自动化技术-英文翻译

1、Automation technology is the rapid development of modern, widely used, one of the most eye-catching high-teach, it is promoting a new technological revolution and a new industrial revolution in the core technology. Without automation is used to replace equipment or systems have completed some produc

2、tion tasks, or a substitute achieve certain process, or a substitute for the regulation. Strictly speaking, automation means in the absence of direct participation, equipment or production management process through automatic detection, information processing, analysis and judge automatically achiev

3、e the desired operation or a process.Automatic Control System is a certain functions, tasks to be completed some control systems. Automatic control system and the composition of the human body and the principle of the composition and work of a lot of similarities: automatic control system in the sen

4、sory organ of the human sensor, equivalent to the brain and nervous system control devices, but also equivalent to the hands, legs and muscles of the executive body. Sensors used to detect command information, public information, as we 11 as changes in the status information of the object, and its t

5、ransformation into electrical signal transmission control device. Control device is calculated with the current status of objects (known as charged of, or systems output) with the hope that the state (known as the input signal) poor, and in accordance with this deviation (known as the error signal)

6、according to certain laws of the control signal, and then amplified, gave operators implementing agencies. Operation charged with implementing agencies to drive targeted campaigns, until it reached the desired state of the state. That the output of the system or some other system of controlled varia

7、bles and the input for comparison, a control known as closed-loop control or feedback controlSince the 1960s the United States launched programmable logic controller (Programmable Logic Controller, PLC) to replace traditional relay control device, the PLC have developed rapidly, throughout the world

8、 and in a wide range of applications. At the same time, the PLC function continuously improved. With computer technology, signal processing technology, control technology network technology and the continuous development of the continuous improvement of user needs, PLC in the processing of switching

9、 on the basis of an increase of analog processing and motion control functions. Today is no longer confined to the PLC logic control, motion control, process control, and other fields have also played a very important role.Discrete control of the system as the preferred product, PLC in the 20th cent

10、ury, the 1980s and 1990s have developed rapidly, the worldwide annual growth rate of PLC maintain a 20% to 30%. With factory automation and the continuous improvement of the capacity PLC market base continues to expand, PLC in the industrialized countries in recent years the growth 幅度增加，目前普遍使用的是第四代过

11、程控制体系（DCS,或分布式数字控制系 统），它主要特点是整个控制系统不再是仅仅具有一台计算机，而是由几台计算 机和一些智能仪表和智能部件构成一个了控制系统。于是分散控制成了最主要的 特征。除外另一个重要的开展是它们之间的信号传递也不仅仅依赖于4-20mA 的模拟信号，而逐渐地以数字信号来取代模拟信号。第五代过程控制体系（FCS, Fieldbus Control System现场总线控制系统）： FCS是从DCS开展而来，就像DCS从CCS开展过来一样，有了质的飞跃。“分 散控制”开展到“现场控制。数据的传输采用“总线”方式。但是FCS与DCS的真 正的区别在于FCS有更广阔的开展空间。自动

12、控制是指应用自动化仪器仪表或自动控制装置代替人自动地对仪器设 备或工业生产过程进行控制，使之到达预期的状态或性能指标。对传统的工业生 产过程采用自动控制技术，可以有效提高产品的质量和企业的经济效益。对一些 恶劣环境下的控制操作，自动控制显得尤其重要。自动控制理论是与人类社会开展密切联系的一门学科，是自动控制科学的核 心。自从19世纪Maxwell对具有调速器的蒸汽发动机系统进行线性常微分方程 描述及稳定性分析以来，经过20世纪初Nyquist, Bode, Harris, Evans, Wienner, Nichols等人的杰出贡献，终于形成了经典反应控制理论基础，并于50年代趋于 成熟。经典

13、控制理论的特点是以传递函数为数学工具，采用频域方法，主要研究 单输入一单输出线性定常控制系统的分析与设计，但它存在着一定的局限性， 即对多输入一多输出系统。不宜用经典控制理论解决，特别是对非线性、时变 系统更是无能为力。随着20世纪40年代中期计算机的出现及其应用领域的不断 扩展，促进了自动控制理论朝着更为复杂也更为严密的方向开展，特别是在 Kalman提出的可控性和可观测性概念以及提出的极大值理论的基础上，在20世 纪50、60年代开始出现了以状态空间分析（应用线性代数）为基础的现代控制理 论。现代控制理论本质上是一种时域法，其研究内容非常广泛，主要包括三个 基本内容：多变量线性系统理论、最

