云南普通专升本公共课(公共英语)语法精讲

1、云南普通专升本公共课（公共英语）语法精讲（七）：强调句、倒装句和反义疑问句学习目的：.掌握常见的强调方法，特别是强调句型。.掌握部分倒装和全部倒装的用法。.熟练运用常考的反义疑问句。一.强调结构在句子中，有时为了突出句子的某些成分以加强语气，增强感情色彩或加强 对比，需要改变句子结构来实现。以下几种常用结构可以用来表示强调：Do(does/did) + 动词原形它用来强调谓语动词，往往只用于“一般现在时/过去时”的肯定陈述句或 祈使句。如：This tax driver doesknow the city well.The adopted childrendo hope to go to co

2、llege.She did come yesterday.Do come and visit us!Do shut up!Do be careful!It + be的某种形式 + 强调中心 + that/ who + 其余部分(重点掌握)David bought a walkman from a store yesterday.陈述句。 该句可以按照强调 句型改为下面四个强调句：f It was David who/ that bought a walkman from a store yesterday.It was a walkman that David bought from a st

3、ore yesterday.It was from a store that David bought a walkman yesterday.It was yesterday that David bought a walkman from a store.3,用what引导的名词性从句来强调Her indifference hurt me most. f What hurt me most was her indifference.I need some rest.f What I need is some rest.They lack experience f What they lac

4、k is experience.改变语序，将所强调的状语置于句首1为了加强语气或使上下文的衔接通顺。如：On his desk I found a book about love story.Suddenly the rain stopped.Under her arm she was carrying a great album.2谓语是不及物动词 come, sit, lie, stand, walk等时，为了强调状语，将其 置于句首，动词在前，主语在后。如：In a corner of the room sat a little girl.Down the street marched

5、the band.Here comes the devil.3 否定词 never, not only, hardly, no sooner, seldom, at no time, on no account, in no way等开头的句子表示强调。如：Not only did we lose our money, but we were also in danger of losing our lives.Hardly had I entered the room when the telephone started to ring. very, only, single, such +

6、 名词That s tvery classroom he had classes 20 years ago.I am the only person here who can speak Italian.Not a single customer has been in the shop this morning.How dare you buy such expensive jewels?.介词短语in the world, on earth, at all等常用于疑问句Where in the world could he be?What on earth is it?Do you kno

7、w it at all ?. If从句? If 从旬 + I don t know who/ what ? If 从旬 + nobody/ everybody ? If从句+ it be主句例如：If he can t do it, I don t know who can.If John is a coward, everybody is.If anyone knew the truth, it was Peter.If there is one thing he loves, it is money.二.倒装句英语句子的顺序通常是主语在前，谓语在后，这叫自然语序。但有时出于对语法或修辞的需

8、要，要把谓语放在主语之前，这种语序叫做倒装。将谓语完全 移至主语之前，为完全倒装。如果仅仅把be动词、助动词或情态动词放在主语之前，则为部分倒装。部分倒装含有否定意味的词置于句首时，需要倒装。常见的有： no, not, never, seldom, little, scarcely, barely, hardly, rarely, nowhere,few, not only but also, hardly when, no sooner than, by no means, in no way, in no case, at no time, on no account, under no

9、 circumstances, notuntil, neither等。如：Scarcely djd_he_speak about the difficulties in his work.Never in my life have I seen such a thing.Not only did he refuse the gift, but also severely criticized the sender.Nowhere will you find the answer to this question.Not until yesterdaydid little John change

10、 his mind.Under no circumstances can we accept checks.“Only +状语”位于旬首，需要倒装。Only when the war was overcould people live with peace and happiness.Only then did I realize that I was seriously wrong.Only in this way can you learn English well.Only after being asked three timesiid he come to the wedding.O

11、nly when he is seriously ill does heever stay in bed.注意：only后的状语可以是副词、介词短语或状语从句，但是从何不倒装。so/suchthat1型中,如果so/such位于句首，需要倒装。So boring was the speechthat the audience all left halfway.Such a noisedid they make that the neighbors could not go to sleep at night.So hard was the work that all of us got tir

