《中级微观经济学》pr8e-ch01ly

1、* of 18Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Microeconomics Pindyck/Rubinfeld, 8e.1.1The Themes of Microeconomics1.2What Is a Market?1.3Real versus Nominal Prices1.4Why Study Microeconomics?C H A P T E R 1Prepared by:Fernando Quijano, Illustrator绪论 Preliminaries1.1微观经济学的主题1.2 什么是市场1.3实际价格和名义价格1.4为什

2、么要学习微观经济学?CHAPTER OUTLINE microeconomics Branch of economics that deals with the behavior of individual economic unitsconsumers, firms, workers, and investorsas well as the markets that these units comprise. 微观经济学 研究经济个体的行为，这些个体包括：消费者、工人、投资者、土地所有者、企业-事实上，微观经济学的研究对象包括了任何参与经济运行的个人和法人。 macroeconomics B

3、ranch of economics that deals with aggregate economic variables, such as the level and growth rate of national output, interest rates, unemployment, and inflation. 宏观经济学 研究经济总量，如：国民产出的水平和增长率、利率、失业和通货膨胀。 LY: 只见森林与不见树木。 不是简单相加。一生的幸福不是过好每一天，吃的苦中苦，方为人上人！CONSUMERSConsumers have limited incomes, which can

4、 be spent on a wide variety of goods and services, or saved for the future. (no investment)消费者的收入是有限的，它可以用来购买许多商品和服务，也可以储蓄待下一期再消费。The Themes of Microeconomics1.1Trade-OffsWORKERSWorkers also face constraints and make trade-offs. First, people must decide whether and when to enter the workforce. Seco

5、nd, workers face trade-offs in their choice of employment. Finally, workers must sometimes decide how many hours per week they wish to work, thereby trading off labor for leisure.工人经常要面临各种约束并在约束下做出各种权衡取舍。首先，他们必须决定是否进入劳动力市场以及什么时候进入该市场。其次，工人在就业的时候要面临权衡取舍。最后，工人还得不时权衡取舍他们所愿意的每周工作时间，这里是工作时间和闲暇时间的权衡取舍。FIR

6、MSFirms also face limits in terms of the kinds of products that they can produce, and the resources available to produce them.企业在其所能够生产的产品种类，所能利用的生产要素方面，同样面临着各种约束和限制The Themes of Microeconomics1.1Trade-OffsMicroeconomics describes how prices are determined. In a centrally planned economy, prices are

7、 set by the government. In a market economy, prices are determined by the interactions of consumers, workers, and firms. These interactions occur in marketscollections of buyers and sellers that together determine the price of a good.微观经济学描述了价格的决定机制。在一个中央计划经济中，价格是由政府制定的。在一个市场经济中，价格是由消费者、工人和企业之间的交互作用

8、所决定的。这些交互作用在市场中产生-市场是买方和卖方的集合体，他们一起决定某种商品的价格。Prices and MarketsTheories and ModelsIn economics, explanation and prediction are based on theories. Theories are developed to explain observed phenomena in terms of a set of basic rules and assumptions.A model is a mathematical representation, based on e

9、conomic theory, of a firm, a market, or some other entity.经济学中的解释和预测都需要以理论为基础，理论依靠一系列基本原理和假设来解释观察到的现象。模型就是一个依赖于经济学理论的数学陈述，模型的对象可以是企业、市场或者其他实体。Positive versus Normative Analysis positive analysis Analysis describing relationships of cause and effect.实证分析-描述因果关系 normative analysis Analysis examining q

10、uestions of what ought to be. 规范分析-什么才是应该的？LY: positive analysis： empirical and theretical analysis market Collection of buyers and sellers that, through their actual or potential interactions, determine the price of a product or set of products. 买方和卖方的集合，通过他们实际或潜在的相互作用来决定一种或多种商品的价格。 market definiti

11、on Determination of the buyers, sellers, and range of products that should be included in a particular market.确定一个具体的市场应包括哪些买方和卖方。 arbitrage Practice of buying at a low price at one location and selling at a higher price in another.人们在一个地方低价买进，然后在另一个地方高价卖出。What Is a Market?1.2Competitive versus Nonc

12、ompetitive Markets perfectly competitive market Market with many buyers and sellers, so that no single buyer or seller has a significant impact on price. 完全竞争市场 存在许多买方和卖方，所以任何买方和卖方对价格都没有显著的影响力。Many other markets are competitive enough to be treated as if they were perfectly competitive.Other markets containing a small number of producers may still be treated as co