastaboutitsothatmysupervisorwillbesuretotakenotice.Thisdifferenceisprobablyduetotheobserver-sensitivevalueoftheAsian,high-contextcommunicationpattern,asopposedt

16、othesender-responsiblevalueoftheWestern,low-contextinteractionpattern.Weshouldnotethatthepatternofverbalself-effacementcannotbegeneralizedtomanyAraborAfricancultures.InEgypt,forexample,apopularsayingis“Makeyourharvestlookbig,lestyourenemiesrejoice”.Effusiveverbalself-enhancementiscriticaltotheenhanc

17、ementofonesfaceorhonorinsomelargepowerdistanceArabcultures.ReadingIUnderstandingtheCultureofConversationComprehensionquestionsWhatmadetheauthorfeellearningtoconverseinMexicoCitywaseasierforhim/herinoneway,moredifficultinanotherItseasierbecauseMexicansservicetherelationshipandtheycareabouteveryoneint

18、heconversation.Buttheirconversationdoesntmoveinastraightline,driftingaroundbothinthetopicandinthewaytheyusewords.WhydidtheMexicancustomerslideintothetopicofthefulleclipseofthesunFortheMexican,theconversationstartswithonetopic,butifanotherinterestingtopicseepsinheorshewillrideitaroundforawhile.Sticki

19、ngtothefirsttopicislessimportantthanhavinganinterestingconversation.WhatdidtheAmericanbusinessmanfeelabouttheMexican?swayofconversationFortheAmerican,aconversationshouldhaveatopic,andhewantstotakeastraightlinethroughitfrombeginningtoend.SohefeltveryimpatientabouttheMexicanswayofconversation.What“con

20、versationalideal”wasrepresentedbytheexampleofachampionshipskierwhowasinterviewedonTVTheSwedishconversationalidealistoresponseinaconcisemannerwithoutelaboratingspecificdetails,especiallythoseforself-promotion.WhatproblemsarelikelytooccurifanAmericantalkswithaSwedeTheAmericanmayfeeltotallylostinthecon

21、versationsinceheorshewouldnotgetasmuchinformationfromtheSwedeasheorshehasexpected.WhatarethedifferencesbetweenAnglosandAthabaskansinconversationTherearealotdifferencesbetweenthem.Forinstance,atthebeginningofaconversation,Anglosalmostalwaysspeakfirst.Athabaskansthinkitisimportanttoknowwhatthesocialre

22、lationshipisbeforetheytalkwithsomeone.Thereisanotherdifferenceinhowlongoneshouldtalk.Athabaskanstendtohavelongerturnswhentheytalkwitheachother,butAnglosexpectshorterturns.IsitenoughjusttolearntospeakingrammaticallycorrectmannerswhenonelearnsaforeignlanguageWhatelsedoesheorshealsoneedtoknowItisfarfro

23、menoughjusttolearntospeakingrammaticallycorrectmannerswhenonelearnsaforeignlanguage.Onealsohastoknowaboutthecultureofusingthelanguageinsociallife,thingslikewhotalksfirst,whotalksnext,whoopensandclosesconversationsandhowtheydoit,inordertobeabletousethelanguageinculturallyappropriatemanners.Inwhatways

24、areChinesesimilartoordifferentfromtheAmericans,MexicansandSwedesItseemsthatweChinesearesomewhatsimilartoMexicansinthewaywearehavingaconversation.UnlikeAmericans,wedonotusuallymoveinastraightlineinaconversationandmayalsocaremuchabouttheothersfeeling.ReadingIITheWayPeopleSpeakComprehensionquestionsWhy

25、didn?ttheAmericanopenlydisagreewiththeItalianIngeneral,theAmericandidnotenjoyverbalconflictsoverpoliticsoranythingelse.Whatarethedifferencesbetween“highinvolvement”styleand“highconsiderateness”styleManypeoplefromculturesthatpreferhighinvolvementstylestendto:(1)talkmore;(2)interruptmore;(3)expecttobe

26、interrupted;(4)talkmoreloudlyattimes;and(5)talkmorequicklythanthosefromculturesfavoringhighconsideratenessstyles.Ontheotherhand,peoplefromculturesthatfavorhighconsideratenessstylestendto:(1)speakoneatatime;(2)usepolitelisteningsounds;(3)refrainfrominterrupting;and(4)giveplentyofpositiveandrespectful

27、responsestotheirconversationpartners.HowdoNewYorkersandCaliforniansperceiveeachotherbecauseoftheirdifferencesinconversationalstyleTosomeNewYorkers,Californiansseemslower,lessintelligent,andnotasresponsive.TosomeCalifornians,NewYorkersseempushyanddomineering.Whatdoestheauthorthinkisthereasonablewayto

28、reacttoculturaldifferencesWeshouldknowthatthewaytheotherspeaksmaybedifferentfromourwayofspeakingbecauseheorshemusthavehadadifferentculturalupbringing.Weshouldntjudgetheotheraccordingtoourownstandardsofwhatisanacceptablecommunicationstyle.Howtodeterminewhetheraculturefavorsadirectorindirectstyleincom