12、ed out that evening.So frightened was hethat he did not dare to move an inch.as引导的让步状语从句的倒装结构为 “ (adj / adv/ v / v-ing / v-ed / n )+ as + 主谓”。Strong as you may be, you cannot lift it.Late as it was, they continued to study.Hard as he tried, he was unable to make much progress.Much as I like you, I c

13、ouldn t live with you.Call as you may, he will not come.Published as it was such a time, his work attracted much attention.if虚拟语气的倒装在if虚拟语气中，可以将 were, had, should提到主语之前，省略if。如：Had you come earlier, you would have seen the wonderful performance.Were I you, I would try it again.Should it rain, the cro

14、ps would be saved.so, neither, nor在句首时的倒装I m quite willing to help and so are other students in my class.He doesn t care for sweets. Nor / Neither do I .Tom can speak French. So can John.If you won t go, neither will I .这里有一点需要特别注意，当so不作“也”讲，而是表示对于对方所述 内容的肯定时(相当于indeed, certainly),译为“的确如此”，句子不要倒装。 如

15、：一 He is a liar. ”一 So he is. ”一 It is raining hard. ”一 So it is. ”Eric asked me to go to play table tennis and so I did.完全倒装完全倒装是将句中的谓语全部置于主语之前。此结构通常用于一般现在时和 一般过去时。常见结构如下。.以地点副词 here/ there/ in/ out/ under/ below/ away/ up/ down和时间副词 now/then开头的句子。此结构表示强调。Here comes a bus.There stands a monument in

16、 the center of the square.There goes the bell.Down came a light from the ceiling when he was walking across the floor.On the hay lay a wounded boy of not more than seventeen.Then follows the fashion show.In came the teacher and the class began.Away flew the birds.cf. Away they went.Out they rushed.H

17、ere we are.分词+ be + 主语+其他Enclosed in the letter was a photo of a beautiful girl.Glowing in the test tube on the table was the mysterious thing which they had been working so hard to find, radium.当表语被置于句首时，系动词要放在主语前。表语可以是介词短语、形容词、 副词或分词。如：Next to it is another restaurant where we can have Italian foo

18、d.More important is to keep calm.Nearby are houses built by the farmers themselves.Hidden underground is a wealth of gold, silver and copper.Lying across the river is a long bridge built in 1990.三.反义疑问句反义疑问句由两部分构成，前一部分是对事物的陈述，后一部分是简短的提 问。一般处理原则是八个字：前肯后否，前否后肯。陈述句的谓语如果是情态动词，就由相应的情态动词构成反问句部分。She can sw

19、im, can t she?We might win the game, mightn t we?You should be proud of that, shouldn t you?You ought to be punished, shouldn t you?陈述部分有 never, seldom, hardly, scarcely, rarely, few, little, nothing, not, no, none, neither, no one, nobody, too 等否定泌寸，反问句要用肯定形式。She is too surprised to say anything, i

20、s she?He seldom comes here, does he?He will never let me down, will he?She seldom goes there, does she?Few people recognize her, do they?You know little French, do you?如果陈述旬部分的主语是不定代词someone, somebody, anyone, anybody,everyone, everybody, no one, nobody等，反问句部分的主语通常用 they.Everyone is having a happy t

21、ime, aren t they?No one was hurt in the accident, were they?4如果陈述句部分有that 引导的宾语从句时，反问句部分应该和主句的主谓保持一致。如：He says that I wrote it, doesn t he?如果陈述句是I /we think/believe/ suppose 等接从句时，反问句部分应该与从句保持一致。如：I think he ll be back in 3 days, won t he?I don t believe that they have known it, have they?We don t t

