TEM4重点语法详解

1、TEM 4重点语法详解1.集体名词作主语主谓一致通常作复数的集体名词集体名词，如： police, people, cattle, militia, poultry 等，通常作复数，用复数动词。如：Domestic cattle provide us with milk, beef and hides.通常作不可数名词的集体名词有些集体名词，女口 foliage, machinery, equipment, furniture, merchandise,通常作不可数名词 ,随后的动词用单数。例如： All the machi nery in the factory is made in Ch

2、ina.既可作单数也可作复数的集体名词集体名词，女口 audienee, committee, class, crew, family, public, government 等，既可作单数，可作复数用。The city council is meeti ng to set its age nda.a committee, etc. of + 数 Z如果主语是由a committee of /a panel of /a board of +复数名词”构成，随后的动词通常用单数。例如： A committee of five men and three wome n is to con side

3、r the matter.关于used to的意义和用法used to (只有过去时形式，没有现在时形式)表示过去习惯动作或状态，这种情况现已不复存在。例如： He used to smoke a lot, but he has long give n up smok ing.在否定陈述句或否定疑问句中，用 didn t use to或usedn t to均可：He didn t use to smoke cigarettes.He usedn t to smoke cigarettes.Didn t Maria use to be interested in the theatre?Used

4、n t Maria to be interested in the theatre?在肯定疑问句中也可有两种形式：Used you to go to the same school as Edward?Did you use to go to the same school as Edward?.关于dare的意义和用法作为情态动词表示“胆敢，dare通常只用于否定陈述句和疑问句。例如：I dare not go there.How dare he say such rude things about me?dare作为情态助动词没有过去式形式，其否定式为daren t,既可指现在时间，也可指

5、过去时间。例如： Tom wan ted to come, but he daren t.dare还可用主动词，随后的不定式可带to,也可不带to。例如：He does not dare(to) answer.Does she dare (to) go there alone?.定语从句中关系代词that的用法在既指人又指事物的两个或两个以上的先行词后面。例如：They are talk ing about the people and coun tries that they had visited.在限制性定语从句中有形容词最高级的先行词后面。例如：He is the best stude

6、 nt that I have ever met.在以“ It is.”，“It was. ”等开头的强调句中，和相应的疑问句中。如：What is it that he wan ts?4)在 only, all, little 的后面 This is all that I know.5)在no, every, some和any等词后面，也包括在它们的复合词在内。如： There is no pers on that is always in the right.Is there anything that I can do for you?. be+不定式结构表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作。

7、例如：There s to be an in vestigati on.I am to have tea with Betty this after noon.这一结构常见于报纸和广播，用以宣布官方的计划或决定。例如：The Quee n is to visit Japa n next year.二是表示命令、禁止或可能性等。例如：You are to sta nd here. Do you un dersta nd?Tell her she s not to be back late.一般现在时也可表达将来时间，常见于条件状语和时间状语从句。例如：If she comes, I ll tel

8、l her all about it.Wait here till the meeti ng is over.It won t be long before the rain stops.有关否定通常作复数的集体名词1)双重否定最常见的形式有：no(not).but.;殳仆.K .no(no t).without.no(no t). uni ess 2 右 Hl 不.not.until 首亍 卜. 才.例如：There is no one but knows it. 没有一个人不知道此事。ca n not 与副词 too, eno ugh, sufficie ntly, over, too m

9、uch等词连用时，意为 无论怎样也不过分”，“越越”。例如：You cann ot be too careful. 你越仔细越好。We cann ot praise him too much.我们无论怎样赞扬他也不过分。.形容词层迭修饰时的顺序几个属于不同层次的形容词作修饰语时，其词序一般按下列顺序排列：限定词T表示说话人评价的形容词T表示大小、形状、新旧的形容词T表示颜色的形容词T表示国别、来源、材料的形容词T表示用途或目的的形容词T名词中心词。例如：the town s charming old English church a well-k nown Germa n medical sc

10、hool the man s first two interesting little red French oil paintings. It is the first time +that 分句在 “ It is/was/will be the first time + that 分叮了仃楼 I 牛主 !上 R 诃文寸 is/will be 时，that 分 句动词一律用现在完成体，引导词 that可以省略。例如：It is the first time I ve been here.Don t forget, it ll be the first time I ve spoken in

11、public.当主句动词为 was时，thatIt was the first time she d been at a summer school and she thoroughly enjoyed it.动词后接不定式或动名词有些动词或词组女口 admit, appreciate, avoid, con sole, defer, delay, enjoy, escape, excuse, fini sh,men ti on, mind, miss, quit, postp one, practice, resist, risk, (ca n t) sta nd, suggest, giv

