写作整理材料ByRaindy

1、小作文6 种类型 ：曲线图组成 ：三段论(引题 正文 结尾)引题( introduction)：描述图表， “同义转换 ”。要有吸引力，不能有错误。第一句 说明图表内容， 虽然描述的是过去的内容， 但是说的是图表描述的信 息，故而时态必须用现在时。第二句 给出总体的曲线趋势【 option 】正文( Describing the graph in details)：要有所选择，要有比较，突出最值。结尾( Concluding sentences)照抄原文不计分； 不需要对数据分析； 不可把结论提前； 结尾句不需加评论图表作文常用的曲线变化变化趋势动词表达用名词作同义替换表达上升rose (to

2、)a rise (in)increased (to)an increase (in)went up (to)a growth (in)climbed (to)an upward trend (in)boomeda boom in a dramatic rise in下降fell (to)a decrease (in)declined (to)a decline (in)decreased (to)a fall (in)dipped (to) dropped (to)a drop (in)went down (to) slumped (to)a slump in (dramatic fall i

3、n)reduced (to)a reduction (in)不变leveled out (at)a leveling out (of)did not change remained stable/steady/constant (at) maintained the same levelno change (in)波动fluctuated (around) peaked (at) plateaued (at) stood ata fluctuation (in) reached a peak (of) reached a plateau (at)波动描述示意图 12注： plateau 平台；

4、高原（发展、增长后的）平稳时期 , 稳定状态 , 停滞时期波动描述示意图 2表示变化程度的词汇程度形容词副词degree of change 变化程度巨大dramaticdramaticallysharpsharplyconsiderableconsiderablysignificantsignificantlymarkedmarkedlyhugehugelyenormousenormouslysubstantialsubstantially适度steepsteeplymoderatemoderately轻微slightslightlyminimalminimally3speed of cha

5、nge 变化速度快速rapidrapidlyquickquicklyswiftswiftlysuddensuddenly稳步steadysteadily逐渐gradualgradually缓慢slowslowly范文 1 （引题段）：【第一句】 The curve illustratesthe number of cases of A-type crimescommitted in the UK between the years 1990 and 2004.【第二句】 It canbe seen thatA-type crimes decreased dramatically to 200

6、cases aroundthe middle of the 1990s and then increased to 2000 before the year 2000.范文 2：（ 全文）From the graph, we can see clearly that in the early morning, at 6 a.m.,few people watch TV . However , from this time onwards , the number of TV audience is on the rise. At noon, the people watching TV acc

7、ount for about 8% of the total population. In the period between 12:00 and 2:00p.m., the TV audience experiences a sharp increase from 8% to approximately 18%.till it reaches itsFrom 2:00 p.m. to 4:00 p.m., the figure remains constant at about 18%, then balloons to the peak of the day, reaching appr

8、oximately 50%. The number of TV audiences drops dramatically from 10 p.m.bottom at 3 p.m.On the other hand, there is a sharp increase in radio audience from 6.a.m to 9 a.m., peaking at about 28% at 8:30 a.m. However, from this pointonwards, it declines gradually for the rest of the day, bottoming ou

9、t at 4:00 a.m. the next day.In brief, the number of TV and radio audiences varies according to different phases of time probably due to the different features of these two media.表格图 类型：纵向比较即自身前后的比较，具有历史性，可转为曲线图； 横向比较与其他同类事物的比较。原则： 首句永远概括全部； 中间永远找最值点描述； 最后总结概括纵向比较：题目： The table below gives informatio

10、n about changes in modes of travel in England between 1985 and 2000.Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.Write at least 150 words.19852000Walking255237Bicycle5141Car3,1994,806Local bus429274Long distance bus54124Train289366Taxi13

11、42Other450585All modes4,7406,4755范文：As can be seen from the table , walk and certain short-distance transportation, such as cycled and local bus tend to be less preferred. Of these, the local bus experienced the most dramatic decrease, from 429 miles to 274 miles within the 15-years period.By contra

12、st , the long distance vehicle enjoyed a significant increase over the period, spanning from 1985 to 2000, although there exists some differences. To be more specific , the number of miles that car traveled was 3,199 in 1985 and rose by 50% to 4,806 in the subsequent years.The figure by long distanc

13、e bus more than doubled during the same period (54 miles vs.124 miles),while the miles by taxi trebled which were13 miles and 42 miles respectively. Likewise , the use of other , unspecified, forms of transport also increased.Overall, there is a considerable increase in total miles byall modes oftra

14、nsportation, compared with the data (4,740 miles) in 1985, with the increased use of cars possibly accounting for almost all of that increase.横向比较：题目：The table shows the number of foreign visitors (in millions) to 7 countries. Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information shown

