促进电子产品循环利用价值链的贸易

1、Cover: Getty images/Ladislav KubeInside: Getty images/baranozdemir; Unsplash/Magnus Engo; Getty images/tunart; Getty images/AvigatorPhotographer; Unsplash/Nasa; Getty images/Garsya; Getty images/Urupong; Getty images/Grigorev Vladimir; Getty images/vgajic; Getty images/ martin dm; Getty images/fizke

2、s;Contents HYPERLINK l _bookmark0 3Executive Summary HYPERLINK l _bookmark1 51. Introduction HYPERLINK l _bookmark4 82. Purpose and Scope HYPERLINK l _bookmark6 103. The Trade Landscape HYPERLINK l _bookmark9 4. Reverse Supply Chain Challenges HYPERLINK l _bookmark10 4.1 Classification HYPERLINK l _

3、bookmark11 4.2 Transaction costs HYPERLINK l _bookmark11 4.3 Permitting process HYPERLINK l _bookmark12 5. Scoping Solutions HYPERLINK l _bookmark13 5.1 Border measures HYPERLINK l _bookmark14 5,2 Internal measures HYPERLINK l _bookmark15 5.3 Transparency HYPERLINK l _bookmark15 205.4 Policy actionI

4、nternational trade instrumentsRegulatory cooperation HYPERLINK l _bookmark17 226. Conclusion HYPERLINK l _bookmark18 24Appendix HYPERLINK l _bookmark22 Acknowledgements HYPERLINK l _bookmark23 Endnotes 2020 World Economic Forum. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or t

5、ransmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system.September 2020Facilitating Trade Along Circular Electronics Value ChainsExecutive SummaryCircular electronics rely on reverse supply chains, yet firms across the value cha

6、in highlight significant challenges to running these.Electronics are a critical part of our economies and societies. That has become even more the casein response to the COVID19 pandemic when electronics have helped workers stay connected and ensured digital services delivery. Even before the health

7、 crisis, rising incomes had been boosting electronics consumption. In tandem, interest has grown on minimizing the environmental impact of these products, including through circular economysolutions. Such approaches involve making the most of electronics product repair and remanufacturing, designing

8、 for longevity and recycling at endoflife to put materials back into new products.Unfortunately, too many electronics still wind up in the environment, are recycled in unsafe conditions, or are stored away in households. The latest Global EWaste Monitor finds that, in 2019, on average most of the ew

9、aste generated (82.6%) was likely not formally collected and managed in an environmentally sound manner, with rates of collection varying between countries and regions. The electronics lifecycle system is greatly in need of a reboot to enable more product life extension, recycling and materials extr

10、action.The circular economy has become a business priority for many companies and consumers. Circular economy business strategies are being developed involving secondary raw materials use, refurbishing products, accelerating takeback schemes, among others. Yet, firms across the electronics value cha

11、in highlight traderelated challenges to these strategies, with new developments on the horizon to navigate.Circular electronics rely on reverse supply chains since recovery facilities for recycling are not available in all locations. Only a handful of largescale smelters and refiners globally are ab

12、le to complete the finalstep of metals extraction after processing and place these back on international markets. Repair and remanufacturing are also typically done in regional or global sites since economies of scale keep highly technical costs manageable and make a better investment case. When goo

13、ds cannot easily cross borders to reach safe sites, illegal trade in ewaste to substandard facilities or product dumpinghas thrived to the detriment of local workers, communities and ecosystems.The following paper presents insights from a series of dialogues, a survey and interviews.Stakeholders fro

14、m industry, research institutes and international organizations have clarified the trade challenges to reverse supply chains for electronics. These are centred on complexities of product classifications, related factors leading to significant increases in the costs of reverse logistics for used prod

15、ucts and those characterized as hazardous versus outbound logistics for new products,and cumbersome tradepermitting processes, particularly for products classified as hazardous.For example, some actors said reverse logistics for used electronic products were 31% more costly than outbound logistics f

16、or new products, and 190% more costly when comparing endoflife productscategorized as hazardous over new products. Others indicated that delays of up to 14 months were not uncommon for completing the necessary paperwork on products classified as hazardous.An international treaty known as the Basel C

17、onvention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal contains requirements regulating and limiting transboundary movement of hazardous ewaste and other wastes. The Basel Convention was developedto avoid waste dumping in developing countries with cheaper disposal

18、 facilities and absent regulations.The 187 parties to the Basel Convention develop laws based on agreed classifications of waste and hazardous waste classifications though countries also have the discretion to adjust classificationsin domestic implementation and these changes can take place rapidly.

