工业设计专业英语(第三版)第十七课昆虫与设计课件

1、Lesson 17Insect and DesignInsects wont take over the earth, they own it now. A leading biologist explains why bugs are the worlds most successful design.They incorporate astonishingly sophisticated design feature, both structurally and functionally, that render them especially well suited for surviv

2、al on this planet. 昆虫不会接管地球，他们已经拥有了地球。一位权威的生物学家解释了为什么虫子使这个世界上最成功的设计。 他们混合的、使人惊讶的、久经世故的设计特色，包括结构上的和功能上的，使他们十分适合生活在这个星球上。引 言There s no denying it: Bugs rule .There are currently 200 million insects for every man, woman and child .Of the 1.5 million species identified ,more than half are insects.We hum

3、ans may not like the idea ,but there is no denying it: Bugs rule. Estimates have it that there are some 1018 bugs now alive on the planet. It is not only their sheer number, but also their diversity that is staggering : Of the total 1.5 million species of animals, plants and microorganisms that have

4、 been identidied, more than halfor over 800,000are insects. And while new species of insects are being discovered daily, over 10 million may yet remain unknown. 这是无可否认的：虫子准则。当前有2亿虫子生活在我们周围。在确定种类的一百五十万个物种中，一半以上是昆虫。 我们人类可能不喜欢这个说法，但这是无可否认的：虫子准则。据评估大约有1018的虫子现在生活在这个星球上。不但是它们的数量，它们的种类也使人惊愕。在总共一百五十万种动物中，植

5、物和微生物被视为一样，超过半数或者说超过800000种都是昆虫。每天都还会有新的昆虫种类被发现，至今超过一千万种的使我们可能不知道的。“虫子准则”What makes insects the most successful inhabitants of the earth ? One answer is that they are small, which has made it possible for them to colonize literally every nook and cranny. But there is another reason: Insects are buil

6、t to last. They incorporate astonishingly sophisticated design features, both structurally and functionally , that render them especially well suited for survival on this planet. It is these features that have allowed them to gain the evolutionary advantage they have achieved. 是什么使得昆虫称为地球上最成功的居住者？一个

7、答案是他们小，使他们可以逐个的占领每一个隐蔽处和缝隙。但是这里还有另外一个原因：昆虫的结构。他们混合的、使人惊讶的、久经世故的设计特色，包括结构上的和功能上的，使他们十分适合生活在这个星球上。正是这些特点允许他们完成增加进化的优势。“成功居住者”的原因The suit of armor that insects are encased in provides them with protection from predators and keeps them from drying out, the latter being of considerable concern, given the

8、ir tiny size. Without their outer casing, they would never have mastered life in the open. The insect skeleton is appropriately hinged in places to provide for mobility .Like our own ,their legs have flexible joints, but so do their principal body partstheir head,thorax and abdomen.Even the wings of

9、 the insect, which can beat at frequencies of hundreds of times per second ,are no more than flaplike elaborations of their skeleton. It is thanks to the combined motor capacity of their legs and wings that insects are able to achieve the feats of agility for which they are famous.(Think of a housef

10、ly evading swats or cockroaches in your kitchen , scurrying for cover when you turn to lights.)Potentially ,because of its rigidity , the insect skeleton imposes limits on growth. Insects solve the problem by molting: As they get too large for their armor , they simply shed it. 昆虫的一身防护装甲，保护他们不被掠食者袭击

11、，还有保持他们身体干爽。如果没有外部的保护性外套，他们绝不可能在开阔地上征服生活。昆虫的骨骼在适当的部位有枢纽，以确保他们的机动性。像我们一样，昆虫的骨架有灵活的关节，特别是重要的头部、胸部、腹部。甚至昆虫每分钟可以拍打上百次的翅膀，更多的是得益于他们有着鳞片装细节的骨骼。他们框架狂怒翅膀的组合动力的才能，使昆虫达到是它们著名的合适的敏捷。（想象一只家蝇在出访中躲避蝇拍或者蟑螂，在你打开灯的时候急速奔跑寻找掩护。）潜在的，昆虫的骨骼利用生长的极限。昆虫解决问题靠脱皮：如果他们的身体对盔甲来说太大了，它们便简单的摆脱盔甲。身体结构Agility in animals correlates wit

