GRE阅读强化班讲义2017寒假-key

1、KeyChapter OneSample PassageEDDEChapter Two练习 1：单句功能推测事实 /作者观点引用观点 (consensus among scholars)3. 引用观点(they disagree潜藏两派引用观点)事实 (know 的作用 )引用观点 (one might assume)事实 /作者观点事实（ note 的作用）事实9. 事实（ autobiography received criticism整体） + 引用观点（negative criticism表现 critics 对 theautobiography 的立场）引用观点 (conceptio

2、n) +作者对此引用观点持负评价 (misconception)事实（ know 的作用）12. 引用观点(某些人stressed)+ 作者观点对此引用观点持正评价(rightly)引用观点 (argue)事实 (observe 的作用 )15.引用观点(RR alters previousapproach 体现两派引用观点的冲突) + 作者观点 (successfully体现了作者对RR 的赞同 )16.引用观点(debate concerning XXX takes precedence over analysis of XXX体现了两派引用观点的冲突 ) + 作者观点 (unfortun

3、ately体现作者对前者持批判态度 )引用观点 (wrote)18.引用观点(a perception) +事实（ an editorial encouraging women to participate in movement是对该观点有利的事实）引用观点 (be attributed to)引用观点 (be regarded by)21. 引用观点(conventional story与 cynical counterstory是对立的两派引用观点)引用观点 (in saga)作者观点 (not necessary)/ 事实作者观点 (improbable)/ 事实作者观点 /事实26.

4、 事实 (exhibit attracted scholarship) +引用观点 (his work challenged scholarship潜藏两派对立观点)事实事实事实事实事实32.事实 (NR was popular以及 no artist showed interest 本身是事实+ 引用观点 (NR was popular潜藏大众对NR 的立场， no artist showed interest 潜藏 artist 对 NR的立场 )33.引用观点(dismiss)34.引用观点(suggest)35.引用观点(view) +作者观点 (failed 体现作者对该引用观点的负

5、评价)36.引用观点(indicate) +事实 (the importance of eland contrasted with the importance of pigs是对该引用观点有利的事实)37.引用观点(portray?as 体现了某些sketches 的引用观点， depicted 体现了 women writers 的引用观点，这两派观点对立+ 作者观点(valuable 体现了作者对Buell 的正评价， ignore体现了作者对 Buell的负评价，increasingly characterized actual village communities体现了作者对wom

6、enwriters 的正评价 )事实 /作者观点事实 /作者观点作者观点 /引用观点练习 2：句群关系与功能判断1.B ，引出下文讨论对象women suffragist annual parade 。2.A ，引出下文讨论对象Thomas Dilworths primer 。3.C ，引出下文讨论对象Brightwood painting。B ， rather 体现上下文的等价关系，上文排除一种猫出现在人类社会的原因，下文建立原因。5. A，instead体现上下文的等价关系，上文指出avant-garde不是什么，下文指出是什么。6. A，rather体现上下文的等价关系，上文指出the

7、resurgence of multiple ethic groups的影响不是什么，下文指出它的影响是什么，且根据应该等价于the assertion of cultural differencesrather。的用法，the resurgence of multipleethnic groupsB ， for instance 体现是在对上文举例。C，为上文的 benefit 举例。9. A ，为上文的play a part in political life举例。C ，详述上文理论。C ，详述上文海洋与陆地特征的区别。A ，详述上文史学家的质疑。C ， because 表明是在为主句的观

8、点提供理由。A ， since 表明是在为主句的观点提供理由。A ， reasoned 表明是在为上一句的观点提供理由。16.A ， concluded 表明是基于上一句的证据做推论/得出结论。17.B ， this has been used to support the view表明是基于上一句的对比做推论/得出结论。18.A ， the first hint 表明是基于前半句以及上一句做推论/得出结论。19.C, may be due to 表明是在对前一句话的变化做解释/寻找原因。C, see ?表 as 明这句话是一个观点，而且是对上一句话的事实做出某个判断，上一句话指出某个运动的发