19、 Differences in interpretation create a patchwork of regulatory requirements to move used and endoflife products.The systems complexity is limiting circular strategies, deterring investment in highquality repair, refurbishment and recycling infrastructure, in turn limiting service options and hiking

20、 costs. When electronic products are classified as hazardous under the Basel Convention, or domestically,these can face trade bans and, if transboundary movements are permitted, are subject to a written prior informed consent (PIC) procedure from the countries of import and transit.The Basel Convent

21、ion is widely recognized as a vital piece of global policy architecture for avoiding waste dumping, yet many interviewees suggest that its focus on risky trade could be complementedby measures to facilitate responsible trade for the circular economy which would be complementary to and consistent wit

22、h the aims of the convention. The community involved in this paper have put forward ideas for doing so that could be further explored. For example, trade facilitation capacity building could help digitalize and automate the PIC procedure, which would make permitting processes for hazardous trade cle

23、arer and less prone to corruption.Regulatory cooperation between some countries could involve fasttrack systems for permitsor longer validity periods where materials are moved to trusted facilities. A regulatory pilot along these lines is under way among some Northern European economies. Harmonizati

24、on of standards for handling electronic waste would support such initiatives.Policymakers could also improve data collection on ewaste based on amendments to customs codes in force from January 2022 for more targeted interventions. Trade commitments can signal consistent market access to and nondisc

25、riminatory treatment of foreign repair, remanufacturingand recycling services that could support new investments. Further scoping of the business case for investments at what stage of the circularelectronics process could be helpful. Transparency from governments on relevant measures affecting ewast

26、e trade would equally be a step forward in some cases.There are several avenues countries can use to advance these ideas, ranging from a global initiative at the World Trade Organization (WTO) to bilateral cooperation. Companies can help by sharing insights on circular business models and best pract

27、ices. COVID19 offers opportunities to rethink many current governance approaches. Bringinga trade facilitation angle to ewaste legislation would proactively address a growing environmental challenge using economic tools and better target the reality of interconnected value chains. The World Economic

28、 Forum will continue to support knowledge exchange to deepen action in this area.1IntroductionElectronics usage is growing, but so, too, are discarded products. Accelerated circularelectronics strategies that repair, refurbish and recycle are neededIn a circular system, electronic products willbe de

29、signed for longevity, and repaired orremanufactured.Electronics are a critical part of economies and societies products from mobile phones to dishwashers bring convenience, connectivity and a better quality of life. Rising incomes, in turn, are boosting consumption of electronic products.As usage gr

30、ows, governments, industry and civil society are increasingly looking for ways tominimize environmental impact, including through the development of circular economy solutions that reduce the consumption of new materials and the disposal of used materials. In a circular system, electronic products w

31、ill be designed for longevity, and repaired or remanufactured. Once they reach endoflife, the zerowaste solution is to recycle and put recovered materials back into new products.Unfortunately, many electronics wind up in the environment, or recycled under unsafe conditions, including through illegal

32、 dumping or unregulated processes.1 Doing so can result in toxic materials such as mercury, lead and brominated flame retardants leaking into soil and water, disrupting ecosystems and human health. Informal collection activities where workers are unaware they are handling dangers materials can lead

33、to a host of medical issues.2 Further, some electronics remain unused and stored away in households because consumers lack information about options for responsible disposal methods and mechanisms to ensure their personal data is secured.As set out in HYPERLINK /docs/WEF_A_New_Circular_Vision_for_El

34、ectronics.pdf A New Circular Vision for Electronics, a report put together by the UN EWaste Coalition,the World Economic Forum and the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD),the electronics lifecycle system needs a reboot as demand grows.3 In 2019, 82.6% of the 53.6 million metri

35、c tons of ewaste generated the total equal to the weight of 125,000 jumbo jets, a figure higher than all those ever built was likely not formally collected and managed in an environmentally sound manner, with rates of collection varying greatly between countries and regions.4 By 2050 the volume of e

36、waste, in a scenario without circular approaches, could top 120 million tonnes annually.5If electronic products are going to be disposed of, it must be done responsibly. Disposal, however, is not the optimal solution. Estimates of the value of raw materials in ewaste generated in 2019 are about $57

37、billion, mainly involving iron, copper and gold. But only around$10 billion worth of materials are recovered annually based on current documented collection and recycling, indicating that recovery rates remain low.6 Ewaste is too often seenas exactly that, waste, with not enough focus in public deba

38、te on the opportunities for life extension and materials extraction. Mining discarded electronics is also considered, on balance, less emissionintensive than virgin materials extraction. For example, 80% fewer emissions of carbon dioxide per unit of gold are produced from extraction from used electr

39、onics compared to mining from the ground.7Further, bringing more product life extension, recycling and materials extraction activities into the formal economy could potentially create additional jobs, reduce environmental damage and limit the climate impact of raw materials extraction. The European

40、Unions COVID19 recovery plan, for example, estimates that 15 jobs and 110 training opportunities could be created for every 1,000 tonnes of electrical and electronic equipment waste collectedand sorted.8 In Rwanda, investment in one erecycling facility has created employment for more than 400 people

