(完整word版)专四语法之独立主格

1、 独立主格结构（Nominative Absolute Structure/ AbsoluteConstruction）由名词或代词主格+ -ing 分词、-ed 分词、形容词、副词或介词词组等成分组成， 通常在句中起状语从句的作用。它多见于文学体裁，能使句子结构紧凑，形象具体，描述生动。I. 如果独立分词结构表示时间、原因、条件等，在翻译时，根据具体的情况可加适当的连词如“因为”，“由于”，“当”，“之后”，“如果”，“只要”等，然后译成状语从句。 例如：1）The meal over，we began to work again.吃完饭后，我们又开始工作了。2）Weather permit

2、ting, the sports meeting will be held onFriday.如果天气允许的话，运动会将在星期五举行。3）4）5）There being no coffee left, they had to make do with tea.因为没有咖啡了，他们只好用茶凑合。The president assassinated, the whole country was indeep sorrow. 总统遭暗杀了，国人都沉浸在深深的悲痛中。All flights having been canceled because of thesnowstorm, we decided

3、 to take the train. 因为暴风雨的缘故，所有的航班都取消了，我们于是决定坐火车。6）With academic categories being what they are, thehistorian rarely tangles with psychologists. 由于各学术领域往往自成一体，历史学家很少会与心理学家发生纠葛。(与 3“介词 with 或 without+名词+分词/形容词/副词/介词词组”一致)7）He came into the room, his ears red with cold. 他走进房间，耳朵都冻红了。更多的例句： 1)2)3)The d

4、ay being fine (=As the day was fine), we decided togo swimming. 由于天气晴朗,我们决定去游泳.It being a holiday (=As it was a holiday), all the shopswere shut. 由于这天是假日, 所有商店都关门了.Were playing golf this afternoon weather permitting(=if the weather permits.)要是天气允许, 我们今天下午去打高尔夫球.4)5)We explored the caves, Peter actin

5、g as guide.由彼得当向导, 我们探察了那些洞穴.There being ice on the road, I told the driver to slowdown.路上有冰, 我让司机开慢点.6)7)John having run a red light, the police arrested him.约翰由于闯红灯被警察逮捕了.That being the case, we d better make some changes inthe plan. 要是情况是那样, 我们还是把计划改一改.注意：1. 独立主格与状语从句的转换 :当状语从句的主语与主句的主语不是指同一个对象时，

6、可用独立主格结构取代状语从句，但不再保留连词。如：1) Class being over (/ Class over), the students soon left theclassroom.下课后，学生很快离开了课室。=After class was over, the students soon left the classroom.2)There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed.工作都谈完了，我宣布会议结束。= Since there is no further business, I declare th

7、e meetingclosed.3)It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 现在是圣诞节，政府机关关门了。= Because it was Christmas, the government offices were closed. 2. 不能省略 being (having been) 的情形：在下列三种情况下，独立主格结构中的 being（或 having been）不能省略。(1) 独立主格的逻辑主语是代词时。如：It being Sunday, we went to church.因为是星期天，我们去了做礼拜。(2

8、)在 There being+名词的结构中。如：There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.因为没有公共汽车，所以我们不得不步行回家。(3)当独立主格结构中 being done 表示“正在被做时”，being 不可省略。3. 独立主格结构没有所有格形式 The chief-editor arriving, we beganthe meeting. 主编来了，我们开始开会。(比较动名词复合结构。)II. 独立结构表伴随状况时，常常用来对句子的意思加以补充说明或与之比较，翻译时可直接已成汉语中的独立句或并列句。 如：He sat at the ta

9、ble, head down, and pen in position,ready to begin the letter.他坐在桌前，低着头，拿着笔， 准备开始写信。She was sitting at her desk, her head slightly loweredover a pile of documents. 她坐在桌前，头埋在一堆文件里。We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two.我们加倍努力， 一个人干两个人的活。更多的例句：1)He rushed into the room, his face covered w

10、ith sweat.他满脸是汗地冲进房间. (表伴随情况或具有解释性的作用)2)There are two doors, one leading to the bedroom, theother to the study. 由两扇门, 一扇通向卧室,一扇通向书房.(同上)3)He entered the house, his nose red with cold.他走进屋子, 鼻子冻得通红. (这类结构无须用 being, 可在名词或代词后直接加形容词、某些副词, 如: away, on, over, up等或介词短语) 4)He pulled on his shirt, wrong side

11、 out.他套上衬衫,把它穿反了. (同上)III英语中“介词 with 或 without+名词+分词/形容词/副词/介词词组”短语相当于一个独立结构。如果作状语 , 可译成状语从句或并列从句 ; 如果作定语, 常译成“的”字结构放在它所修饰的词的前面。 如：b)c)d)The war was over without a shot being fired.一枪也没放，战争就结束了。I wouldnt dare go home without the job finished.工作没干完， 我不敢回家。A body with a constant force acting on it mov

12、es at aconstant speed. 受恒力作用的物体做等速运动。更多的例句：I cant go out with all these dishes to wash.有这许多碟子要洗, 我出不去了.All afternoon he worked with the door locked. = Allafternoon he worked. The door was locked.整下午他都在工作，房门紧闭。With John away, we ve got more room. = John is away,so weve got more room. 约翰走了，我们有更多的空间了。with 复合结构作独立主格的省略形式：通常不用物主代词或冠词，即，在“名词（或代词）+介词短语”构成的独立主格结构中，一般不用形容词性物主代词和冠词。如：Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand. 史密斯小姐走进了课室，手里拿着一本书。