15、 below. You should write at least 150 words.Country visitedTotalFrom the UKFrom the USAAustralia30.30.3Canada150.612.0France537.40.1Ireland42.40.4Italy201.21.8Mexico70.15.5Thailand60.30.36范文：(Introduction)The table shows the total number of visitors to sevencountries around the world and details the

16、 number of those visitors who came from the UK and the USA. Certain patterns are evident from these figures.(Comparison1) Canada received more than twice as manyvisitors asMexico , yet the percentage ofvisitors to those countries from the USAwas about the same, 80%. 12 million Americans visited Cana

17、dawhile5.5 million visited Mexico. British visitors to these two countries were much fewer in number , with 0.6 million visiting Canada and 0.1 million visiting Mexico.(Comparison2) Australia had half as many visitors as Thailand (3 million vs 6 million), but the number of visitors tothose countries

18、 fromthe UK and the USAwas the same , 0.3 million.(Comparison3 ) France and Ireland received more visitors from the UK (7.4 million and 2.4 million respectively) than from the USA. France had a higher total number of visitors than any of the other countries on the list.Over half of Ireland vsis itor

19、s came from the UK. Italy received 20 million visitors, ofwhich 1.2 million were from the UK and 1.8 millionwere from the USA.(Conclusion) Althoughthe table shows a limited numberof countries,it can be seen that British and American people tend to visit those countries nearest geographically. Howeve

20、r , the relationship is not definitive.扇形图The highest The greatestThe lowest The smallestpercentage of proportion of number ofsth.are unemployed are black题目：The graphs below show the annual expenditure of university students in three countries in 2003. 解析：可以根据图中的消费类别进行归类，也可以分别描述各个国家中的消费比例。范文：The thr

21、ee pie charts show howuniversity students in three countriesspent their money in the year 2003.In general, students in country A spent slightly more than hose in countryB (US$5000 and US$4500 respectively). In comparison, student expenditure in country C was considerably lower, at only US$1500 perye

22、ar .Accommodation and food were the two biggest items of expenditure. Altogether they constituted around 60% of the total students expenditure in all the three countries. The difference is that in country A and B accommodation spending exceeded food spending while the reverse was true for country C.

23、The rest of the students spending was divided among leisure, books and“ others ”. Leisure spending constituted a larger percentage (around 20%)of student expenditure in both country A and country B, while in countryC more money was spent on books (21%) than on leisure (12%)Overall, as wealth decreas

24、ed, the percentage of students spending onnon-essential items went down.柱状图/ 条形图柱状图 / 条形图 可以转成表格图（横向、纵向） ，曲线图、扇形图Country C($1500)Country B ($4500)Country A ($5000)条形图accomodation % food % book % leisure % other %($5000) ($4500) C($1500)柱状图流程图1. 首段常用句子The following diagraph shows the structure ofThe

25、picture illustrates stages.The whole procedure can be divided intoIt mainly consists ofIt works as follows.It always involves following steps.2. 描述流程/ 过程的常用过渡性词语首先接着 /然后同时最后To begin with To start with First of allIn the following stageThenNextAfter thatAt the same time Meanwhile SimultaneousIn the f

26、inal stage At last Finally Eventually题目 1 ：玻璃的回收流程【单图】范文 1：This diagram illustrates therecycling process of glass bottles.Thewhole process is a cycle which can be divided intothreemainstages.10In the first stage, used bottles are collected at a recycling point ready tobe transported by a truck.The s

27、econd stage starts ina cleaning plant,where these recycled bottles are sorted by color into green, brown and clear ones and washed by high-pressurized water. When the cleaning isdone , the bottles are conveyed to a glass factory where they are cut into glass pieces which are then poured into a furna

28、ce.After being heated inthe furnace, the broken glasses are melted into liquid, which flows into a glass mold. Here glass liquid from other sources is added and the molding process takes place. In the final stage, new, empty bottles are filled with liquid,then packed and dispatched to the supermarke

29、t readyto be picked by consumers.At this point, a cycle has been completedand a new cycle will begin.题目 2 ：蚕的生活史及丝绸服饰的生产流程【组图】11范文 2 ：【总述】 The diagram illustrates the main stages inthe life cycle ofsilkworm and the procedure of silk cloth making.【两图关系】 From thisdiagram it can be seen thatthe cocoons

30、 are necessary raw materialsused for silk cloth production.【分述流程 1】In the first stage, eggs are produced by the moth and ittakes ten days for each egg to become a silkworm larva that feeds on mulberry leaves. This stage lasts forup to six weeks until the larvaproduces a cocoon of silk thread around