9、生，这一句话说该运动是在为了对抗工业化，建立两句话之间的逻辑关系，应该是为了对抗工业化，所以发生了这个运动，说明第二句话指出了第一句话现象发生的原因，所以这些人其实是在为第一句话的现象寻找原因/做解释。21. B ，this has been used to support the view表明是基于上一句花的对比做推论/得出结论， 而上一句话的事实是，打猎方式变了，打猎能力发展了，这一句话说脑神经发展，使得人类能从事更复杂的行为，暗示是因为人类大脑神经的发展，导致了打猎方式的变化，说明这个推理其实是一个寻找原因的解释型论证。22. A ，上一句话谈论 concentration of wat

10、er ，这句话谈论 concentration of water 带来的结果， 所以这句话的功能是指出上一句现象的影响。A ， consequently 表明是在指出上一句话现象产生的影响。24. A ，根据上文， red squirrel 多了， grey squirrel 少了，而 grey squirrel 的储存种子的方式对树有利，所以显然，如果 red squirrel 继续增多， grey squirrel 继续减少，则森林可能会受损。这恰恰是最后一句话所说的内容，说明最后一句话的信息是基于上文信息所做的推论。并且，鉴于这个推论是由原因去推测结果，所以最后一句话也是指出上文信息所将

11、产生的影响。A ，显然是回答上文问题。B ，显然是回答上文问题。27. A ，根据上文的problem 和此句中的in an attempt to，说明词句是在对上文的problem 提供解决方案。28. B ，前文是引用观点，则此句的29. A ，前文是引用观点，则此句的30. A ，前文是引用观点，则此句的howeverhoweverhowever表明是在提出质疑。表明是在提出质疑。表明是在提出质疑。A ，本句不是引用观点，且下文是 yet，根据语义，这两个句子构成怪事，则本句话是在凸显下一句话信息之奇怪，理应不发生。A ，本分句不是引用观点，且下文是 yet ，根据语义，这两个分句构成怪

12、事，则本句话是在凸显下半句信息之奇怪，理应不发生。A ，本分句不是引用观点， 且与下文之间的关系是 despite ，根据语义， 这两个分句构成怪事，则本句话是在凸显下半句信息之奇怪，理应不发生。34. B ，前文不是引用观点，且不和本句话构成对比，则本句的however 表明 however 之前只是为了引出however 之后的讨论信息。35. C，前文不是引用观点，且不和本句话构成对比，则本句的however 表明 however 之前只是为了引出however 之后的讨论信息。36.C，前文不是引用观点，且不和本句话构成对比，则本句的however 表明 however 之前只是为了引

13、出 however 之后的讨论信息。37.C ，和前文形成对比，但根据下文，对比重点是February revolt，说明本句对比只是为了凸显February revolt的特殊性。38.C，体现了occupational unionism和 worksite unionism的区别，但鉴于文章显然重点是occupational unionism ，本句的信息只是为了凸显occupational unionism的特殊性。39.A ，as though 体现了作者是拿convection carries plates 和 conveyor belt做类比，但鉴于文章显然重点是 convecti

14、on carries plates，说明本句类比只是为了凸显convection carries plats 的特点。40.B ，这个对比体现了 19 世纪对 didactic 的态度，但鉴于上一句话是19世纪与 20 世纪对 didactic的对比，所以这一句话间接辅助体现了19 世纪与20 世纪的态度区别。C ， it is true 体现作者是在让步，承认对立面的合理性，防止对手把自己想得太绝对，处理别人可能的反击。C ，certainly 体现作者是在让步，承认对立面的合理性，防止对手把自己想得太绝对，处理别人可能的反击。43. A ，while 体现 Farmer 是在让步，承认对立

15、面的合理性，防止对手把自己想得太绝对，处理别人可能的反击。44. C ， it is true 体现作者是在让步，承认对立面的合理性，防止对手把自己想得太绝对，处理别人可能的反击。练习 3：单句功能反推与修正下文支持的作者观点下文支持的作者观点下文支持的作者观点4. 引用观点(his work challenged scholarship潜藏两派对立观点)，下文展开这个challenge下文解释的事实下文解释的事实下文解释的事实事实，用以引出下一句话，不是重要信息，全文解释下一句话事实，用以引出下一句话，体现一个变化对比，全文解释这个变化事实，用以引出下一句话的问题，全文回答这个问题11.引用