12、h high respiratory demand, and insects have a remarkable way of delivering oxygen to their internal organs. Air flows into the insect body through a series of opening called spiracles that lead inward into tubes ,or tracheae. Instead of conveying oxygen by way of blood ,insects provide or direct aer

13、ation of their tissues .The flight muscles of insects could not function nearly as effectively without such a quick means of oxygen delivery. 敏捷和动物的高度的呼吸相关，昆虫拥有不平常的方法来给组织器官传递氧气。空气通过被称为引导进入体内的管道，或者导管的连续的小孔进入体内。昆虫通过组织直接通风来代替血液运输氧气。没有高效的氧气运输，昆虫的飞行肌肉就不能运动。呼吸传递Insects occupy virtually every feeding niche

14、. Put it another way ,this means that they are able to eat literally anything .Their success in this derives from the extraordinary diversification of their mouth parts. Beetles and caterpillars have jaws for cutting and tearing ,mosquitoes have slender styles for piercing skin and sucking blood and

15、 butterflies have coiled tubes for imbibing nectar. 昆虫事实上占用每一个获取食物的机会。换句话说，它们可以吃任何存在的东西。他们在这方面值得重视的成功源于他们特别的多样化的口器。甲虫和毛虫有用来切段和撕开的口，蚊子有纤细的探针用来穿透皮肤和吮吸血液，蝴蝶有盘卷的管子用来吮吸花蜜。特殊口器The spruce aphid is outfitted with compound eyes that allow it to see in virtually all directions, enabling it to cause as much wi

16、despread defoliation as it has time for in a days work.Insects have extraordinary sensory capacities . Their eyes ,which may take the form of enormous hemispheres bulging from their head, typically consist of hundreds of tiny, tightly opposed units, called facets. Each facet points in one particular

17、 direction , with the result that the two eyes see in virtually all directions . For an aerial hunter such as a robber fly, this means being able to spot prey instantly from wherever it may appear. Insects can also see a color ultraviolet to which we are blind. Flowers are often adorned with ultravi

18、olet patterns that are invisible to us , but visible and attractive to the pollinating insect. 昆虫有非常特别的感官才能。他们头上膨胀出来的巨大的半球是它们的眼睛，由上百只微小的眼睛组成是它们的特色，坚固的反射面称之为多面体。每个多面体精确的定位，事实上，它们可以看到全部方位。对于在空中生活的猎人比如强盗苍蝇，这意味着无论何时他们都能立刻发现掠食者。昆虫也可以看到我们看不到的紫外线。花朵常常用人类所看不到的紫外线装饰出图案，但是这对为花朵授粉的昆虫确是可见的有吸引力的。感官才能Insects are

19、also the best defended of animals .Their chemical weapons are prodigious .Some ,such as bombardier beetles, discharge irritating chemicals called quinones when disturbed .They make the quinones in special glands by mixing chemicals and causing an explosion .The explosion is of such magnitude that th

20、e quinones are expelled boiling hot ,at 100degrees centigrade. Other insects are no less remarkable. Certain Australian beetle larvae and European moths emit hydrogen cyanide, the infamous poison of detective novels .There are cockroaches in New Zealand that spray ethyl acrolein ,a tear gas .Anyone

21、who collects insects as a matter of routine knows that picking them up by hand can be hazardous. Many bite, others sting and still others, such as several strains of caterpillar ,hairs that cause itching upon contact .Insects lacking such defenses may be otherwise protected .Some may be so well camo

22、uflaged as to be virtually undetectable . As one might expect, camouflaged insects are often completely motionless by day and active at night. 昆虫还是防护最好的动物。他们的化学武器是强大的。有些，比如说投弹甲虫，在被侵犯时会流出苯醌这样的有刺激性气味的化学物质。他们在特殊的腺体内制造苯醌通过混合化学药品是它们反应来爆炸。爆炸十分强烈，以至于被排出的苯醌有100oC，像沸腾般的热。其他昆虫不逊于这种甲虫的不寻常。某些澳洲甲虫和欧洲蛾子发出氢化物，都是侦探

