机床数控化改造外文文献翻译、中英文翻译

1、 外文资料First, CNC of the need for transformation1.1, microscopic view of the necessity ofFrom the micro perspective, CNC machine tools than traditional machines havethe following prominent superiority, and these advantages are from the NC systemincludes computer power.1.1.1 can be processed by convent

2、ional machining is not the curve, surfaceand other complex partsBecause computers are superb computing power can be accurately calculatedinstantaneous each coordinate axis movement exercise should be instantaneous, it cancompound into complex curves and surfaces.1.1.2 automated processing can be ach

3、ieved, but also flexible automation toincrease machine efficiency than traditional 3 to 7 times.Because computers are memory and storage capacity, can be imported and storedprocedures remember down, and then click procedural requirements to implement theorder automatically to achieve automation. CNC

4、 machine tool as a replacementprocedures, we can achieve another work piece machining automation, so that singlepieces and small batch production can be automated, it has been called flexibleautomation.1.1.3 high precision machining parts, the size dispersion of small, easy toassemble, no longer nee

5、ded repair.1.1.4 processes can be realized more focused, in part to reduce the frequentremoval machine.1.1.5 have automatic alarm, automatic control, automatic compensation,and other self-regulatory functions, thus achieving long unattended processing.1.1.6 derived from the benefits of more than fiv

6、e.Such as: reducing the labor intensity of the workers, save the labor force (one can look after more than one machine), a decrease of tooling, shorten Trial Productionof a new product cycle and the production cycle, the market demand for quickresponse, and so on.These advantages are our predecessor

7、s did not expect, is a very majorbreakthrough. In addition, CNC machine tools or the FMC (Flexible ManufacturingCell), FMS (flexible manufacturing system) and CIMS (Computer IntegratedManufacturing System), and other enterprises, the basis of information transformation.NC manufacturing automation te

8、chnology has become the core technology and basictechnology.1.2, the macro view of the necessityFrom a macro perspective, the military industrial developed countries, themachinery industry, in the late 1970s, early 1980s, has begun a large-scale applicationof CNC machine tools. Its essence is the us

9、e of information technology on thetraditional industries (including the military, the Machinery Industry) fortechnological transformation. In addition to the manufacturing process used in CNCmachine tools, FMC, FMS, but also included in the product development in theimplementation of CAD, CAE, CAM,

10、virtual manufacturing and productionmanagement in the implementation of the MIS (Management Information System),CIMS, and so on. And the products that they produce an increase in informationtechnology, including artificial intelligence and other content. As the use ofinformation technology to foreig

11、n forces, the depth of Machinery Industry (referred toas information technology), and ultimately makes their products in the internationalmilitary and civilian products on the market competitiveness of much stronger. Andwe in the information technology to transform traditional industries than about

12、20years behind developed countries. Such as possession of machine tools in China, theproportion of CNC machine tools (CNC rate) in 1995 to only 1.9 percent, while Japanin 1994 reached 20.8 percent, every year a large number of imports of mechanical andelectrical products. This also explains the macr

13、o CNC transformation of the need.Second, CNC machine tools and production lines of the transformation ofthe market 2.1, CNC transformation of the marketMy current machine total more than 380 million units, of which only the totalnumber of CNC machine tool 113,400 Taiwan, or that Chinas CNC rate of l

14、ess than 3percent. Over the past 10 years, Chinas annual output of about 0.6 CNC machinetools to 0.8 million units, an annual output value of about 1.8 billion yuan. CNCmachine tools annual rate of 6 per cent. Chinas machine tool easements over age 10account for more than 60% below the 10 machines,

15、automatic / semi-automaticmachine less than 20 per cent, FMC / FMS, such as a handful more automatedproduction line (the United States and Japan automatic and semi-automatic machine,60 percent above). This shows that we the majority of manufacturing industries andenterprises of the production, proce

16、ssing equipment is the great majority of traditionalmachine tools, and more than half of military age is over 10 years old machine.Processing equipment used by the prevalence of poor quality products, less variety,low-grade, high cost, supply a long period, in view of the international and domesticm

17、arkets, lack of competitiveness, and a direct impact on a companys products,markets, efficiency and impact The survival and development of enterprises.Therefore, we must vigorously raise the rate of CNC machine tools.2.2, import equipment and production lines of the transformation of NCmarketSince C

18、hinas reform and opening up, many foreign enterprises from theintroduction of technology, equipment and production lines for technologicaltransformation. According to incomplete statistics, from 1979 to 1988 10, theintroduction of technological transformation projects are 18,446, about 16.58 billion