31、itself.After a period of aboutthree weeks, the adult moths eventually emerge from these cocoons and the life cycle begins again.【分述流程 2 】When it comes tothe production of silk cloth,once thecocoons are selected, they are boiled in water and the threads can be separated in the unwinding stage. Each t

32、hread is between 300 and 900 meters long, which means they can be twisted together, dyed and thenused to produce cloth in the weaving stage.【小结】 Overall, the diagrams show that the cocoon stage of the silkworm can be used to produce silk cloth through a very simple process.用于地图比较的方位及动态变化词汇 ：of the r

33、esidential zone. （在 的 方位Mountainsare parallel tothe rivers.（与平行）The truck isto the right ofthe gas station.（在 的右边）The churchis surrounded bytrees.（被包围）In the west ofthe map, there are mountains. （在 的西部）There are riversin the eastern part ofthe map. （在 的东部）A policeman is at the crossing . （在 十字路口）The

34、 bank is in the top left-hand corner左上角） 半途中)The playground is 的中间）roughly in the middle ofthe residential zone. （大概在The supermarket isdirectly opposite tothe bus stop. （在 的正对面）The barber s isi n close proximity tothe hospital. （在 附近）Houses are at the bottom ofthe residential zone.在底部）The supermarke

35、t ishalfway betweenthe bank and the barber s（. 在12The motorcyclist is outside the residential zone.(在 外面)The port is along the roadside . (在路边) 动态变化bec ome/turn/get + bigger/larger/smaller/shorter/longernewly built/established/exist/disappear/no longer there extend/enlarge/develop/add (to)/rise/grow

36、/increase reduce/decline/decrease/drop/fall/halve replace (by)/remove/convert (into)/give way toimprove/degrade connect/change/turn over/straighten/construct/complete/open题目 3 ：【地图比较】 Kelsbey 村庄的变化 范文 3 ：13Given are three diagrams concerning the transformation of the village of Kelsbey over the peri

37、od from 1780 to 2000.It is manifest thatthe natural scenery of Kelsbey such as farm, woodsdisappeared at a staggering rate. To be more precise, the vast expanse of farm and woods in 1780 reduced dramatically to 1860, followed with a disappearance in 2000. However , an environment friendly place, nam

38、ely wetland for birds came up in 2000, at the end of villager river.In contrast , man-made constructions witnessed a prosperous development during the more than 2 centuries. Specifically, a bridge, a road and 200 homes were built until 1860, on the base of only 100 homes in 1780, which transformed i

39、nto 2 roads, 500 houses, newly-built sports fields and schools, along with several shops at the river bank in the year 2000.Overall, Kelsbey experienced a diminish of nature areas as well as a prosperity of man-made building and facilities over the more than two centuries period.14大作文大作文的 6 种类型：单边支持

40、 / 反对半支持半反对探讨双方分析解决陈述利弊多重选择构成 ：引言段 + 主体段 + 结论段一、引言段 组成：开头句( Opening sentence )+ 中心论点 步骤：引入话题，同义转述，再根据写作任务表达中心论点I 、 Opening sentence五种方法 :（一）、引人入胜 思路：用一个比较有趣的话题先吊起考官的胃口，并吸引他们往下看 题目 1 ：Many schools demand the students to wear uniforms. Some people think that such a practice can undermine their persona

41、lity and individuality. 范文：The issue of whether the practice of requiring students to wear school uniforms will affect their personality and individualityis of great引起父母的关注 对科学家来说至关重要 对于 A 和 B 都是非常重要的interest to many people 备选：Be of great concern for many parentsBe of great importance to many scient

42、istsBe of great significance to both A and B题目 2. ：人类如何定义和追求幸福，这样的问题引起公众广泛的争议。 范文：The question of how human beings can define and pursue happiness is a matter of much contention among the general public . 备选：The question of has been widely debate in the world ofpolitics.15（二）、力排众议思路： 先驳斥大众的某个普遍但却错误的

43、观念，指出其与现实不符，然后提出自己 正确想法，并在主体段列举各种理由、证据以及活生生和例子来论证。套路：Although it is +副词 + 过去分词 + that，.this is 题目 1 ：The older generations have very traditional ideas about the correct ways of life, thinking and behavior . However , some people think that these ideas are not helpful for the young generations to pre

44、pare for modern life.范文 1 ：Although it is commonly believed thatconventional views about ahealthy lifestyle and proper conduct are no longer to young people s needs today, this is actually not the case.题目 2 ：越来越少人照看年老的亲属，而是把他们送到专业人士那边去。范文 2 ： Although many people subscribe to the belief that their o

45、ld relatives can be taken better care of in a nursing home,this is in fact acommon misconception that we need to clear up. From my point of view,it is the younger family members who should really be responsible for looking after these old people during the rest of their lives.释义：普遍认为 ，但事实并非如下。Althou

