空间资讯技术之发展与服务

1、Spatiotemporal Infrastructure for Semantic Network in Digital ArchivesEric YenComputing Centre, Academia SinicaDec, 2002 OutlineIntroductionNDAP Approaches Space-Time-Language CoordinatesArchiving and processing of millions of geospatial materials in ASCharacteristicsHow to delve into the knowledge

2、levelExperiences & Lessons we learnedExtend to more general solutionGeolibraryThe TrendsConclusionsIntroduction to Digital ArchiveDigital Archive is a collection of digital objects.A digital object is defined as something (e.g., an image, an audio recording, a text document, a movie, a map) that has

3、 been digitally encoded and integrated with metadata to support discovery, use, and storage of those objects.Goals for Digital Archive (functional point of view)Protection of the originalDuplication for safetySearch and RetrievalEasy AccessResource SharingLower cost of maintenance and disseminationM

4、ax. flexibility for integration of heterogeneous/homogeneous information resourcesProviding abundant resources for knowledge discovery and knowledge constructionKnowledge Discovery and ConstructionKnowledge construction means the active process of manipulating data to arrive at abstract models of re

5、lationships among phenomena in the world that facilitate our understanding of those phenomena and, ultimately, of the world. 1Knowledge discovery is a nontrivial process of identifying valid, novel, useful, and understandable pattern in data. 2Persistent cataloging, classification, and segmentation

6、of digital objects is the ground for finding patterns, models, and trends of large volume data.Reference: MacEachren, A. et al, Constructing knowledge from multivariate spatiotemporal Data: integrating geographic visualization with knowledge discovery in database methodsFayyad, U., Piatetsky-Shapiro

7、, G. and Smyth, P., 1996, From data mining to knowledge discovery: An overview. In advances in Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, pp.1-34. Types of Elementary Knowledge Organization SystemsClassification SystemsOntologiesTaxonomiesIndex LanguagesThesauri and other controlled lists of keywordsGloss

8、aryDictionariesClustering ApproachesLexical DatabasesConcept Maps/SpacesSemantic Road MapsWhy Knowledge-based Approach for Digital Library ?1 Providing “Conceptual InfrastructureMapping out the conceptual structure and providing a common language for a fieldProviding classification/typology and conc

9、ept definitions. Clarifying concepts by putting them into context. Thus providing orientation and serving as a reference tool for individual researchers and practitioners and therebyAssisting with the exploration of the conceptual context of a research problem and in structuring the problem, thereby

10、 providing the conceptual basis for the design of good research, for the consistent definition of variables, and thus the cumulation of research results.Providing the conceptual basis for the exploration of the various aspects of a program in program planning, in the identification of approaches and

11、 strategies, and in the development of evaluation criteriaAssisting users in understanding contextAssisting information providers with conceptualizing a topic and with finding the proper termDiscovery of high quality resourcesProviding frameworks for information exchange and resource interoperabilit

12、yDagobert Soergel, Evaluation of Knowledge Organization Systems (KOS)Information Storage & RetrievalInformation system(s) in which the vocabulary is to be usedUse of the vocabularyVocabulary control in indexing and searching (controlled vocabulary)Vocabulary control only for searching. Assist with c

13、larifying a search topic and assembling all applicable concepts and terms, whether searching with a controlled vocabulary of free-text.ISAR technique(s) (such as: printed index, computer search system). Support of inclusive (hierarchically expanded) searchingAutomated vs. manual indexing or query fo

14、rmulation. Approach to indexing to be supported: Request-oriented vs. entity-orientedTechniques for eliciting user needs (e.g., menu based on search tree; questions based on facet structure)Summary evaluation of the vocabularys adequacy for the stated purpose on the more detailed analysis as outline

15、d below.TranslationLanguage learningDagobert Soergel, Evaluation of Knowledge Organization Systems (KOS)Why Knowledge-based Approach for Digital Library ?2 Digital library requirements for knowledge organization schemasThe need for knowledge organization in subject gateways and discovery services, i

16、ssues of application and useWeb-based directory structures as knowledge organization systems Knowledge organization as support for web-based information retrieval, query expansion, cross-language searchingSemantic portalsECDL2000, Special Workshop on Networked Knowledge Organization Systems, nkos.sl

17、/ECDL-NKOS-final.htm Digital library requirements for knowledge based data processingKnowledge organization for filtering, information extraction, summaryKnowledge organization support for multilingual systems, natural language processing or machine translationStructured result display, c