22、hink he cares, does he?I suppose that he has finished his homework, hasn t he?.如果陈述旬部分由neithernor或bothand 连接两个主语，其反问句部分的主语要用复数形式。Neither you nor I am wrong, are we?Both John and Mary are new here, aren t they?.陈述部分谓语是used to反问句谓语可用didnt主语/ usedn 由语/ used+主语 +not.He used to work late, usedn t he / di

23、dn t he / used he not?There used to be a newsstand in the corner of the street, didn t there?7祈使句的反意疑问句有以下几种情况：-“肯定祈使句+ will you?”表示邀请、请求；也可以用其他“肯定祈使句 + won t yo”u 表劝诱/提醒。也可以用can you, would you.Pass me the book, will you?Have a cup of tea, won t you?Stop talking, can you? 否定祈使句 + will you/ can you?D

24、on t open the window, will you?Don t be late again, can you?f Let s，shall we / shan t we? ; Let us/ me/ him., will you/ won t youlLet s begin our class, shall we?Let s get down to our business, shan t we?Let us have a rest, will you / won t you?Let me have a try, will you?8陈述部分用so 开头，反问句用“同向” 反问形式，表

25、示惊讶、不满、怀疑等情绪。So you are getting married, are you?So you don t want to go with us, don t you?9当陈述部分带有must 时，需要看情况。当must表示“必须、一定要”等强制命令时，反问句用 mustn t.You must do it by yourself, mustn t you?当must表示“有必要”是，反问句用 needn t.You must see him tonight, needn t you?You must leave for Beijing next week, needn t y

26、ou?当must表示推测时，反问句由must后的动词的相应形式构成。He must be crazy to do so, isn t he?She must have been there for a long time, hasnt she?They must be having a meeting now, aren t they?You must have waited for a long time, haven t you?.陈述部分是had better,反问句多用shouldn 闿或也用hadn t.You d better finish the task before tomo

27、rrow, shouldn ? t youWe d better stop the discussion, shouldn t we?.陈述句是I wish 反问句应为 may I .I wish I were a bird, may I ?I wish I had known you before, may I ?.陈述部分谓语是have,需要看情况。一 have表示“有”时，反问句多用have.如：You have a new dictionary, haven t you?He has a foreign friend, hasn t he?一如果表示其他意思，则用don t.如：Joh

28、n has to go there on foot, doesn t he?We have got to answer all these questions, don t we?云南普通专升本公共课（公共英语）语法精讲（二）：名词及主谓一致学习目标：.掌握名词的数与格.掌握主谓一致的概念及其在实践中的运用。关于名词一.名词的种类名词是所有事物的名称，包括人、物以及抽象概念，可分为以下类别。.可数名词和不可数名词(Countable and Uncountable Noun )(掌握)个体名词和集体名词大多为可数名词，物质名词和抽象名词大多为不可数名词。可数名词有单复数之分，在其前或加 a/a

29、n或加 s/es 不可数名词没有复数概 念.不需要变化。.普通名词(Common Noun)普通名词是表示某一类人或事物共有的名称。它具体又可分为四类：1个体名词表示人或事物中可以数清的单个体。如： student, desk,classroom, book, ai-conditioner, window 等。2集体名词表示若干人或事物的总称的名词。如： family, committee,crowd, police, government 等。3物质名词表示无法分成个体的实物名称的名词。如： water, air, ice,cotton, paper, petrol 等。4抽象名词表示动作、

30、性质、状态、情感等抽象概念的名词。如：work,anger, love, poverty (贫困),time, death 等。.专有名词（Proper Noun ）它是表示人、机构、场所等特有的名词。如：Laura, Europe, the United Nations, the World Trade Organization.二.名词的数.复数名词一般情况在名词词尾加-s;以s, x, sh, ch结尾的在词尾加-es;构成复数形式。以辅音字母+y结尾的名词，需先变y为i,再加-eso 名词由单数变复数的其他几种特殊情况可归纳如下： 1以f或fe结尾的名词loaf- loavesleaf