19、US dollars.These projects, the majority of projects in Chinas economic construction play adue role. Some, however, the introduction of projects due to various reasons, notequipment or normal operation of the production line, and even paralyzed, and theeffectiveness of enterprises affected by serious

20、 enterprise is in trouble. Some of theequipment, production lines introduced from abroad, the digestion and absorption ofsome bad, spare parts incomplete, improper maintenance, poor operating results; only pay attention to the introduction of some imported the equipment, apparatus,production lines,

21、ignore software, technology, and management, resulting in itemsintegrity, and potential equipment can not play, but some can not even start running,did not play due role, but some production lines to sell the products very well, but notbecause of equipment failure production standards; because some

22、high energyconsumption, low pass rate products incur losses, but some have introduced a longertime, and the need for technological upgrading. Some of the causes of the equipmentdid not create wealth, but consumption of wealth.These can not use the equipment, production lines is a burden, but also a

23、numberof significant assets in stock, wealth is repaired. As long as identifying the maintechnical difficulties, and solve key technical problems, we can minimize theinvestment and make the most of their assets in stock, gain the greatest economic andsocial benefits. This is a great transformation o

24、f the market.Third, NC transformation of the content and gifted missing3.1, the rise of foreign trade reformIn the United States, Japan and Germany and other developed countries, andtheir machine transform ation as new economic growth sector, the business scene, isin a golden age. The machine, as we

25、ll as technology continues to progress, is amachine of the eternal issue. Chinas machine tool industry transformation, but alsofrom old industries to enter the CNC technology mainly to the new industries. In theUnited States, Japan, Germany, with CNC machine tools and technologicaltransformation of

26、production lines vast market, has formed a CNC machine tools andproduction lines of the new industry. In the United States, transforming machine toolindustry as renewable (Remanufacturing) industry. Renewable industry in the famouscompanies: Borsches engineering company, atoms machine tool company,D

27、evlieg-Bullavd (Bo) services group, US equipment companies. Companies in theUnited States-run companies in China. In Japan, the machine tool industrytransformation as machine modification (Retrofitting) industry. Conversion industryin the famous companies: Okuma engineering group, Kong 3 Machinery C

28、ompany,Chiyoda Engineering Company, Nozaki engineering company, Hamada engineering companies, Yamamoto Engineering Company.3.2, the content of NCMachine tools and production line NC transformation main contents of thefollowing:One is the restoration of the original features of the machine tools, pro

29、ductionline of the fault diagnosis and recovery; second NC, in the ordinary machine augendssignificant installations, or additions to NC system, transformed into NC machinetools, CNC machine tools; its Third, renovation, to improve accuracy, efficiency andthe degree of automation, mechanical, electr

30、ical part of the renovation, re-assembly ofmechanical parts processing, restore the original accuracy of their productionrequirements are not satisfied with the latest CNC system update; Fourth, thetechnology updates or technical innovation, to enhance performance or grades, or forthe use of new tec

31、hnology, new technologies, based on the original technology forlarge-scale update or technological innovation, and more significantly raise the level,and grades of upgrading.3.3, NC transformation of the gifted missing3.3.1 reduce the amount of investment, shorter delivery timeCompared with the purc

32、hase of new machine, the general can save 60% to 80%of the costs and transforming low-cost. Especially for large, special machine toolsparticularly obvious. General transformation of large-scale machine, spent only thecost of the new machine purchase 1 / 3, short delivery time. But some specialcircu

33、mstances, such as high-speed spindle, automatic tray switching systems and theproduction of the installation costs too costly and often raise the cost of 2 to 3 timescompared with the purchase of new machine, only about 50 percent of savingsinvestment.3.3.2 stable and reliable mechanical properties,

34、 structure limitedBy the use of bed, column, and other basic items are heavy and solid castingcomponents, rather than kind of welding components of the machine after thehigh-performance, quality, and can continue to use the new equipment for many years.But by the mechanical structure of the original

35、 restrictions, it is not appropriate to the transformation of a breakthrough.3.3.3 become familiar with the equipment, ease of operation andmaintenanceThe purchase of new equipment, new equipment do not know whether to meetthe processing requirements. Transformation is not, can be used to calculate

36、themachine processing capacity; In addition, since the use of many years, the operator ofthe machine has long been understood that in the operation, use and maintenance ofthe training time is short, quick. Transformation of the machine tools installed, we canachieve full load operation.3.3.4 can tak

37、e full advantage of the existing conditionsTake full advantage of the existing foundation, not like buying new equipment asnecessary to build a foundation.3.3.5 can be used as control technologyAccording to the development speed of technological innovation and in a timelymanner increased level of au