14、优控制理论以及最优估计与系统辨识理论。 现代控制理论从理论上解决了系统的可控性、可观测性、稳定性以及许多复杂系 统的控制问题。但是，随着现代科学技术的迅速开展，生产系统的规模越来越大, 形成了复杂的大系统，导致了控制对象、控制器以及控制任务和目的的日益复杂 化，从而导致现代控制理论的成果很少在实际中得到应用。经典控制理论、现代 控制理论在应用中遇到了不少难题，影响了它们的实际应用，其主要原因有三： 这些控制系统的设计和分析都是建立在精确的数学模型的基础上的，而实际系 统由于存在不确定性、不完全性、模糊性、时变性、非线性等因素，一般很难获 得精确的数学模型；研究这些系统时，人们必须提出一些比拟苛

15、刻的假设，而 这些假设在应用中往往与实际不符；为了提高控制性能，整个控制系统变得极 为复杂，这不仅增加了设备投资，也降低了系统的可靠性。于是，自动控制工作 者一直在寻求新的出路，他们在考虑：能否不要完全以控制对象为研究主体，而 以控制器为研究主体呢？能否用20世纪50年代中期出现并得到快速开展的人工 智能的逻辑推理、启发式知识、专家系统等来解决难以建立精确数学模型的控制 问题呢？第三代控制理论即智能控制理论就是在这样的背景下提出来的，它是人 工智能和自动控制交叉的产物，是当今自动控制科学的出路之一。所谓自动化（Automation）,是指机器或装置在无人干预的情况下按规定的程 序或指令自动的进

16、行操作或运行。广义地讲，自动化还包括模拟或再现人的智能 活动。自动化技术广泛用于工业、农业、军事、科学研究、交通运输、商业、医 疗、服务和家庭等方面。采用自动化技术不仅可以把人从繁重的体力劳动、局部 脑力劳动以及恶劣、危险的工作环境中解放出来，而且能扩展人的器官功能，极 大地提高劳动生产率，增强人类认识世界和改造世界的能力。因此，自动化是工 业、农业、国防和科学技术现代化的重要条件和显著标志。开展简况1946年，美国福特公司的机械工程师D. S.哈德最先提出“自动化” 一词，并用来描述发动机汽缸的自动传送和加工的过程（见自动化技术史）。50 年代，自动调节器和经典控制理论的开展，使自动化进入到

17、以单变量自动调节系 统为主的局部自动化阶段。60年代，随着现代控制理论的出现和电子计算器的推 广应用，自动控制与信息处理结合起来，使自动化进入到生产过程的最优控制与 管理的综合自动化阶段。70年代，自动化的对象变为大规模、复杂的工程和非工 程系统，涉及许多用现代控制理论难以解决的问题。这些问题的研究，促进自动 化的理论、方法和手段的革新，于是出现了大系统的系统控制和复杂系统的智能 控制，出现了综合利用计算器、通信技术、系统工程和人工智能等成果的高级自 动化系统，如柔性制造系统、办公自动化、智能机器人、专家系统、决策支持系 统、计算器集成制造系统等。自动化是一门涉及学科较多、应用广泛的综合性科学

18、技术。它的研究内容主 要有自动控制和信息处理两个方面，包括理论、方法、硬件和软件等，从应用观 点来看，研究内容有过程自动化、机械制造自动化、管理自动化、实验室自动化 和家庭自动化等。过程自动化 石油炼制和化工等工业中流体或粉体的化学处理 自动化。一般采用由检测仪表、调节器和计算器等组成的过程控制系统，对加热 炉、精储塔等设备或整个工厂进行最优控制（见化工自动化）。采用的主要控制方 式有反应控制、前馈控制和最优控制等。机械制造自动化 这是机械化、电气化与自动控制相结合的结果，处理的对 象是离散工件。早期的机械制造自动化是采用机械或电气部件的单机自动化或是 简单的自动生产，20世纪60年代以后，由

19、于电子计算器的应用，出现了数控机 床、加工中心、机器人、计算器辅助设计、计算器辅助制造、自动化仓库等。研 制出适应多品种、小批量生产型式的柔性制造系统（FMS）。以柔性制造系统为基 础的自动化车间，加上信息管理、生产管理自动化，出现了采用计算器集成制造 系统（CIMS）的工厂自动化。对社会的影响自动化是新的技术革命的一个重要方面。自动化技术的研究 、应用和推广，对人类的生产、生活等方式将产生深远影响。生产过程自动化和 办公室自动化可极大地提高社会生产率和工作效率，节约能源和原材料消耗，保 证产品质量，改善劳动条件，改进生产工艺和管理体制，加速社会的产业结构的 变革和社会信息化的进程。开展趋势

