镗孔技术的发展现状机械外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译

1、中国地质大学长城学院本科毕业设计外文资料翻译系 别：工程技术系专 业： 机械设计制造及其自动化姓 名：朱楠学 号： 052116122015年4月28日外文资料翻译译文链孔技术的发展现状.研究意义链床主要用键刀对工件上的预制孔进行链削的机床。使用不同的刀具和附件还可以进 行钻削、铳削、切螺纹及加工外圆和端面等。通常用于加工尺寸较大，精度要求较高的孔，特别是分布在不同表面上，孔距和位置 精度要求较高的孔，如箱体上的孔，还可以进行铳削，钻孔，扩孔，银孔等工作。专用键 床主要用于大批量大件生产，具有生产率高，能加工大型难加工零件，且结构简单，制造 成本低等特点，复杂箱体零件孔系的加工，能在较为复杂的

2、环境下工作且加工精度稳定。 链削特点：刀具结构简单，通用性较好，可粗加工也可半精加工和精加工，适用批量较小的 加工，链孔质量取决于机床精度。.镇床的发展历史镇削加工通常被认为是适合在各种不同尺寸和形状工件上加工精密孔的理想加工方 式。为了适应不断提高生产率的需要，链孔刀具的设计也在不断创新改进。近年来，链孔刀具的技术 改进主要体现在以下方面：自数控（NC）技术问世以来，数字显示技术已在 CNC机床和坐标测量机上大量应用。 此外，数显千分尺、数显卡尺等数显量具也已得到广泛使用。但是，数显技术在精密链刀 上的应用却一直进展缓慢，其制约因素主要是链孔加工中使用的冷却液和键头的高速旋 转。过去，在加工

3、中心上进行链孔加工时必须非常小心，尽量避免四处飞溅的冷却液进入 链头数显装置的电子元件中。如今，采用内冷却设计的新型链刀已能较好解决这一问题。 由于冷却液可通过刀具内部的通道直接到达切削部位，从而实现了冷却液与链头数显装置 的完全隔离。止匕外，新型数控键刀的外部进行了良好密封，可有效防止冷却液与数显装置 中的电子元件接触。在高速镇削加工中，链头的高速旋转、离心力以及链头本身的不平衡都可能引起较大 振动，从而损坏灵敏的数显装置。新型键头通过采用一种内置平衡机构，可以在高速镇削 时减小或消除有害的振动。目前，带数显读数屏的精密键头已能够用于转速达 16000r/min 的高速链削加工。新型键头的数

4、字显示屏可直接显示出键刀滑块的位移量，而不必通过调刀螺杆的转动 量来确定位移量。由于链杆直接安装在链刀滑块上，因此键头的数显读数值可以真实反映 出链刀的位移量，而不会受到螺杆空程误差的影响。数显链头的这一特点使其可以更快速、 更精密地调整链孔直径，并可实现对加工偏差或刀具磨损的误差补偿。大多数链刀都需要通过试切测量(cut-and-measure)操作来确定其设定尺寸,即首先 对一小部分被加工孔进行试切链削，然后测量其加工孔径。通常，这就意味着需要将链刀 从机床上卸下来，再安装到一台对刀仪上对链刀尺寸进行微调修正，以获得正确的孔径尺 寸。这种预调操作之所以必要，是因为直接在机床上对普通键头的游

5、标刻度盘进行读数和 预调相当困难，但是，这种操作方式可能造成链孔尺寸超差或损坏工件。由于在机床上安装链刀时难以预测其刀尖偏差，因此需要采用试切-测量操作来预调 刀具。如果采用易于读数的新型数显键刀，则可能实现直接在机床主轴上对刀具链孔直径 进行微调，其尺寸调整范围可达 0.0001 (0.00254mm)。即使因为机床主轴的进刀限制， 必须将链刀从机床上卸下来进行孔径尺寸调整，新型数显链刀的调刀过程也更快速、更精 确。.链床的发展方向及其特点现代链床由过去的专用链床发展为今天的通用性机床，具有较大的工艺范围，且运动 灵活，柔性高，能加工复杂的零件，通用键床正向 数控化、大型化、超精密、高速度等