38、tomation in production equipment and efficiency,improve the quality of equipment and grades, and the old machine will be replaced bythe current level of machine.Fourth, the main steps of CNC machine tools4.1, for the determination of transformationThrough analysis of the feasibility of transforming

39、the future, we can against aTaiwan or a few machines determine the current status of reform programmes, whichare generally include:4.1.1 mechanical and electrical repair of combiningGenerally speaking, the need for a transformation of the electrical machine, aresubject to mechanical repairs. Repairs

40、 to determine the requirements, scope, contentmust be decided by electrical machinery required to transform the structure of therequest; transformation to determine electrical and mechanical repair, alterationbetween the staggered time requirements. The mechanical properties of intactelectrical tran

41、sform the basis of success.4.1.2 easy first, and to the overall situation after the first local The removal of the original system must control the original drawings, carefully,to make drawings in a timely manner marked to prevent the demolition or omission(of local circumstances). In the process of

42、 demolition will discover some new systemdesign in the gaps, and that should be promptly added, removed and parts of thesystem should be disaggregated, safekeeping, in case of failure or partial failurereinstated. There is a definite value, and can be used for spare parts for other machines.Must not

43、 extravagantly used and misplaced.4.2 reasonable arrangements for a new location and routing systemUnder the new system design drawings and reasonable new systemconfigurations, including fixed box, panel installation, alignments, and the fixedposition adjustment components, sealing and necessary, su

44、ch as decoration.Connection must be a clear division of work, it was reviewed inspection to ensureconnectivity of norms, diameter appropriate, accurate, reliable handsome.4.3 DebuggingCommissioning must be identified in advance by the steps and requirements.Debugging should be cool-headed, keep reco

45、rds, in order to identify a nd solveproblems. Commissioning of the first test sensitivity security protection systems toprevent physical, equipment accidents. Debugging the scene must be cleaned, nosuperfluous items; coordinates extension units in the campaign centre of the wholetrip; empty can test

46、, first empty after loading; can simulate the test, after the first realdynamic simulation; can manually the upper hand After moving automatically.4.4, acceptance and post-workAcceptance of the work to employ the staff to join, has been developed inaccordance with the acceptance criteria. The transf

47、ormation of the late work is alsovery important, it is conducive to enhancing the level of technical projects andequipment as soon as possible so that production. Acceptance and post include:4.4.1 machine mechanical properties acceptanceAfter mechanical repairs and maintenance as well as a full tran

48、sformation, themechanical properties of the machine tools should meet the requirement, in thegeometric accuracy should be within the limits prescribed. 4.4.2 electrical control function and control accuracy acceptanceElectrical control the various functions of action must be normal, sensitive andrel

49、iable. Application control accuracy of the system itself functions (such as steppingdimensions, etc.) and standard measurement apparatus (such as laser interferometer,coordinate measurement machines) inspection, the scope of accuracy achieved. At thesame time also and the transformation of the forme

50、r machine tool accuracy of thevarious functions and to contrast, poor access to quantifiable indicators.4.4.3 specimen cutting AcceptanceYou can refer to the CNC machine tool cutting at home and abroad specimenstandards, qualified operatives, with the programming staff to test cutting. Acceptancespe

51、cimen cutting machine stiffness can be cutting, noise, trajectory, and other relatedactions, the general should not be used for product components specimen use.4.4.4 drawings, information acceptanceMachine transformation of the latter should be timely drawings (includingschematics, layout plans, wir

52、ing diagram, ladder diagram, etc.), information(including various brochures), the transformation of files (including thetransformation before and after the various records) summary, collating, transfer tostall. Maintain data integrity, effective, continuous, and that the future stability of theequip

53、ment running is very important.4.4.5 summing up, enhancingAfter the end of each should be promptly summed up, helps improve theoperational level of technical personnel, but also conducive to the whole enterprisetechnical progress. 中文译文一、机床数控化改造的必要性1.1、微观看改造的必要性从微观上看，数控机床比传统机床有以下突出的优越性，而且这些优越性均来自数控系统

54、所包含的计算机的威力。1.1.1 可以加工出传统机床加工不出来的曲线、曲面等复杂的零件。由于计算机有高超的运算能力，可以瞬时准确地计算出每个坐标轴瞬时应该运动的运动量，因此可以复合成复杂的曲线或曲面。1.1.2 可以实现加工的自动化，而且是柔性自动化，从而效率可比传统机床提高37 倍。由于计算机有记忆和存储能力，可以将输入的程序记住和存储下来，然后按程序规定的顺序自动去执行，从而实现自动化。数控机床只要更换一个程序，就可实现另一工件加工的自动化，从而使单件和小批生产得以自动化，故被称为实现了柔性自动化。1.1.3 加工零件的精度高，尺寸分散度小，使装配容易，不再需要修配。1.1.4 可实现多工