12、e up, put off等后面只能接动名词。例如：I enjoy play ing football.I don t mind sleeping with the door open.有些动词如stop, remember, forget, try, mean等接不定式或动名词做宾语，意思各不相同。try doing sth试试看(没有付诸的行动)try to do尽力去做(已有行动)mean doing sth. 意味着mea n to do sth. 打算.有关反意疑问句am I”的否定形式是aren tI，而不是am not I 或amn tI。例如：I am right, aren

13、t I?everything和nothing作为陈述句的主语时是单数，因此反意疑问句中的主语要用“it。注意，nothing作为主语时，反意疑问句中的动词要用肯定形式。例如：Nothing is wrong,is it?陈述句中的主语为 every one, everybody, anyone, n obody 或no one时，反意疑问句 中的主语 用they o注意，nobody和no one是否定词，因此反意疑问句应该用肯定的。例如： Nobody knows it, do they?如果陈述句部分有no, never, hardly, scarcely, rarely, seldom

14、等词，那么，陈述句本身就是否定的，所以要接一个肯定的反意疑问句。例如：He has never been there, has he?如果陈述句中的动词是wish ，那么反意疑问句中要用may。例如：I wish to go there with you, may I?包括听话人在内时“let s”的反意疑问句要用“shall we o反之，反意疑问句中要用“willyou” 。例如：Let s go, shall we?Let us go, will you?11.不定式不带to的问题在情态成语之后，即在 would rather/would sooner/would (just) as s

15、oon(宁愿),may/might aswell (不妨)，cannot but/cannot help but 之后。例如：You can t help but respect them.Since it s a fine day we might as well walk.在“使役动词+宾语”之后，即在let, have, make之后。例如：Let there be an end of this misun dersta nding.He won t have us criticize his work.Abby made him stay to tea.在“感觉动词+宾语”之后，即在

16、see, hear, observe, notice, feel, watch 之后。例如： We feel the house shake.I didn t hear you say that.在介词except/but之后如果except/but之前有动词do的某种形式，具后通常用不带to的不定式，否则带to。例如：They did nothing except work.There s no choice but to wait.虚拟条件句中的一些非常规现象a)省略连词if,把were, had, should 移到主语前。例如：Were they here now, they woul

17、d give us some advice.Had it not been for your help, we wouldn t have succeeded.用介词或介词短语 without, but for, in the abse nee of, un der.Without the leadership of the Party, we could n ot live a happy life.But for the atmosphere we would die.if only结构，表示但愿/ ,要是”，例如：If only I had more time, I could go t

18、o watch the performa nee.If only I knew where he lives.引起倒装的前置状语当句首状语为否定词或带否定意义的词语时，一般引起局部倒装。这些词语常见的有：never,not for one minu te, no Ion ger, on no acco unt, no more, no where else, at no time, hardly, scarcely, rarely, not for nothing 等。例如：Never have I found him in such a good mood.句首状语若由only+副词”、“

19、only+介词词组”、“ only+状语分句”构成，也可引起局部倒装。例如：Only yesterday did he find out that his watch was miss ing.以关联连词notonly(but also)和so(.that)开头的句子，通常引起局部倒装。例如：So small was the mark that I could hardly see it.名词+不定式与名词+介词+ing分词有些名词女口 attempt, cha nee, effort, freedom, inten ti on, reason, n ecessity, opport uni

20、ty, time, way等，在其后用不定式或介词+ing分词均可，意义无甚区别。例如：The doctor made a bold attempt to save/at saving the child s life.有些名词女口 ability, agreeme nt, ambiti on, an xiety, curiosity, mind, obligati on, permissi on, refusal, ten de ncy, wish等，在其后通常带不定式，而不带介词+ing分词。例如：Our ability to thi nk and speak separates us f

21、rom other mammals.还有些名词女口 aptitude, experienee, hope, method, possibility, difficulty, interest, plan, habit, passion, genius等，其后通常带介词+ing分词，而不带不定式。例如：There is no hope of winning the game.名词性分句中的虚拟语气虚拟式常用于出现在wish, would rather, suppose, imagine 之后的that分句中，表示一种臆想的(通常是不可能发生的)情况。例如：I wish it were spri

22、ng all the year round.I d rather I were not at the site of the accident.在“It s time + that分句”结构中，that分句中应使用一般过去时。例如：It s time that I went.在If I were you 这一分句中，were不能换成 was应当特殊对待。例如：Were I to do it (If I were to do it), I should rely on you.含蓄条件句中的虚拟语气1)由介词短语引起：But for their help ,we wouldn t have succeeded.His progress wouldn t have been made without arduous work.2)由表示转折语气的词语引起：I was too busy yesterday. Otherwise I would have bee n here to see you.3)根据上下文判断：Anyone in his positi on would have done the same.表示建议、命令等意义的虚拟语气这种虚拟式用在 suggest, dema nd, in sist, move