6、方 向发展。一些专用镇床向标准化发展，使专用镇床生产周期大为降低，生产成本降低，体 积更小，能满足各种加工要求。在链床上链孔时，链刀基本与车刀相同，不同之处是工件不动，键刀在旋转。链孔加 工精度一般为IT9 IT7,表面粗糙度为 Ra6.3-0.8mm.加工中心上链孔加工的特点刀具转动和车床加工不同，加工中心加工时由于刀具转动，便不可能在加工中及时掌握刀尖的 情况来调节进刀量等。也不可能像数控车床那样可以只调节数控按扭就可以改变加工直 径。这便成了完全自动化加工的一个很大的障碍。也正因为这样所以就要求链刀必须具有 微调机构或自动补偿机能，特别是在精链时根据公差要求有时必须在微米级调节。另外，

7、加工中心链孔时由于切屑的流出方向在不断地改变，所以刀尖、工件的冷却以及切屑的排 出都要比车床加工时难的多。刀具的颠振镇孔加工时最常出现的、也是最令人头疼问题是颠振。在加工中心上发生颠振的原因 主要有以下几点：1）工具系统的刚性：包括刀柄、链杆、以及中间连接部分的刚性。因为是悬臂加工所 以特别是小孔、深孔及硬质工件的加工时，工具系统的刚性尤为重要。2）刀具系统的动平衡：相对于刀具系统的转动轴心，刀具自身如有一不平衡质量，在 转动时因不平衡的离心力的作用而导致颠振的发生。特别是在高速加工时刀具的动平衡性 所产生影响很大。3）工件自身或工件的固定刚性：像一些较小、较薄的部件由于其自身的刚性不足，或

8、由于工件形状等原因无法使用合理的夹具进行充分的固定。4）刀片的刀尖形状：刀片的前角、刀尖半径、断屑槽形状的不同所产生的切削抗力也 不同。5）切削条件：包括切削速度、进给量、进刀量以及给切削油方式及种类等。6）机器的主轴系统：机器主轴自身的刚性、轴承及齿轮的性能以及主轴和刀柄之间的 连接刚性。刀具的装夹在链削孔时，最重要的是在加工中心上正确装夹刀具。在小孔链削中，刀具的中心高 是导致刀具失效的重要因素。如果刀具安装低于中心高，将影响刀具的加工性能。主要表 现在：1）切削刃相对于工件的主后角减小，导致刀具的后刀面与工件接触，使刀片与工件之 间发生摩擦，当刀片旋转时，这种摩擦进一步会使刀尖发生偏离，

9、导致刀具更深地切入工 件。切削刃的几何参数对切削效率的高低和加工质量的好坏有很大影响。增大前角，可减 小前刀面挤压切削层时的塑性变形，减小切屑流经前面的摩擦阻力，从而减小切削力和切 削热。但增大前角，同时会降低切削刃的强度，减小刀头的散热体积。2）当刀具后角减小时，刀片相对于工件的前角也增大，从而引起刀具刮削工件，引起 刀具振动并损坏刀具。这种情况在链削小孔时更为严重。为此建议刀具安装应略高于中心 高（但应尽可能接近中心高）。这样可使刀具相对于工件的法向后角增大，切削条件得到改 善，如果加工时产生振动，刀尖会向下和向中心偏斜，从而接近理想的中心高。刀具也可 轻微地退出，减小削伤工件的可能性。止

10、匕外，刀具前角也将减小，这样可稳定工作压力。 如果前角减小到0 ,就会产生太大的工作压力，导致刀具失效。所以在镇孔时，应选取 正前角的链刀，在链1mm勺小孔时，链才f的直径只有0.75mm左右，使刀具承受的切削力 减小。切屑的排出在链削孔时，切屑的有效排出至关重要。加工时，由于刀具在孔内，切削液很难到达 切削刃，造成切屑排出困难，影响刀具寿命。为解决这一难题，一些刀具制造商开发出一 种沿切削刃带冷却槽的刀片，使切削液直接流向切削刃，防止切屑堵塞和刀具损坏。外文原文Single-boring technology development statusMachine is a metal blan

11、ks processedinto machine parts machine, which is to create the machine the machine, it is also known as working mother ship or machine tool, customarily referred to as machine tools. Modern Machinery Manufacturing in the processing of mechanical parts many ways, in addition to cutting, there are cas

12、ting, forging, welding, stamping, extrusion, etc., but the Fan Shu high precision and surface roughness require smaller parts, are generally required to machine tool with the cutting method for final processing. In the general machine manufacturing, machine tools accounted for by the work of the mac

13、hine responsible for the processing workload of the total production 40% to 60%, machine building of a modern national economy plays a significant role.Research significanceBoring machine is mainly used on the boring tool on the workpiece to conduct pre-hole boring machine tool. Using different tool