29、municationOnewaytodeterminewhetheraculturefavorsadirectorindirectstyleincommunicationistofindouthowthepeopleinthatcultureexpressdisagreementorhowtheysay,No.OnwhatoccasionsdoAmericanwomentendtobemoredirectthanmenWhentalkingaboutemotionalissuesandfeelings,Americanwomentendtobemoredirectthanmen.Whatare

30、thegoalsofindirectcommunicationIndirectcommunicationaimsnottobeangering,embarrassing,orshaminganotherperson.Instead,itaimstobesavingfaceandmaintainingharmonyingeneral.Howis“Ping-Pong”conversationalstyledifferentfrom“Bowling”styleInanAmericanPing-Pong|conversation,onepersonhastheballandthenhitsittoth

31、eothersideofthetable.Theotherplayerhitstheballbackandthegamecontinues.Eachpartoftheconversationfollowsthispattern:thegreetingandtheopening,thediscussionofatopic,andtheclosingandfarewell.However,inaJapaneseBowling|conversation,eachparticipantwaitspolitelyforaturnandknowsexactlywhenthetimeisrighttospe

32、ak.Thatis,theyknowtheirplaceinline.InJapaneseconversation,longsilencesaretolerated.ForAmericans,eventwoorthreesecondsofsilencecanbecomeuncomfortable.CaseStudyCase17Whenthesetwomenseparate,theymayleaveeachotherwithverydifferentimpressions.MrRichardsonisverypleasedtohavemadetheacquaintanceofMrChuandfe

33、elstheyhavegottenofftoaverygoodstart.Theyhaveestablishedtheirrelationshiponafirst-namebasisandMrChussmileseemedtoindicatethathewillbefriendlyandeasytodobusinesswith.MrRichardsonisparticularlypleasedthathehadtreatedMrChuwithrespectforhisChinesebackgroundbycallinghimHon-fairatherthanusingthewesternnam

34、e,David,whichseemedtohimanunnecessaryimpositionofwesternculture.Incontrast,MrChufeelsquiteuncomfortablewithMrRichardson.Hefeelsitwillbedifficulttoworkwithhim,andthatMrRichardsonmightberatherinsensitivetoculturaldifferences.Heisparticularlybotheredthat,insteadofcallinghimDavidorMrChu,MrRichardsonused

35、hisgivenname,Hon-fai,thenamerarelyusedbyanyone,infact.Itwasthisembarrassmentwhichcausedhimtosmile.HewouldfeelmorecomfortableiftheycalledeachotherMrChuandMrRichardson.Nevertheless,whenhewasawayatschoolinNorthAmericahelearnedthatAmericansfeeluncomfortablecallingpeopleMrforanyextendedperiodoftime.Hisso

36、lutionwastoadoptawesternname.HechoseDavidforuseinsuchsituations.Case18EveniftheAmericanknewUrdu,thelanguagespokeninPakistan,hewouldalsohavetounderstandthecultureofcommunicationinthatcountrytorespondappropriately.Inthiscase,hehadtosayNoatleastthreetimes.Insomecountries,forinstance,theUkraine,itmayhap

37、penthataguestispressedasmanyassevenoreighttimestotakemorefood,whereasintheUKitwouldbeunusualtodosomorethantwice.ForaUkrainian,todoittheBritishwaywouldsuggestthepersonisnotactuallygenerous.Indeed,Britishrecipientsofsuchhospitalitysometimesfeelthattheirhostisbehavingimpolitelybyforcingthemintoabind,si

38、ncetheyrunoutofpoliterefusalstrategieslongbeforetheUkrainianhosthasexhaustedhis/herrepertoireofpoliteinsistencestrategies.Case19Talkingaboutwhatswrongisnoteasyforpeopleinanyculture,butpeopleinhigh-contextcountrieslikeChinaputhighpriorityonkeepingharmony,preventinganyonefromlosingface,andnurturingthe

39、relationship.ItseemsthatRonKellyhadtolearnadifferentwayofsendingmessagewhenhewasinChina.AthomeinCanadahewouldhavegonedirectlytothepoint.ButinChina,goingdirectlytotheproblemwithsomeonemaysuggestthatheorshehasfailedtoliveuptohisorherresponsibilityandthehonorofhisorherorganizationisinquestion.Inhigh-co

40、ntextcultureslikeChina,suchamessageisseriousanddamaging.Inlow-contextcultures,however,thetendencyisjusttospititout,togetitintowordsandworryabouttheresultlater.Sendersofunwelcomemessagesuseobjectivefacts,assuming,aswithpersuasion,thatfactsareneutral,instrumental,andimpersonal.Indirectnessisoftenthewa

41、ymembersofhigh-contextcultureschoosetocommunicateaboutaproblem.Case20ItseemsthatthelettersofrequestwritteninEnglishaswellasinChinesebyChinesepeoplearelikelytoprefacetherequestwithextendedface-work.ToChinesepeople,thenormalandpolitewaytoformarequestrequiresprovidingreasonsthatareusuallyplacedbeforetherequests.Ofcourse,thisisjusttheinverseofEnglishconventionsinwhichrequestsarefrontedwithoutmuch