31、-leavesthief thieveswife -wivesf 变 v+esknifekniveswolf -wolveshalf halvesshelf- shelvesself -selveslife - lives直接加sstaff-staffs（员工）roofroofs（屋顶）gulfgulfs（海湾）proof- proofs（证 据）beliefbeliefs（信念）cliff cliffs（悬崖）reef-reefs（暗礁）chief -chiefs（首长）两者皆可scarf（围巾） dwarf（矮子）wharf（码头）handkerchief（手帕）2以o结尾的名词加-esh

32、ero- heroesecho-echoespotato-patatoestomato- tomatoesradio-radioszoo-zoosbamboo-bamboospiano-pianos加-sphoto-photoskilo -kilos两者皆可cargo（货物）volcano（火山）buffalo（水牛）mosquito（蚊子）motto（格言）tornado（龙卷风）zero3复合名词的的复数由“c.n+prep/prep 短语”passe-by looker-on father-in-law- passers by-lookers-onfathers-in-lawsister

33、- in- laweditor-in-chief- daughter-in-law-sisters-in-law-editors-in-chief- daughters-in-law构成的，在n后加s由v/v -ed +的，在词尾加adv”构成-sstand-by stand-byssit-in sit-insbreak-down break-downsgrown-up grown-ups以 man 或 woman 为前缀的复合名词，前后两 个名词都要变复数woman teacherwomen teachersman cookmen cooksman servant-men servantsm

34、an singer gentleman farmer-woman doctormen singers- gentlemen farmers-women doctors4单复数同形的名词常见的有：sheep, deer, fish, means, species, jin, li, mu, yuan, jiao, fen。5需改变单数名词中的元音字母，构成复数形式的情况footfeetgoose-geesemanmen toothteeth6需改变词干，构成复数的情况childchildren oxoxenmouse-micelouse-lice 虱子7缩写、数词、字母、引语变复数时要在后面加-

35、s或-s如：Ph Ds/ Ph D sCDs/ CD s VIPs/ VIP s the 1980s/ 1980 stwo f s and two es in the wordcoffee8外来词的复数形式词尾-sis变为-sesanalysis- basis- hypothesis-analysesbaseshypotheses（假设）diagnosis-crisisthesis- diagnoses crises thesesmedium-mediacurriculumcurricula（课程）词尾-um或-on变成maximummaxima（最大）minimum - minima（最小）

36、-adatumdataphenomenonphenomenacriterion - criteria词尾-us变为-istimulus- stimuli.单数名词1以-s结尾但用作单数的名词如： economics, electronics, physics, politics, mathematics, mechanics, statistics, means, news, works, the United Nations, measles。2常用的一些不可数名词advice, information, knowledge, equipment, furniture, luggage, c

37、offee, tea, bread, butter, rice, oil, sand, soap, paper, air, music, fun, peace, poverty, honesty, equality, progress, courage, virtue, luck, light, etc.3有些不可数名词也可以在词尾加s,但其意义发生变化。papers, two coffees, three beers, teas, airs, virtues, lights, fruits, hairs, greens, times, sands, spirits, forces, cust

38、oms, looks, manners, etc.单位名词不可数名词通常没有复数形式，但可以借助单位词来表示一定的数量。如:a piece of paper/ information/ advice/ luggagea drop of water/ rain a cake of soap a slice of breada bottle of ink a bag of floura pair of glasses/ scissors/ shoesa bar of chocolate/ soapa set of equipmenta loaf of breada spoonful of salt

39、a sum of moneya ton of coal三.名词的属格名词的属格表示所有关系，它有两种形式：嫡格和of属格。1.属格主要用于表示有生命的名词1 一般的名词后加smen s wear his father s study the professor s speech2以s或es结尾的复数名词，只需加即可the students reading roomthe workers clubthe masses advice the three boys mother3复合名词在最后一个词的词尾加shis son-in-law s photo the commander-in-chief