16、观点 (dismissed) ，不是 Carolina Hospital 的，而是 anthologies and analyses 的，下文 CarolinaHospital 要对这一派引用观点进行负评价12.被下文质疑的引用观点 (speculate)13.引用观点(view) + 作者观点(failed 体现作者对该引用观点的负评价)，这句话辅助对比下一句话作者认同的traditional systems，第一句话不是文章重点信息事实，引出 problem 待下文解决15. 引用观点，即women writers的观点，且包含作者的正评价，待下文展开, Buell所研究的sketches

17、 只做辅助对比。16.事实，完全不重要的背景，和下一句话形成对比，共同引出But 之后文章真正讨论内容17.事实，完全不重要的背景，引出However 之后文章真正讨论内容文章下文展开的观点，核心对比文章训练：Passage第一题第二题第三题第四题1EC2E3CE4D5D6A7A8E9B10B11C“I ? unpleasant.”12AChapter Three练习 1：主线筛选与修正1. Feminist scholars have tended to regard women in the nineteenth-century United States who electedto re

18、main single as champions of women sautonomy and as critics of marriage as an oppressiveinstitution. Indeed, many nineteenth-century American women who participated in reform movementsor who distinguished themselves as writers and professionals were single. Yet this view of single womentends to disto

19、rt the meaning of their choices. The nineteenth century saw the elevation of marriage for loveas a spiritual ideal. Consequently, it became socially acceptable for women not to marry if such an idealmarriage could not be realized with an available suitor. Thus, many women s choice to remain single r

20、eflected not a negative view of marriage but a highly idealistic one.Recent studies of ancient Maya water management have found that the urban architecture of some cities was used to divert rainfall runoff into gravity-fed systems of interconnected reservoirs. In the central and southern Maya Lowlan

21、ds, this kind of water control was necessary to support large populations throughout the year due to the scarcity of perennial surface water and the seasonal availability of rainfall. Somescholars argue that the concentration of water within the urban core of these sites provided a centralized sourc

22、e of political authority for Maya elites based largely on controlled water access. Such an argument is plausible; however, it is less useful for understanding the sociopolitical implications of water use and control in other, water-rich parts of the Maya region.3. Unlike most Jane Austen scholarship

23、 before 1980, much recent scholarship analyzes the novels ofAusten, who lived from 1775 to 1817, in the context of Austentumultuous times, which saw the Frenchand American revolutions and the Napoleonic Wars. Yet Frantz notes another revolution, rarely mentioned in Austen scholarship: the Great Masc

24、uline Renunciation that altered conventions in men dress and behavior. During the later eighteenth century, wealthy gentlemen exchanged the velvets and satins long in fashion for somber woolen suits. Frantz contends that this change reflected deepercultural changes.The value once placed on men s exp

25、ressiveness, reflected in MackenzieMan of Feeling(1771), gave way to a preferencefor emotional restraint. In Austen novels,heroine often struggles to glimpse the true nature of hero beneath his reserved exterior.The s novelthe4. Having a larger assortment to choose from increases consumers expectati

26、ons about matching theirpreferences. Theheightened expectations seem logical,since assortments containing more or morevaried items should increase the degree to which preferences can be matched. In practice, however, asassortment size increases, the degree to which consumers realize better preferenc

27、e matches often risesrelatively little. Largerassortments may not actuallyoffermore variety, the market may simplynotsupply an envisioned offering, or in the absence of sophisticated search tools, consumers may miss abetter preference match even if it is available. Therefore, larger assortments can

28、increase the likelihoodthat expectationswillnot be met, leaving consumers less satisfiedwith options chosen fromlargerrather than smaller assortments.5. MacArthur and Wilson suggested that the biodiversity of an island will vary in direct proportion to afunction of the island s size (i.e., larger is

29、lands can support a greater number of species) and in inverseproportion to a function of its distance from the mainland (i.e., many remote islands will tend to supportfewer species). Reduced biodiversity in an island context is likely to require significantadaptation on the part of colonizing human

30、populations. Evans argues that this limitation makes islandsideal laboratories for the study of human adaptations to the natural environment, whilst Renfrew andWagstaff, in the introduction to their study of Melos, focus on this limitation in biodiversity as a“significant characteristic of the islan

31、d ecosystem.For human communities,”however, this limitationmay potentially be offset by other factors. The reduced biodiversity of an island ecosystem applies onlyto terrestrial resources: the resources of the sea will be as rich as on any other coastal area, and may beequallyimportantto human commu