20、现代生产和科学技术的开展，对自动化技术提出越来越高的要求, 同时也为自动化技术的革新提供了必要条件。例如大型企业的综合自动化系统、 全国铁路自动调度系统、国家电力网自动调度系统、空中交通管制系统、城市 交通控制系统、自动化指挥系统、国民经济管理系统等。自动化的应用正从工程 领域向非工程领域扩展，如医疗自动化、人口控制、经济管理自动化等。自动化 将在更大程度上模仿人的智能，机器人已在工业生产、海洋开发和宇宙探测等领 域得到应用，专家系统在医疗诊断、地质勘探等方面取得显著效果。工厂自动化、办公自动化、家庭自动化和农业自动化将成为新技术革命的 重要内容，并得到迅速开展。has been slowin

21、g. However, in China and other developing countries PLC increases very rapidly. Comprehensive information, in 2004 the global PLC sales of about 10 billion US dollars in the field of automation occupy a very important position.PLC is touched by the original imitation relay control theory development

22、 of the 20th Century, the 1970s only switch of the PLC logic control, the first application of the automobile manufacturing industry. With the implementation of storage logical, sequential control, timing, counting and computing, such as operating instructions, and digital input and output operation

23、s, to control all types of machinery and production process. Users of the control procedures of the production process technology requirements, and advance into the PLC user program memory. Running on the storage procedures for the implementation of the contents one by one, to complete the process r

24、equirements of the operation. PLC CPU with the procedures step instructions stored program counter address in the running process, every step in the implementation of an automatic counter, procedures from the initial step (Step number zero), followed by the implementation of the final step (usually

25、END directive), and then returned to the initial step cycle operation. PLC completed a cycle of every operation known as the time required for a scan cycle. Different models of the PLC, scanning cycle to cycle in a microsecond between dozens of microseconds. PLC programming by ladder diagram, in the

26、 logic of the balance, the advantages of rapid performance, in order of microseconds, 1 K Solution Logic Programming less than 1 ms. It is all the input as to deal with the volume switch, 16 (also 32) for a simulated volume. Another large-scale use of PLC CPU to complete the simulation of the operat

27、ion. The results presented to the PLC controllerThe same 1/0 points system, with PLC than DCS, and the cost should be lower (approximately 40% to about Province). PLC do not have a dedicated operator station, which used the software and hardware are generic, so maintenance cost is much lower than th

28、e DCS. A PLC controller can receive thousands of I / 0 points (up to more than 8, 000 I / 0). If the accused was mainly targeted at the chain of equipment, circuit rarely used PLC more suitable. PLC as a universal monitoring software, in the design of the management information systems to easier.Ove

29、r the past 10 years, with the PLC and lower prices for users demand continues to expand, more and more small and medium-sized equipment began to use PLC control, PLC application in China is growing quite rapidly. With China s rapid economic development and infrastructure constantly improve the level

30、 of automation, for a period of time within the PLC in China will continue to maintain high-speed growth momentum.GM PLC can be used in specialized equipment that it is an embedded controller, PLC relative to the average embedded controller and the higher reliability and better stability. Practical

31、work in the original encounter some users use embedded controller, now being used generic PLC PLC replace or custom embedded controllers.Automatic Control (automatic control) is that in the absence of direct participation in the circumstances, the use of additional equipment or devices, machinery, e

32、quipment or production process of a working state or parameters automatically in accordance with the law scheduled to run.Control is relative in terms of the concept of control. Not referring to the participation of the people under the control device with the object or process automatically accordi

33、ng to the laws of operation. Automatic control technology to the study of human beings from the complex, dangerous and tedious work environment to liberate control and greatly improve efficiency. Control is a branch of science and engineering. It involves the use of dynamic feedback on the principle

34、 of the automatic system, in order to make the output value of close to the value we want. From a methodological perspective, its a mathematical system based on the theory. Today, we called the Automatic Control of the middle of the 20th century is the control theory, a branch. Is the basis of the c

35、onclusions Norbert Wiener, the Rudolf Kalman.For example: the indoor temperature regulation indoor temperature regulation is a simple easy-to-understand examples. Purpose is to the indoor temperature maintained at a fixed value of 0 , despite the fenestration and other factors make distributed heat

36、from indoor outdoor (interference d). In order to achieve this objective, heating must be proper impact. Through the valve regulating the temperature will remain constant. In addition, a feeling of the people before temperature hot water temperature will be subject to interference from the outside w

37、orld. Further examples of the remaining three oil drums system.Developments in the field of process control more than 150 years ago, the first generation of process control system is based on the 5-13 pneumatic signal standards (PCS pneumatic control system, Pneumatic Control System). Simple local m

38、ode of operation, control theory has initially taken shape, yet the concept of a control room.Second-generation process control system (analog or ACS, Analog Control System) is based on the 0-10 mA or 4-20 mA current analog signal, the obvious progress in the full 25 years firmly in control of the e