40、s report4如果一样东西为两人共有，在第二个名词后加s如果不是共有，则要在两个名词后分别加 sHelen and Tom s motherMary and Jane s bedroomMary s and Jane s room5 在“店铺” 或“某家人”的名词所有格中，通常省略其后的的名词，以结尾即可the barber s the tailor s the doctor s the grocer sthe baker s the butcher tshe stationer hser aunt s Mr. Green s6 表示时间、距离、国家、城镇的无生命的名词其所有格也应加 s

41、来构成Shenzhen s companiesChina s agriculturean hour s speechhalf an hour s driveof 属格主要用于表示无生命的名词1 of + n 表示的属格the front gate of the schoolthe offices of the firmthe cover of the novelthe contents of the textbook属格。the windows of the meeting room2 如果名词过长或名词带有较长定语，有生命的名词也需用 ofthe story of Dr. Norman Be

42、thune the name of the teacher sitting over there名词的双重属格当 of + n 前面的名词有修饰词 a(an), a few, some, any, no, this, that, these, those等时，需要用双重所有格，of后面的名词一般是人而不能是物。如：some inventions of Edison sthat little daughter of your sister s. 名词修饰名词在英语中，一个名词可直接修饰另一个名词，作定语，通常表示材料、用途 或内容等。有的甚至已经构成了复合词。常见的有：alarm clock b

43、lood pressure customs officer dining room family planning hair style heart failure inquiry office package holiday press conference sign language toilet paperbank accountcan opener case studydeath penalty fish pondhead nursehuman race information desk peace talks race relationsshow business weather f

44、orecastblood type color filmcommodities fairwelfare stategold watchhealth centerhuman rights luxury goods pocket money road worksscience fiction welcome partybirth control credit card dress shop fire enginegeneration gap heart attackidentity card mineral water zebra crossing savings bankseat belteme

45、rgency room忙于主谓一致主谓一致指的是谓语动词在“人称”和“数”两方面与主语保持一致关系一.指导原则主语和随后的谓语动词之间的一致关系对我们中国学生来说，掌握起来有一定的难度，因为这 种关系常 为三种不 同的原则所 支配，它们是语法 一致 (Grammatical Concord)、意义致 (Notional Concord)和就近原贝U (Principle of Proximity)。.语法一致通俗的说就是：主语为单数形式，谓语动词用单数形式；主语为复数形式， 谓语动词用复数形式。如：1 Everyone has his own rights.2 Most studentsare

46、 diligent.3 Much money is wasted.意义一致一有的时候，主谓的一致关系并非取决于语法上的单复数形式，而是取决于主 语的单复数意义，这种一致关系叫做意义一致。如：1 The committeeare unable to reach a decision.2 Thirty dollars is too expensive for this dictionary.3 Fifteen miles seemslike a long walk to me.就近原则即谓语动词的单复数形式取决于最靠近它的词语(主要指名词)的单复数形 式。1 Either my brothers

47、or my fatheris coming.2 Not only the teacher but also his studentske playing badminton.二.以-s结尾的名词做主语的主谓一致问题.以-s结尾的地理名词某些以-s结尾的地理名词，如果是国名，作单数用。若不是国名，而是指群岛、山脉、海峡、瀑布等地理名称，通常作复数用。例如：1 The United Statesis a country of people with varied origins.2 The Himalayas have a magnificent variety of plant and anim

48、al life.以-ics结尾的学科名称某些以-ics 结尾的学科名词，如 physics, mathematics, mechanics, optics, acoustics, politics, statistics, economics, linguistics, athletics, tactic野，通常作单数 用。例如：1 Acoustics is the science of sound.2 Tactics is an important study for the soldier.3 Athletics is a required course for students of a

49、ll grades.4 The acoustics in the new concert hall are faultless（.为何本题用复数？）5 The economics of the projectare still being considered.（为何本题用复数？）.其他以-s结尾的名词1英语中有一些成双成对的名词通常是以-s 结尾，谓语动词通常用作复数，这类名词有： shoes, trousers, pants, clothes, gloves, shorts, pajamas, jeans, suspenders, chopsticks, scissors, glasses