18、lusteringEnd-user interactions with knowledge organization systems, evaluation and studies of use, knowledge bases for supportive user interfaces, visualizationECDL2000, Special Workshop on Networked Knowledge Organization Systems, /ECDL-NKOS-final.htm Digital library requirements

19、for knowledge structuring and managementSuitable vocabulary structures, conceptual relationships Comparison between established library classification systems and home-grown browsing structuresMethodologies, tools and formats for the construction and maintenance of vocabularies and for mapping betwe

20、en terms, classes and systems Frameworks for the analysis of assumptions and viewpoints underlying the construction and application of terminology systemsMethods for the combination and adaptation of different vocabulariesECDL2000, Special Workshop on Networked Knowledge Organization Systems, nkos.s

21、/ECDL-NKOS-final.htm Digital library requirements for access to knowledge structuresData exchange and description formats for knowledge organization systems, the potential and limitations of XML and RDF schemasHandling of subject information in metadata formatsStandards and repositories

22、for machine-readable description of networked knowledge organization schemas (as collections/systems)Interoperability, cross-browsing and cross-searching between distributed services based on knowledge organization systemsDistributed access to knowledge organization systems: standard solutions and p

23、rotocols for query and response, taxonomy serversECDL2000, Special Workshop on Networked Knowledge Organization Systems, /ECDL-NKOS-final.htm Discover Knowledge from Digital ArchiveGeospatial information means those geo-materials that are georeferenced and having well-documented me

24、tadataRef. Components of a digital object in digital archiveGeospatial Content BasedExtracting knowledge by space-time-languageKnowledge about SpaceTemporal Characteristics is embedded and could not be neglectedAcquisitionDirect ExperienceLocomotion thru environment(crawling, walking, running, bicyc

25、ling, driving, flying, etc.)Stationary viewingSecondary Environmental ExperienceStatic medium: maps, diagrams, paintings, photos, etc.Dynamic medium: animate static visual figures to show changes over timeOther ways to conceive those that can not be viewedCharacteristicsMultimodal: proprioceptive, k

26、inesthetic, auditory, visual, etc.Language is often used to convey spatial informationMulti-perspective and scales充分瞭解人類獲取、整合與利用空間資訊方式，將可促進此類資訊的更有效利用，以及建立更符合實際需求的應用機制(e.g., aid for decision making)Spatial Representation in GISData ModelVector: explicitBasic elements: point, line and polygon Raster:

27、implicitGeographic space is organized into partitions (layers) Space-dominant representations focus on the spatial arrangement of entities based on the geometric and thematic properties of these entities.Space is a neutral containerEntities only exist when associated to a layer or themeApplied prima

28、rily in traditional mappingLayer-based raster and vector modelsEach layer is associated to a period or point in timeChange- or update-based scenarioAnalysis based on similarity or dissimilarity between aggregations (layers) at different points of timeWhy Thinking in Spatio-Tempoal ways?Because the e

29、arth is running: Its incomplete to describe an events/object in spatial domain only.Learn from the past, and plan for (predict) the future.Characteristics of Space & TimeImportanceTo organize space over timeDiscover Knowledge from Geospatial InformationGeospatial information means those geo-material

30、s that are georeferenced and having well-documented metadataRef. Components of a digital object in digital archiveGeospatial Content BasedFeature IdentificationFeature comparison: enhance the likelihood of relationships among featuresFeature interpretation: merge the identified features and their re

31、lationships with real world entity, by domain knowledgeLinking to other resources that are related to this feature, this place and the time parsing the collected information from metadata or lexical analysisDemandsLink spatiotemporal data analysis techniques to GISFeature interpretation tools must p

32、rovide connections between abstract representations of data, metadata that describe those data, an analysts knowledge, and knowledge sources external to the data set being explored (e.g., thru digital library)Discover Knowledge from Geospatial InformationDef: Finding instances of identifiable featur

33、es in spatiotemporal dataEmphasis is on examining the distribution of data in all of its dimensions in an effort to notice any distinct object, regularity, anomaly, hot spot, etc.Feature IdentificationExample:Distribution of Tombs in Han DynastyIntegrated Support for ResearchWebGIS-based System Arch

34、itectureChallenges of Geospatial Information ProcessingHigh threshold for general usersHard to find required geospatial content/serviceNew retrieval technology for geospatial informationPersistent metadata and archiveMechanism for effective management of huge volume of data setEfficient ways for dig

