电动汽车发展：过去、现在与未来外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译

1、 Electric Vehicle Development: The Past, Present & Future作国 籍 中国香港/document/5228601/?reload=true&part=1当比传统的石油燃烧发动机更环保时，这种车辆被认为是绿色环保的，其中包括混合动力汽车，插电式，燃料电池，生物燃料等可以改善燃油经济性的任何非传统汽车。电动汽车的发展已有一百多年，但由于各种原因的解释，未能在各阶段得到公众的认可。虽然电动汽车从未大量生产，但混合动力汽车近年来取得了势头。福特已经推出了第二代 HEV，通用还宣布在 2010 年首次亮相 Volt。与常规 HEV 相比，插电是混合动

2、力汽车开发的新趋势，因为只要行驶距离小于充电阈值，那么电动模式下行驶距离可以延长并达到零排放的可能性。 然而，最近汽车行业的电气化趋势已经发展一段时间了并将使汽车行业发生彻底的革命。 随着电动汽车技术的正确政策和政策的推进，电动汽车的发展前景将是未来发展的重点。关键字：电动汽车 混合动力 插入 绿色 历史与能源独立和环境问题相关的替代燃料车辆，特别是电动和混合动力电动汽车已成为全球政府政策的一部分。美国要求制定更严格的燃油经济标准。中国今年发布新能源汽车政策，加快推行电力配置，2011 年达到 500k 的目标。香港在不久的将来也建立了电动汽车应用的明确愿景。至于汽车行业，汽油价格大幅上涨至超

3、过 2 美元水平和市场对此类汽车的需求后，无声的绿色解决方案将经历重大转型。该行业推出更多的燃油高效 HEV 和较少污染的车辆进入市场。随着过去几年油价急剧上涨，这一现象推动了纯电动汽车的发展，重新吸引了汽车制造商和政府。消费市场在替代燃料车辆以及 HEV 和电动车辆方面带来了显着的增长。 PolkCompany 进行的 HEV 研究表明，美国和西欧的 HEV 销售市场份额呈上升趋势。事实上，OEM 厂商的 HEV 模型选择从 2000 年的两倍（InsightPrius）增长到今天的二十多岁。 2007 年，HEV 的销售量已经超过了 30 万辆 HEV。来自OEM 的 HEV 和电动车辆的

4、进一步已知承诺将进一步改善 HEV 生产。增加插电式和电动汽车，将加强和加快目前的电气化趋势。共 5 页 第 1 页 第一款插电式混合动力车雪佛兰 Volt，以及北美最终消费者的一批计划中的电动汽车，将为市场带来一轮新能源汽车。电动汽车的发展历史悠久。自从发明电动机以来，电动汽车已经有 150 多年了。从简单的不可充电到现代技术控制系统，电动汽车的发展可分为三个阶段：A.早期发展阶段电动汽车被认为是最早的汽车之一，远优于内燃机。在 20 世纪 20 年代后期至 20 世纪 30 年代，汽油车辆的登记比例为 3：1，汽油车辆占有率高达 20。这是一种主要的运输工具，在马车上得到了广泛应用，在当地

5、运输中得到了广泛的应用。直到 1930 年，电动汽车领导层被汽油车开发所取代，无法重新获得以下原因：汽油成熟度可以合理成本大批量生产。随着模具制造过程革命的大规模生产，车辆突然向公众开放，并作为改善生活的途径。汽油车在性能和成本方面都领先于超级电动汽车。城市间旅行的基础设施改善和需求需要较长的旅行距离，以前无法利用电动车辆。缺乏充电基础设施开发，可靠的电力传输和有限的旅行距离，电动汽车不再适应消费者需求，并失去了普通汽油车的优势。有限的或没有电气基础设施支持迫使早期电动汽车的辞呈和丰富。汽油广泛发现，廉价燃料的准备就绪也促成了汽油车辆的普及。汽油在 20 世纪 30 年代为车辆运输提供了直接的