39、ntire rule areas. It characterized the arrival of the era of electrical control. With major development in control theory, control theory, the establishment of the three lay the foundation of the modern control; the control room set up, control functions of separation model has been in use ever sinc

40、e.Third-generation process control system (CCS, Computer Control System) . 70 began the application of digital computers, produced a huge superiority in technology, people in the measurement, modelling and control of the area first to use logic, resulting in a third-generation process control system

41、 ( CCS, Computer Control System). This was known as the third-generation process control system is a revolution in the field of automatic control, and give full play to their superiority in the computer, so people generally believe that the computer can do everything, naturally produced called of ce

42、ntral control computer system needs to be pointed out is that the signal transmission system is still in use most of the 4-20 mA analog signal, but was found Not long after that, with focus and control of the reliability of the issue, also focused on the danger of out of control, with a slight to th

43、e entire system will be paralyzed. Therefore, it will soon be developed into distributed control system (DCS).Fourth-generation process control systems (DCS, Distributed Control System Distributed Control System): With the rapid semiconductor manufacturing technology development, the widespread use

44、of microprocessors, the reliability of computer technology in a substantial increase in the current widespread use of the Fourth and process control systems (DCS, or distributed digital control system), which is the main characteristics of the control system is no longer merely a computer, but some

45、computers and some smart instrumentation and components constitute a smart control system. So decentralized control has become the main characteristics. Another important exception is the development of signal transmission between them is not only dependent on the analog signals 4-20 mA, and gradual

46、ly to replace the digital signal to analog signal.Fifth-generation process control system (FCS, Control System control system): FCS is developed from the DCS, as from the development of DCS from the CCS, a qualitative leap, to the Data transmission using the approach. But FCS DCS and the real differ

47、ence between the FCS have a broader space for development.Application control is automated instrumentation or automatic control device automatically replace people on the production equipment or industrial process control, so that they will reach the desired state or performance indicators. Of the t

48、raditional industrial processes using automation technology can effectively improve the quality of the product and the economic efficiency of enterprises. Some of the toughest environments for the control operation, automatic control is particularly important.Control theory and the development of hu

49、man society is closely linked to a science, automation is the core of science. Since the 19th century with Maxwell governor of the steam engine system of linear ordinary differential equations describing and stability analysis since the early 20th century after Bode, Harris, Evans, Nichols and other

50、s of the outstanding contribution, and finally formed classic feedback control theory based, in the 1950s mature. Classical control theory on the characteristics of the transfer function for the mathematical tool used frequency-domain methods, mainly on the single-input - single-output quot; linear

51、time-invariant control systems analysis and design, but there are some limitations that the multi - Input - Multi-output system. Should not use classical control theory, in particular the nonlinear, time-varying systems is powerless. With 40 in the mid-20th century the emergence of computer and the

52、continuous expansion of application fields, and promote the automatic control theory in the more complex and more in the direction of tight, especially in Kalmans controllability and the concept the maximum value on the basis of theory, in the 20th century, the 1950s and 1960s that have appeared in

53、state-space analysis (linear algebra) is the basis of modern control theory. Modern control theory is essentially a time-domain method, the very extensive research, including three basic elements: multivariable linear systems theory, the optimal control theory and optimal estimation and system ident

54、ification theory. Modern control theory theoretically solve the system controllability, stability, as we 11 as many complex systems control issues. However, as modern science and technology is developing rapidly, the increasing scale production systems, the formation of complex large-scale systems,

55、leading to a control object, the controller and control tasks and objectives of the increasingly complex, resulting in the results of modern control theory rarely been applied in practice. Classical control theory, in the application of modern control theory encountered a lot of problems, their impa

56、ct on the practical application of its three main reasons: (T) these control system design and analysis are based on precise mathematical model on the basis of, and practical system because of uncertainty, incomplete and vague, time-dependent, nonlinear, and other factors generally difficult to obta

57、in precise mathematical model; study these systems, people must make the assumption that some of the more harsh, and these Assuming that the actual application are often inconsistent; In order to improve control performance, the entire control system has become extremely complex, which not only incr

58、eased the investment in equipment, but also lowers the reliability of the system. Therefore, the automatic control workers has been seeking new outlets, they consider: Can not fully control the main targets for research, and for research to the main controller? Can 20 in the mid-1950s and the rapid

59、development of artificial intelligence by the logic of reasoning, heuristic knowledge, the expert system to solve difficult to build a precise mathematical model of control? Control Theory is the third generation intelligent control theory is against this backdrop that the proposed, it is artificial

60、 intelligence and control of the cross-product of the contemporary scientific way to control one.The so-called automation (Automation), refers to machine or device in the absence of intervention in accordance with the regulations under the procedures or instructions for automatic operation or operat