50、, scales, sunglasses, shears, specte籀es如：Joe s new trousers are black and white.One pair of scissors isn t enough.Two pairs of pliers, one large and one small, are missing from my tool box.2 英语中有些词如 arms, clothes, contents, fireworks, goods, minutes, remains, stairs, suburbs, thanks, wages, ashes, c

51、ongratulations, dregs, fumes, funds, outskirts, particulars, regards, troop野，通常作复数。例如：High wages often result in high prices.The contents of this book are most fascinating.3 由-ings结尾的名词，如 clippings, diggings, earnings, lodgings, surroundings, sweepings, belongings, doings, savings, findings, winning

52、算，通常用作复数。例如：The clippings of the hedges are usually burnt.The sweepings of the godown have been disposed of.三以集体名词作主语的主谓一致问题通常作复数用的集体名词有些集体名词如 police, folk, youth, people, militia, cattle, poultry, vermin 等，通常作复数，随后的动词也有复数。如：1 Domestic cattle provide us with milk, beef and hides.2 Such vermins as bu

53、gs and rats are hard to get rid of.通常作不可数名词用的集体名词这类名词包括：foliage, machinery, equipment, furniture, merchandise。1 The merchandise has arrived undamaged.2 All the machinery in the factory is made in China.既可作单数也可作复数用的集体名词这类集体名词如果被视为一个整体，则用作单数；如果把中重点放在集体中的成员上，则用作复数。常见的包括： audience, committee, class, cre

54、w, family,public, government 等。例如：1 The government is losing control of the situation.2 The government are resigning.四以并列结构作主语的主谓一致问题. 主语 + as much as/ as well as 等当主语后面跟有由 as much as, rather than, more than, no less than弓I导的从 属结构或者由 as well as, in addition to, like, besides, except, but, with, toge

55、ther with, along with, including, combined with 等引导的词组时，其后的动词形式取决于主语本身的单复数形式。例如：1 My wife , more than anyone else in the familyi,s anxious to go there again.2 The father , as well as his sons,is going to enroll.3 No one except two girls was late for dinner.4 Bill , together with his sisters,was hurt

56、 in the accident.由and/both and连接的并列主语如果表示的是单数意义，谓语动词用单数；如果是复数意义，谓语动词用复数。例如：1 Both Peter and his son Bob have gone fishing on the lake.2 Ham and egg is a good breakfast.3 The secretary and treasurer is absent.4 What I say and think are no business of yours. 当and连套的并列名词词组带有each, every, many a等限定词时，随后的

57、 动词通常用单数。例如：5 Every boy and every girl in this room is entitled to a copy.6 Many a man and woman in this community finds himself or herself in need.由or / nor / either等询接的并列主语除此以外，还有neither - nor, not only but等So主语，通常按照“就近 原则 ”处理。1 My sisters or my brother is likely to be at home.2 Either my father o

58、r my brothers are coming to visit.五数量概念的名词词组作主语的主谓一致问题数量概念分为两类：一类是确定数量，如three months, six kilos, six quarts等； 另一类是非确定数量，如 all of ，some of ，none of ，enoughof 1 以确定数量的名词词组作主语如果被看作一个整体，动词用单数；如果强调一个个的个体，动词就用复数。例如 :Ten miles was too long a distance for Freedman to run.There were six silver dollars in eac

59、h of the stockings.如果名词词组由“分数或百分数+ of-n”构成，其动词形式由of-n中的 n 决定。如：Two-thirds of the swampland has been reclaimed for farming.Thirty-five percent of the doctors were women.如果由“one in / one out of +复数名词”构成，动词一般用作单数。One in ten students has failed the exam.One out of twenty was badly damaged.2 以不确定数量的名词词组作

60、主语如果主语是all of ，some of，none of ，half of富0of词组，其后的动词形式依 of- 词组中的名词类别而定。如：Most of the money has been stolen.Most of the members were there.Some of the books were lost.Half of the building was damaged in the explosion.Half of the students are girls.如果主语由 “ a portion of, a series of, a pile of, a panel