6、便宜的能源。它可以通过容器携带，从而使拥有车辆的流动性得以扩大。电动汽车的生产和发展在 1935 年内燃机接管后的个人运输中停止。与欧佩克的政治敏感性在 20 世纪 60 年代和 70 年代创造了能源独立的必要性。美国政府和环境保护主义者重新制定了更严格的燃油效率标准，并引发了该期间董事会对电动汽车的兴趣。 70 年代初的能源危机驱使美国邮政服务放置了大量的 350 EV 测试车队。它是中期发展的最高节点。然而，部分原因是由于业绩有限，其他政府优先事项，董事会基础设施配置的缺乏和公司参与的范围，这一时期的发展很慢。C.现代发展现代 EV 发展由通用汽车公司生产的 EV1 车队主导。在能源部资助

7、的计划之后，福特开发了 EV Ranger 接收卡车，丰田提供 Rav4 EV，而本田在 20 世纪 90 年代末和 21 世纪初期也有 EV 可用。不幸的是，由于政治，经济，教育和技术这个复杂的问题，包括车辆生产成本和安全问题，电动车可用性的短暂增长并没有实现到商业生产中。 EV1，Ranger，Rav4 和本田 EV 仅用于舰队测试，几乎所有车辆已经停产，销毁和回收利用。只有少数电动车在电动汽车爱好者手中幸存下来。D.现代 HEV 发展然而，在 1999 年至 21 世纪初期，纯电动汽车出现了一种新型的电动汽车。共 5 页 第 2 页 本田向美国市场推出首款 HEV，本田 Insight，

8、为汽车行业带来了另一个里程碑。随着市场的接受和普锐斯的成功，HEV 技术显示出成熟和潜力。福特在“曼哈顿坦克”活动期间推出了第一款美国混合动力电动汽车 Escape SUV HEV，并在充气城市交通中注册了 600 英里/坦克，开启了 HEV 中美国新时代的竞争。截至 2008 年，HEV 销售总额达到 2.5以上。深刻的是，丰田，本田和福特的下一代 HEV 已经在2009 年引入了更新技术的进一步细化。燃油效率也有所提高。丰田是 HEV 竞技场的明显领导者，以其“协同驱动系统”的体积和范围。本田和福特公司正在配备完整的混合动力车。通用在混合客车和卡车方面也提供了“双模”技术。随着汽油价格快速

9、上涨，再加上环保问题，社会责任重新得到社会责任。电动车等 AFV 突然变得流行起来。随着几年前 Chevy Volt 插件概念的推出以及日产的纯电动汽车，新一轮的电动汽车发展已经在未来几年复活到 OEM 的周转计划中。这一 EV 趋势的结果将在未来三年内出现。与以往的电动汽车发展相比，有以下几个因素可以确保未来的发展取得成功：汽车经营者是开发电动汽车的直接目标客户。市场驱动的方法始终以合理的成本和性能创造出具有竞争力和吸引力的产品。早期的技术和环境采用者将是最初的领导者和用户。他们愿意支持并有能力影响成功。各种教育计划和电动汽车计划也改变了对燃油效率车辆的普遍了解以及他们的好处。电动汽车的热烈

10、接受在未来几年是高的。电站和基础设施发展合作受到不同层次的关注。正在探索各种商业模式。行业和政府相信，最终计划将在电动汽车大规模发布之前达到。储能技术的改进使得锂电池的使用在车辆上变得安全。系统管理的复杂化升级，并将电动汽车提升到可比较的内燃机水平。最后，适当的政策是行业发展的基础。特别税收优惠和补贴将抵消消费者购买电动汽车的负担。在政府愿意提供财务和战略支持的情况下，对产品的投票是自信的。像许多新兴技术一样，电动汽车的开发和应用已经存在了很长时间，但直到最近，技术还没有真正起飞。尽管 HEV 是汽油车的良好替代品，并被媒体广泛宣传，但它只是作为中间步骤或近期解决方案的代表。政府法规和环境前景