55、序的集中，减少零件 在机床间的频繁搬运。1.1.5 拥有自动报警、自动监控、自动补偿等多种自律功能，因而可实现长时间无人看管加工。1.1.6 由以上五条派生的好处。如：降低了工人的劳动强度，节省了劳动力（一个人可以看管多台机床），减少了工装，缩短了新产品试制周期和生产周期，可对市场需求作出快速反应等等。以上这些优越性是前人想象不到的，是一个极为重大的突破。此外，机床数控化还是推行 FMC（柔性制造单元）、FMS（柔性制造系统）以及 CIMS（计算机集成制造系统）等企业信息化改造的基础。数控技术已经成为制造业自动化的核心技术和基础技术。1.2、宏观看改造的必要性从宏观上看，工业发达国家的军、民机

56、械工业，在 70 年代末、80 年代初已开始大规模应用数控机床。其本质是，采用信息技术对传统产业（包括军、民机 械工业）进行技术改造。除在制造过程中采用数控机床、FMC、FMS 外，还包括在产品开发中推行 CAD、CAE、CAM、虚拟制造以及在生产管理中推行 MIS（管理信息系统）、CIMS 等等。以及在其生产的产品中增加信息技术，包括人工智能等的含量。由于采用信息技术对国外军、民机械工业进行深入改造（称之为信息化），最终使得他们的产品在国际军品和民品的市场上竞争力大为增强。而我们在信息技术改造传统产业方面比发达国家约落后 20 年。如我国机床拥有量中，数控机床的比重（数控化率）到1995 年

57、只有 1.9，而日本在 1994 年已达 20.8，因此每年都有大量机电产品进口。这也就从宏观上说明了机床数控化改造的必要性。二、机床与生产线数控化改造的市场2.1、机床数控化改造的市场我国目前机床总量 380 余万台，而其中数控机床总数只有 11.34 万台，即我国机床数控化率不到 3。近 10 年来，我国数控机床年产量约为 0.60.8 万台，年产值约为 18 亿元。机床的年产量数控化率为 6。我国机床役龄 10 年以上的占 60以上；10 年以下的机床中，自动/半自动机床不到 20，FMC/FMS 等自动化生产线更屈指可数（美国和日本自动和半自动机床占 60以上）。可见我们的大多数制造行

58、业和企业的生产、加工装备绝大数是传统的机床，而且半数以上是役龄在 10 年以上的旧机床。用这种装备加工出来的产品普遍存在质量差、品种少、档次低、成本高、供货期长，从而在国际、国内市场上缺乏竞争力，直接影响一个企业的产品、市场、效益，影响企业的生存和发展。所以必须大力提高机床的数控化率。2.2、进口设备和生产线的数控化改造市场我国自改革开放以来，很多企业从国外引进技术、设备和生产线进行技术改造。据不完全统计，从 19791988 年 10 年间，全国引进技术改造项目就有 18446项，大约 165.8 亿美元。这些项目中，大部分项目为我国的经济建设发挥了应有的作用。但是有的引进项目由于种种原因，

59、设备或生产线不能正常运转，甚至瘫痪，使企业的效益受到影响，严重的使企业陷入困境。一些设备、生产线从国外引进以后，有的消化吸收不好，备件不全，维护不当，结果运转不良；有的引进时只注意引进设备、 仪器、生产线，忽视软件、工艺、管理等，造成项目不完整，设备潜力不能发挥；有的甚至不能启动运行，没有发挥应有的作用；有的生产线的产品销路很好，但是因为设备故障不能达产达标；有的因为能耗高、产品合格率低而造成亏损；有的已引进较长时间，需要进行技术更新。种种原因使有的设备不仅没有创造财富，反而消耗着财富。这些不能使用的设备、生产线是个包袱，也是一批很大的存量资产，修好了就是财富。只要找出主要的技术难点，解决关键

60、技术问题，就可以最小的投资盘活最大的存量资产，争取到最大的经济效益和社会效益。这也是一个极大的改造市场。三、数控化改造的内容及优缺3.1、国外改造业的兴起在美国、日本和德国等发达国家，它们的机床改造作为新的经济增长行业，生意盎然，正处在黄金时代。由于机床以及技术的不断进步，机床改造是个永恒的课题。我国的机床改造业，也从老的行业进入到以数控技术为主的新的行业。在美国、日本、德国，用数控技术改造机床和生产线具有广阔的市场，已形成了机床和生产线数控改造的新的行业。在美国，机床改造业称为机床再生（Remanufacturing）业。从事再生业的著名公司有：Bertsche 工程公司、ayton机床公司