46、gh it is commonly believed that, this is actually not the case.许多人认同这样的观点 ，但事实上这却是一种我们需要去澄清的普遍错误观念。 Although many peoplesubscribe to the belief that ., this is in fact acommon misconception that we need to clear up.大众观念认为 .，但是现实状况却远比这种观念复杂得多。Although conventional wisdom has it that., the reality of

47、the situation isoften far more complicated than that.释义：subscribe to订阅、 同意、预订conventional wisdom大众观念16（ 三 ） 、放眼世界 思路：从“时间”或“地点”的跨度着手，比如：过去怎么样？ 题目 1 ：Some people support the development in agriculture, such as farming industry and the scientific creation of new types of fruit and vegetables. Others o

48、ppose this development.Discuss both views and state your opinion.范文： Recent decades have witnessed a major transformation in agricultural development, where industrial technologies are being employed and new varieties of crops are being created.Yet , opponent sof this developmenthave raised a number

49、 of difficult questions. From myopinion of views, this is a really complicated matter, and we need further investigations tounderstand the bigger picture.备选：Recent decades havewitnessed an increase awareness of释义：understand the bigger picture 了解事物的全貌题目 2 ：With divorce rates and family breakdowns inc

50、reasing globally, it is generally accepted that families today are not as close they used to be.范文 2 ：Divorce and family breakdown were virtually unheard of just 100 years ago . Now , however , almost half of all marriages fail. This phenomenon is symptomatic of the growing distance between family m

51、embers in modern society.（ 四 ） 、兼收并蓄题目 1 ：谁该为修路付费，个人还是政府？范文：Some people hold the opinion thatthe government should makemore investments is expanding and improving road systems, whereas others who are not so convincedpresent the counterargument that it isthe responsibility of the growing number of pr

52、ivate car users to deal with the huge costs. In my opinion, both sides of the argument have their own reasons, and we need a detailed analysis to get to the root of this controversy.17（五） 、 异军突起题目 1 ：谈个人科技的发展与贫富差异 范文 1 ：With the huge expansion of high technologies available to individuals, it is som

53、etimes argued that economic and cultural gaps between the rich and poor are being further widened.题目 2 ：淡大型超市和商场的急剧扩张 .范文 2 ：With the unprecedented explosion of large supermarkets and shopping malls, a lot of small local shops have quietly disappeared while the remaining ones are struggling for hope

54、less survival.释义：unprecedented explosion前所未有的爆发范文 3 ： With the continuous and gradual evolution ofmass media, manyserious crimes are now described in greater detail on newspapers, television and the Internet, raising considerable public concern over personal safety and social stability.范文 4 ：With th

55、e mass extinction ofendangered and rare species, manycountries have taken harsh measures against illegal hunting, unregulated dumping of industrial waste and rampant destruction of their natural habitats by human developers.18II 、中心论点（ 一）单边支持 / 反对类型提问： Do you agree or disagree with this statement? 范

56、文 1 ：（反对）In my opinion, these subject are not only useful but also fascinating,and it is simply too early for primary schoolchildren to study science and technology.（二）半支持半反对 型提问： To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement? 范文 2 ：From my point of view, （三）探讨双方 型 （ 可以参考前文“兼收并蓄”套路 ） 提

57、问： Discuss both sides and give your own opinion 范文 3 ：1.To my way of thinking, both sides of the argument have their ownreasons, and we need a detailed analysis to get to the root of this controversy. 双方都有理，需要仔细分析才可了解争议起因2.To my way of thinking, both these views can be justified to someextent . 一定程度

58、上都有道理3.To my way of thinking, both these views contain some elements ofthe truth, which will be discussed in detail in the following essay. 注： Which 引导定语从句很自然过渡到主体段（四）分析解决 型提问： In what ways could mobile phones and Internet be useful to older people? How can old people be encouraged to use this high

59、technology? To my mind , （五）陈述利弊 型提问： Does the usefulness of this method of learning outweigh its limitations? （advantage = usefulnes，s disadvantage = limitations） To the best of my knowledge , （六）多重选择型 （少见）提问： What others factors should be considered? Of these factors, do you think anyone is more i

60、mportant than others?As far as I am concerned, 19二、主体段拓展八法（一）、举例论证 （ Exemplification）Sample 1 ：亚洲国家正以惊人的速度变得西方化 .以中国为例 ,当青少年去看电影 的时候,他们一般都选择好莱坞大片而不选择国产电影 .范文 1：The Asian countries are getting westernized at a staggering rate.Take China for example , when youngsters go to the movies, it is common for