11、，特别是推动运输电气化的采用。电动车将是最终目标。事实上，随着 OEM 到 2012 年为终端消费者推出更多的电动汽车模型，电动汽车的展示将被广泛认可和认可。随着新型电动汽车的发展，同时也将引进电力电子技术相关技术的巨大机遇。利用这个机会，为绿色发展做出贡献。共 5 页 第 3 页 共 5 页 第 4 页 A vehicle is consider Green when it more environmentally friendly than thetraditional petroleum combustion engine, in which includes any nontradit

12、ional vehiclelike, HEV, Plug In, EV, Fuel Cell, Bio fuel etc. that improves fuel economy. Thedevelopment of electric vehicle has been over a hundred years but failure to gain thepublic acceptance in various stages due to various reasons which explained. While EVwas never mass produced, Hybrid electr

13、ic vehicle gains the momentum in recent years.Ford has launched its second generation of HEV and GM also announced the debut of theVolt in 2010. Comparing to the regular HEV, Plug in is the new trend in hybrid autodevelopment due to extend travel range in electrical mode and a possibility of a zeroe

14、mission as long as travel distance is less than charging threshold. However, morerecently, an electrification trend in automotive industry has been evolved and willrevolutionize the industry. With the correct policy and government help and advancementof electric vehicle technology, the prospect of E

15、lectric Vehicle will be bright and the focuspoint of future development.I.INTRODUCTIONAs associated with energy independence and environmental issue, alternative fuelvehicle, especially Electric and Hybrid electric vehicle has become part of the governmentpolicy all over the world. The united State

16、mandates a stricter fuel economy standard.China issued a new energy vehicle policy to accelerate & subsidize the deployment ofelectric this year and set a goal of 500k for 2011. Hong Kong also set a clear vision for EVapplication in the near future.As for the auto industry, a silent green resolution

17、 is undergo significanttransformation after gasoline price rose significantly to exceed US$2 level and marketdemands for such vehicle. The industry introduced more fuel efficient HEVs and lesspolluted vehicles to the market. As Oil price surged rapidly during the last few years, thephenomenon has pu

18、shed pure electric vehicle development regaining traction amongautomakers and governments.The consumer market has brought significant gain in alternative fuel vehicle as wellas HEV and electric vehicles. A HEV study (Fig. 1) conducted by Polk & Companyindicated an upward trend of market share of HEV

19、 sales in United State and WesternEurope. An even bigger share of HEV and EV were predicted when they combined. Infact, selection of HEV models from OEMs have grown from two (Insight & Prius) in2000 to more than twenties as today. Sales of the HEV are in the fast track along withmore than 300,000 HE

20、V sold in 20072. Further known commitments of HEV andelectric vehicle from OEM will improve the HEV production even more. Adding plug-inand electric vehicle to the line up will strengthen and accelerate the current electrificationtrend.Chevy Volt, the first plug-in hybrid, and a bunch of planned ele

21、ctric vehicles salutedfor end consumer in the North America will lead to a round of new energy vehicle in themarket.共 5 页 第 5 页 II.The development of electric vehicle has a long history. Since the invention of electricmotor, electric vehicle has been around for 150 years. From simple non-chargeable

22、tomodern state of art control system, the development of Electric vehicle can be classifiedinto three stages:A. Early development stageElectric vehicle was considered among the earliest automobile and well ahead ofcombustion engine. It dominated the vehicle registration with 3:1 comparing to gasolin

23、evehicles in the late 1920s to 1930s and held most of the land vehicle performance recordin early 1900s. It was a major transportation tool and widely used in the society for localtransportation improved from horse carriages.Until 1930, electric vehicle leadership was overtaken by gasoline vehiclede

24、velopment and was never able to reclaim the status for following reasons: Maturity ofGasoline vehicle and can be mass produced at a reasonable cost. With the mass productionof Model T & manufacture process revolution, vehicles became suddenly available togeneral public and proceed as a way to improv

25、e life; Gasoline vehicle took over as theleader and surpass electric vehicle both in performance and cost. Infrastructureimprovement and demand of inter-city travel required a longer travel distance that wasnever able to exploit by electric vehicle before. Lacking of charge infrastructuredevelopment