14、s and accessoriescan also be carried out drilling, milling, thread cutting and processing of cylindrical and face and so on.Commonly used in machining large size, high precision holes, especially located in different surface, the pitch and location of the holes require a higher precision, such as th

15、e holes on the box, but also can be milling, drilling, expanding hole, reaming and so on. Special boring machine is mainly used for large volume production, with high productivity, can be difficult to process large-scale processing of parts, and the simple structure and low manufacturing costs, comp

16、lexity, holes box parts processing, can be more complex environment to work and processing precision and stability.Boring features:Tool structure is simple, universal good, can be roughing can also be semi-finishing and finishing, for small batch processing, the quality depends on the boring machine

17、 accuracy.Boring history of development ofMetal cutting machine throughout this occupies a very heavy position, accounting for the total workload of machine 40% 60%. In 1770, before and after, due to hand and general metalworking machinery can not reach precision machining cylinder steam engine, peo

18、ple will create a special processing of the steam engine cylinder hole of professional machines, so was born the first horizontal boring machine.As the manufacture of weapons needs, water appearedin the 15th century power-driven barrel boring machine. 1774, British J. Wilkinson invented barrel borin

19、g machine, cylinder steam engine for processing the following year. Around 1880, Germany began producing belt around the columns and the table horizontal boring machine. The early 20th century, due to watch the development of equipment manufacturing industry needs to pitch high precision machining e

20、quipment, made in Switzerland in 1905, center coordinates of a small desktop machine. In 1917, in the United States made a single cylindrical coordinates boring. In 1920 the Swiss made double-column coordinate boring machine. At that time the vast majority of precision jig borer with screw nut, stan

21、dard measuring rod (or gauge blocks) and the dial gauge as a coordinate positioning device, the coordinate positioning accuracy of only 6 to 10 microns. To meet the large, special heavy workpieces, the 20th century, 30 years developed a BORING MACHINE 30 years, in Germany, and Switzerland have emerg

22、ed in order to line scale optical positioning jig borer, coordinate positioning accuracy to 2 to 6 microns. With the milling the increased workload in the 20th century appeared in 50s floor boring and milling machine. 60 years later, with the development of electronic technology, coordinate boring m

23、achine to a digital display and digital control direction, using grating, sensor synchronizer, laser interferometer and magnetic gate, etc., as coordinate positioning device, and some additional automatic tool change device . Since then, with the scientific and technological development, constantly

24、improve the performance of boring, but also appeared in succession in processing a variety of large and complex parts of the coordinates of boring. Processing of parts due to the ever-changing, promoting the continuous development and improvement of the boring machine. Finally developed into a unive

25、rsal, years of horizontal boring machine. For the heavy manufacturing, those bulky, heavy tonnage hole machining of large workpieces, due to difficulties in clamping the workpiece movement and can not be processed in the general horizontal boring mills, therefore, in the horizontal boring machine ma

26、nufacturers have developed on the basis of the Heavy BORING MACHINE.Modern boring machine status and level of developmentModern machines toward high speed, high efficiency, high precision was sent to development, increasingly demanding high-precision mechanical parts, while institutions are becoming

27、 increasingly complicated, especially in multi-box components with the holes have their own characteristics in addition to its dimensional accuracy requirements, , as well as the shape precision and the location of the holes between the accuracy requirements. Boring in these processing by the most i

28、mportant.Hyundai has also been some strong flexible production capacity dedicated boring machine is not high. If using a large mass connecting rod bearing, piston bore, pump casing and other components on the special processing of precision hole boring machine King Kong. The rapid development of mod

29、ern Boring There are about several forms:Horizontal Boring Machine: mainly used for side-hole processing.Coordinate boring machine: a high-precision machine tools. Main features: with the coordinates of precision measuring devices.Diamond Boring: A high-speed precision boring machine. Main features:

30、 vc very high, ap, and f is very small, machining accuracy is up to IT5 - IT6.Ra up to 0.63 0.08 仙 m.special boring: Private boring milling head. Main features: simple structure, low manufacturing costs, can adapt to rapid production and complex production environment.Which coordinates the developme

31、nt by the boring machine for the rapid, generally single-column sub-jig borer, double column and horizontal 3 types.Single Column jig borer: spindle vertical arrangement, driven by the spindle sleeve to move up or down in order to achieve the vertical feed, and some spindle box can be moved up and d

32、own along the column in order to adapt to different rail height of the workpiece. Table for longitudinal movement along the slide, slide along the bed rail for horizontal movement, to meet the positioning coordinates. Table 3 side open, easy to operate. Most small and medium sized jig borer layout u