41、, even as the site operates at only 30% capacity to date.9Some in the private sector are acting the circular economy has become a business priority and is increasingly expected by consumers. Companies are accelerating takeback schemes for old and used electronics redesigning products for long life a

42、nd usingsafe materials, refurbishing products under warranty, repairing parts, integrating secondary raw materials into production cycles and using recycled or renewablebased content where technically feasible (See Box 1).BOX 1:Circular Electronics Business StrategiesCisco has multiple programmes to

43、 repair and replace equipment, take back equipment at customer endofuse, reuse equipment internally and sell certified remanufactured equipment through Cisco Refresh. These programmes save the company millions of dollars annually and prevent thousands of pounds of material from entering landfill. Ci

44、scos Takeback and Reuse programme, for example, encourages equipment owners to return hardware at endof use, 99.6% of which is reused or recycled.10Dell Technologies has pledged that by 2030, for every product a customer buys, the company will reuse or recycle an equivalent product, in additionto 10

45、0% of packaging, and that more than half of product content will be made from recycled or renewable material.11 Building on a Closed Loop Plastics programme that was launched in 2014, the scope has expanded to 125 models. The company has also partnered with several other firms to create a new proces

46、s for closedloop recycling of rare earth magnets sourcedfrom equipment collected through takeback programmes.12 The process is being adapted for recycled material use in other industries.Apple has set a goal of sourcing 100% recycled and renewable materials for products and packages, and has already

47、 achievedsignificant milestones, including the use of recycled aluminum in MacBook Air, MacMini and iPad enclosures, recycled tin in the main logic boards of many of its most popular products, and recycled rare earth elements in the Taptic Engine of the iPhone 11 series. To achieve the goal, Apple h

48、as designed disassembly robots and proceduresto demanufacture its products into constituent components to achieve cleaner, more efficient recycling, and continues to optimize recycling practices, improve disassembly, and advance research and development of the next generation of recycling technologi

49、es in its Material Recovery Lab. It is also building a reverse supply chain of bestinclass recyclers to return materials to a state in which they can be rebuilt into new products.13Philips, a large healthcare technology provider, aims to generate 15% of sales from circular products and services by 2

50、020 including through access to rather than ownership of products.14Huawei has built a global recycling system that allows consumers to recycle their used electronics and reduce environmental impact. By the end of 2019, the company was running 1,300 recycling stations in 48 countries and regions wor

51、ldwide.Through a paid recycling programme, Huaweis service centres took back from more than 300,000 used spare parts (totalling 60 tons) every month last year.15 Huawei has further scaled up its product tradein programme giving consumersa discount on new products in order to increase collection. In

52、China, it has an online creditbased recycling programme where consumers receive coupons in return for recycling. Outside China, the tradein programme is available in nine countries, including Russia, Italy, Germany and the United Arab Emirates.Yet firms across the electronics value chain, whether or

53、iginal equipment manufacturers (OEMs) or ewaste processors or endrecyclers, indicate significant traderelated challenges to circular economy initiatives. State of the art, properly regulated and legitimate recovery facilities are rarely available in all locations. Even once processed, there are only

54、 afew largescale smelters and refiners globally able to complete the final step of metals extraction and then place highquality materials on international markets. Repair and remanufacturing are also typically done in regional or global sites. In many cases, products need to cross borders but face d

55、ifferent regulatory requirements and sometimes outright trade bans.FIGURE 1Endoflife diagramLandfillRed lines indicate product leakage away from the circular economyE-waste processorExportScrap dealer or service providerProper collectionComponent manufacturing Printed circuit board assembly Product

56、assembly Product use End of lifeSmelter and refinerRefurb and resaleExchange grade base and precious metals2Purpose and ScopeOutlining the challenges in reverse supply chains can help to frame potential trade policy interventions to address these.The community recognizesthat achieving the circularec

57、onomy requires comprehensive action. This paper will contribute to a broader report on pathways forcircular electronics, to be released in January 2021.This paper is prepared under the aegis of the World Economic Forum by a community of experts. It aims to better understand the role of trade in movi

58、ngto a more circular economy within the electronics industry. The circular economy is understood here to be a systemic decoupling of growth from the consumption of finite resources, where products are kept at their highest value and waste from one process is an input into another. The “3Rs”, reduce,

59、 reuse and recycle, are key pillars.The first part of the paper looks at crossborder challenges to reverse supply chains for circular electronics. The second part explores trade policy solutions, since transboundary movement needs to be better addressed both in terms of legal and illegal activities.

60、 A starting point for these suggestions is that existing wellintentioned regulations could be improved on through new approaches.While the focus is on trade policy, the paper considers multiple avenues for action, rangingfrom international agreement between governments to bilateral regulatory pilot