26、, reliable electricity transmission and limited travel distance, electric vehicleno longer suited for consumer demand and lost the edge to regular gasoline vehicle.Limited or no electrical infrastructure support forced the resignation and abundance ofearlier electric vehicle.Widely discovery of gaso

27、line in the sate and ready availability of cheap fuel alsocontributed the spread of gasoline vehicle. Petrol in the 1930s provided a direct cheapsource of energy for vehicle transportation. It could be carried around by container whichenabled and extended the mobility of owning a vehicle.Electric ve

28、hicle production and development came to a halt as personaltransportation after combustion engine took over in 1935. Political sensitivity with OPECcreated a necessity of energy independence during the 1960s and 1970s. U.S Governmentand environmentalist reintroduced tougher fuel efficient standard f

29、or the industry andignited a board interest in electric vehicle in the period. Energy crisis in early 70s driventhe US postal service placed a large order of 350 EV test fleet. It is the highest node ofmidterm development. However, partly due to limited performance, other governmentalpriorities, lac

30、k of board infrastructure support and range of corporation participation, thedevelopment quiet down quickly during this period.Modern EV development was dominated by EV1 who produced by GM for fleetapplication. Following a program funded by Department of Energy, Ford developed EVRanger pick up truck

31、, Toyota provided Rav4 EV and Honda had an EV available as wellduring late 1990s and early 2000s. Unfortunately, this short surge of EV availability didnot realized into commercial production because of a complicated issue of politics,economic, education and technology that includes vehicle producti

32、on cost and safetyconcerns. EV1, Ranger, Rav4 and Honda EV were intended for fleet test only, almost allthe vehicles has been discontinued, destroyed and recycled. Only a handful of electric共 5 页 第 6 页 D. Modern HEV developmentHowever, in 1999 and early 2000s, a new type of electric vehicle emerged

33、from pureelectric vehicle. Honda introduced the first HEV, Honda Insight, to the US Market thatbrought another milestone in auto industry. With brisk market acceptance and success ofthe Prius, HEV technology shows it maturity and potential. Ford introduced the firstAmerican hybrid electric vehicle,

34、Escape SUV HEV, during the Manhattan on a Tankevent and registered 600 miles/tank in congestive city traffic that opened a new era ofcompetition in US among HEVs. By year of 2008, the HEV sales were more than 2.5%for total sales volume. In deep, the next generation of HEV from Toyota, Honda and Ford

35、has introduced into 2009 with further refinement along updated technology. Fuelefficiency has improved as well.Toyota is the clear leader in the HEV arena base on volume and range of models withit “synergy drive system”. Honda and Ford are right behind with their offering in fullhybrids. GM offers i

36、ts “two mode” technology in hybrid passenger cars and trucks aswell.As gasoline price rise rapidly, combined with environmental concern, the societyrenews the call for social responsibility. Electric Vehicle and other AFV suddenly becomespopular again.With announcement of the Chevy Volt plug-in conc

37、ept couple years ago and pureelectric vehicle from Nissan, a new round of EV development has resurrected into OEMscycle plan in the up coming years. The fruit of this EV trend will be seen in the next threeyears.Comparing to previous electric vehicle development, there are a few factors that willens

38、ure this initiation be successful in the future:Vehicle operators are the direct target customers of developing EV. Market drivenapproach always creates competitive and attractive products at reasonable cost andperformance.Early technology and environmental adopter will the initial leaders and users

39、. Theyare willing to support and has the capability to influence the success. Also variouseducation programs and EV initiatives transform general understanding of fuel efficientvehicles and their benefits. Warm acceptance of electric vehicle is high in the comingyears.Cooperation in charge station a

40、nd infrastructure development has gained attention atdifferent level. Various business models are being explored. The industry and governmentare confident that final plan will reach prior to the mass launch of electric vehicle.Energy storage technology improvement makes lithium battery application becamesafe in vehicle. Sophistication of system management upgrades and improves electricvehicle to a comparable level of combustion engine. Lastly, proper government poli