23、小说中声名狼藉的下毒者。新西兰有一种蟑螂，喷射出一种让人流泪的气体乙醛丙烯醛。任何日常收集昆虫的人都知道，用手直接拿起他们是危险的。许多人被咬伤，有些被刺痛仍有些其他，像有个别紧张的毛虫，在接触时，绒毛引起痒。昆虫缺乏足够的防御也可能从其他方面获得保护。有些有事实上无法察觉的良好的伪装。像人们所预期的，伪装的昆虫常常是完全静止的在白天，但夜间很活跃。化学武器Insects as a group have achieved something that has eluded humans .They have mastered sustainable development .Insects a

24、re the primary consumers of plants on earth, yet they do not merely abuse plants, they also pollinate them,thereby fostering their reproduction .By contrast ,we use and even abuse nature ,but have yet to learn to conserve it. 昆虫已经达到一个躲避人类的群体。他们控制可以支撑的发展。昆虫是地球上植物的主要消费者，它们不仅仅凌辱植物，也帮植物授粉，从而帮助植物繁殖。与之对照的

25、，人类利用甚至凌辱大自然，至今仍要学习去保护它。和谐发展仿生设计 仿生设计主要是运用工业设计的艺术与科学相结合的思维与方法，从人性化的角度，不仅在物质上，更是在精神上追求传统与现代、自然与人类、艺术与技术、主观与客观、个体与大众等多元化的设计融合与创新，体现辩证、唯物的共生美学观。 模仿生物的特殊本领，利用生物的结构和功能原理来设计产品机械的设计方式。仿生设计的内容仿生设计的实现仿生物形态的设计仿生物表面肌理与质感的设计仿生物结构的设计仿生物功能的设计仿生物色彩的设计仿生物意象的设计仿生物形态的设计是仿生设计的主要内容，强调对生物外部形态美感特征与人类审美需求的表现。通过对生物表面肌理与质感的

26、设计创造，增强仿生设计产品形态的功能意义和表现力。结构仿生设计通过对自然生物由内而外的结构特征的认知，结合不同产品概念与设计目的进行设计创新，使人工产品具有自然生命的意义与美感特征。功能仿生设计主要研究自然生物的客观功能原理与特征，从中得到启示以促进产品功能改进或新产品功 仿生物功能设计能的开发。自然生物的色彩首先是生命存在的特征和需要，对设计来说更是自然美感的主要内容，其丰富、纷繁的色彩关系与个性特征，对产品的色彩设计具有重要意义。生物的意象是在人类认识自然的经验与情感积累的过程中产生的，仿生物意象的设计对产品语义和文化特征的体现具有重要作用。仿生设计实例 一个年轻的法国设计师设计的家具的概

27、念。正如你可以看到沙发是一个非常不寻常的沙发，在8或无限的标志形状设计。连续的曲线流动在一个数字8等取决于你的位置，你的观点是绝不相同。这个沙发设计的是简单的和现代的。“8”沙发 这是来自2011 IFFS/AFS 新加坡家具展中的信封置物架。 它们由不锈钢材质做成，采用不等大小的信封/电子邮件形状，安装于墙上用来放置信件、报纸或者杂志类的物品。当我们看到这些未读邮件时，也许有种迫不及待想打开一看究竟的想法呢。“信封”置物架 在二战期间，德军包围了列宁格勒，企图用轰炸机摧毁其军事目标和其他防御设施。苏联昆虫学家施万维奇根据当时人们对伪装缺乏认识的情况，提出利用蝴蝶的色彩在花丛中不易被发现的道理，在军事设施上覆盖蝴蝶花纹般的伪装。因此，尽管德军费尽心机，但列宁格勒的军事基地仍安然无惹，为赢得最后的胜利奠定了坚实的基