35、itization/vectorization of geospatial materialsIntegration with other information resourcesDiscover Knowledge by Space-Time-Language CoordinatesConstructing the linkage among diversified archives thru language (vocabulary)Lingual coordinate has both spatial and temporal extentsLingual-Temporal Plane

36、: evolution of language thru timeLingual-Spatial Plan: spatial distribution in dialect Multi-lingual support for digital archiveEstablishment of domain-specific controlled vocabulary sets, and serve as basis of ontologyDiscover Knowledge by Space-Time-Language CoordinatesLanguageTimeSpaceSpace, Time

37、 and Language Coordinates for Digital Archives LanguageTimeSpaceLanguage in TimeHistoricalGISLanguage in SpaceLanguage in Text, in Speech.Language ChangesDigital ArchivesLanguage variationsA lexis/vocabulary in context is analogy to the basic unit of a concept in knowledge Lexis is the basic unit fo

38、r any kind of language process, such as recognition, parsing, wordformation, semantics, conversation and analysisThru lexical analysis, collection of all the lexical types(詞類), lexical patterns(grammar文法), and instances could pave the base as lingual coordinate.Collection of enough description(conte

39、xt incl. metadata) for a specific domain(could be a set of digital objects), ontology(collection of concepts for the domain) of that field is constructed. How do we know if that is enough? Need the self-learning capability in the mechanismAtomic attributes of a place nameNameGlyph & stroke: original

40、 writing, all the historical and contemporary writing, and Romanization(pinyin)Pronunciation: indigenous and evolutions afterward meaning (if we could restore to original fonts & sound) FootprintCould be ambiguous: M NTime: (start, end), could be vague for historical namesType: (geographic type, als

41、o could know the administrative level if it represents an administrative area)Atomic attributes of a datumPeople, event, time, place, objectLingual Coordinate in NDAPGeographic searching is a powerful and important toolMore than 80% information resources pertain to specific geographic areas and are

42、either explicitly or implicitly geo-referenced. To utilize benefits of geographic search, we have to geo-reference information contents first.the cost of creating geographic footprints for each record (the Alexandria Digital Library Project spent $4m over four years) is very high. The automatic extr

43、action of geo-referenced information is also possible but there is a need for sophisticated tools that go further than geographic name extraction. Moving from information management toward knowledge management(Demands) New ways of information search & retrievalTraditional full-text searchKeyword-bas

44、ed or query by example searchQuery by information content (image, audio, video, and multimedia contents)Incorporation of geographic & temporal searchVersatile ways for presenting information & knowledge2D, 3D, or 4DMultimedia, virtual realityMap-on-demand, thru the parser of geographic names from co

45、ntext, or directly by the coordinatesSeparation of content representation & presentationThe core is the metadata-based content analysisCA(Information Content)Metadata Schemes for management of contentsIdentify the best way of information representation and become persistent archiveConstructing Space

46、-Time-Language Coordinates for NDAP漢籍全文檢索圖書聯合目錄查詢清代地方誌檢索人物資料庫查詢中國歷史文化地圖之整合應用Roles of Visualization in Knowledge DiscoveryRoleUseful in finding holes or errors in data setsUseful for noticing abstract features and patternsPredigest complex relations of data sets into visual formFacilitate access to m

47、ultiple perspectives on information, thru interactivityFacilitate decisions on appropriate model representation during analysis stage.Process tracking: uncover key aspects of a processParameter control to get corresponding outcome on the flyFunctionalityGeolibraryObjective: Lower the barriers for ap

48、plying GIScience technologiesApproachesCollecting and providing basic georeferenced spatial data/knowledge persistentlyBuilding up application environment and tools for utilization of spatiotemporal knowledge and technologiesDevelopment of spatiotemporal-based technologies for multi-disciplinary con

49、tents integration, aggregation, knowledge discovery in map-metaphorFocus & ApproachConstruction of the System Infrastructure for Spatial and Temporal Information TechnologyDevelopment of Core TechnologyEstablishment of Effective Service Model for Research SupportClearinghouseAn instance of implement

50、ation of interoperabilityFunctionalityLocating the required resources/servicesMaintaining a persistent catalog of resources/services for sharingExchange of information contentFormat transformationPartnershipsMetadataGEOdataClearinghouse (catalog)FrameworkStandardsEffective Management System for Huge Volume of DataRemote sensing data: 2TB/day;And