33、sing this form, coordinate positioning accuracy of 2 to 4 microns.Double-Column jig borer: 2 column through the top of the upper beam connections, beam can be adjusted up and down along the column position of rail. Spindle box rails for lateral movement along the beams, workstations along the rail b

34、ed for vertical movement, to meet the positioning coordinates. A large double-column coordinates of the column on the boring machine comes with the level of spindle box. Use of double-column frame structure, high stiffness, medium and large multi-boring machine coordinates for this form of the coord

35、inate positioning accuracy of 3 to 10 microns.A single column and double columns coordinate boring machine spindle is perpendicular to the work table, the general direction for machining a hole in the workpiece, such as jigs, dies and templates so boring. Processing in several directions of the work

36、piece has a hole should be used for universal rotary table, so the workpiece size and weight are restricted.Horizontal jig borer: two coordinate direction, respectively, table movement lateral movement and spindle box vertical movement. Rotary table in the horizontal plane. Feed motion from the vert

37、ical slide of the axial movement or spindle sleeve stretch to achieve. As the spindle parallel to the work table, using a precision rotary table can be easily installed after the workpiece machining box-type parts around the coordinates of all holes, and the workpiece easy installation, high product

38、ion efficiency. This boring machine is suitable box-type parts processing.Modern boring machine from the previous development of special boring machine for todays versatile, with a large range of craft, and sports a flexible, flexible high, can machine complex parts, universal CNC boring machine for

39、ward and large-scale, ultra-precision, high-speed other direction. Some special boring machine to the standardization of development, so that special boring machine greatly reduced production cycle, production costs, smaller, can meet a variety of processing requirements.When the Boring Machine Bori

40、ng, Boring Tool knife basically the same, only difference is that the workpiece does not move, boring rotating knife. Boring accuracy is generally IT9-IT7, the surface roughness is Ra6.3-0.8mm.Machining Center Boring characteristicsTool rotationAnd the lathe is different from machining center machin

41、ing due to tool rotation, it is impossible to grasp the tip in the processing of casesin a timely manner to adjust the feed consumption level. Can not be done, like CNC lathes can only adjust button on the CNC machining diameter can be changed. This has become a fully automated processing of a large

42、 obstacle. It is because of this reason that requires boring tool must have a body or fine-tuning automatic compensation function, especially in the boring at times when the tolerance requirements under the micro-level must be adjusted. In addition, the processing center boring holes due to the outf

43、low direction of chip constantly changing, so tip, workpiece and chip cooling of the exhaust must be more than difficult for the multi-lathe.tool vibration BritainBoring most often occurs, and it is the most headacheproblem is that Britain vibration. Britain occurred in the processing center vibrati

44、on because of the following points:tool rigidity of the system include: Holder, Boring Bar, as well as the middle part of the rigid link. Cantilever process because it is so, especially with holes, deep hole and rigid workpieces, the tool system rigidity is particularly important.Tool Balancing Syst

45、em: the system relative to the tool axis of rotation, the tool itself, if an imbalance in the quality of the rotation due to imbalance in the role of the centrifugal force caused by the occurrence of vibration Britain. Especially in the high-speed machining tool produced by dynamic balancing of a si

46、gnificant influence.The workpiece itself or the fixed workpiece rigidity: Like a number of smaller, thinner parts because of its rigidity is insufficient, or other reasons due to workpiece shape of the fixture can not be adequate to use reasonable fixed.The blade tip shape: the first blade angle, ti

47、p radius, chip-breaker generated by the different shape of the cutting resistance is also different.Cutting conditions: including cutting speed, feed rate, feed volume, and to the cutting oil ways and forms.The machine spindle system: the rigidity of the machine spindle itself, bearing and gear perf

48、ormance, and the connection between the spindle and shank rigidity.Tool ClampingIn boring holes, the most important thing is setup correctly on the machining center tool. In the small hole boring, the tool center height is an important factor leading to tool failure. If the tool installed below the

49、center height, this will affect the processing performance of cutting tools. Following main features:The cutting edge relative to the workpiece main horn decreases, leading to the tool flank contact with the workpiece, so that the friction between the blade and the workpiece, when the blades rotate,

50、 this would further tip the friction deviation occurs, leading to Tool deeper cut into the workpiece. The geometric parameterson the cutting edge level of cutting efficiency and processing quality is good or bad has a great influence. Increase rake angle, the rake face can be reduced cutting layer extruded plastic deformation, reducing the flow through the chip in front of friction, thereby reducing the cutting force