32、nities. Asmall islandsuch asMalta or Melos allows allcommunitiesdirectaccess to the sea, providingan importantnutritional“safetynet, ”as wellas anelementofdietarydiversity, which may actuallygive islandcommunities an advantage overtheirlandlocked counterparts. Islands may also have specific nonbiolo

33、gical resources (such as obsidian on Melos), which may be used in exchange with communities on other islands and adjacent mainlands.6. Before feminist literary criticism emerged in the 1970s, the nineteenth-century United States writer FannyFern was regarded by most critics (when considered at all)

34、as a prototype of weepy sentimentalismapious, insipid icon of conventional American culture. Feminist reclamations of Fern,by contrast, emphasize her nonsentimental qualities, particularly her sharply humorous social criticism.Most feminist scholars found it difficult to reconcile Ferns sardonic soc

35、ial critiques with her elusivecelebrations ofmany conventionalvalues. Attempting to resolve this contradiction,Harris concludesthat Fern employed floweryrhetoric strategicallyto disguise her subversive goals beneath apparentconventionality. However, Tompkins proposes an alternative view of sentiment

36、ality itself, suggestingthat sentimental writingcould serve radical, rather than only conservative, ends by swaying readersemotionally, moving them to embrace social change.Ecologists had assumed that trees in the consistently warm tropics grew at a slow but steady rate, unvarying from year to year.

37、 However, a study at La Selva, Costa Rica, showed that trees grew less in hotter years and more in cooler ones: between 1984 and 2000, dramatic differences occurred in the six species of trees studies, with trees adding twice as much wood in some cooler years as they did in the scorching El Nino yea

38、r of 1997-1998. Because tree growth is an index of the balance between photosynthesis, in which trees absorb carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere and release oxygen, and respiration, in which the opposite occurs, the La Selva data were the first hint that rapidly rising globaltemperatures, drive

39、n by human-generated emissions of CO2, may be pushing tropical forests to release more CO2, thereby intensifying global warming. This raised serious questions about a popular theory that tropical forests act as a sponge, soaking up much of the excess CO2 that humans pump into the atmosphere. The La

40、Selva data are consistent with a model of global CO2 flux developed by Keeling, who concluded that the amount of CO2 taken up in tropical landmasses rose in cooler yearsand fell in hotter ones, accounting for year-to-year changes in the amount of CO2 that stays in the atmosphere.In the 1920s, Gerstm

41、ann described a set of problems found in people who have suffered damage to the brain s left parietal lobe, problems that include being unable to understand arithmetic and havingdifficulty identifying ones fingers. There is still no agreementwhetheron the sympto ms Gerstmannnoticed constitute a synd

42、rome, but the parts of the brain used for storing facts about numbers and forto feed themselves and their offspring. In some places, these caterpillars arerepresenting the fingers are close to each other. Mental representations of numbers and of fingers maytherefore be functionally connected. A 2005

43、 experiment had people perform some tasks requiringdexterity and others involving matching pairs of numbers, while an area of their parietal lobesthe leftangular gyrus was stimulated by a magnetic field. Facility at both sets of tasks was impaired.9. Migratory songbirds breeding in Eurasias temperat

44、e forests depend on a summer flush of insects,particularly caterpillars,emerging earlier in responses to rising global temperatures. In theory, the songbirds could simply push up their departure from their winter quarters to catch the earlier flush of insect prey. If, however, thebirds rely on a fix

45、ed cuesuch as increasing day length to begin flying north, theymay be unable toadjust the timing of their migration. Precisely this disruption in the emergence of insects relative to the timing of songbird migration has been identified as the cause of a significant decline in populations of pied fly

46、catchers in the Netherlands.In North America, crows have historically antagonized humans by ravaging corn crops, but advancing urbanization has recently made humans more tolerant of crows, and crows wariness has accordingly diminished. The future demeanor of the American crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos

47、) issuggested by intercontinental analogy to Indiahouse crow (Corvus splendens ), which has lived formany centuries in an essentially unarmed, animal-friendly, and densely populated culture. Its audacity extends to stealing food from street vendors and entering dwellings to remove food from the tabl

48、e. Theextreme watchfulness of the American crow has grown out of a long history of persecution. As people treat crows with insouciance rather than aggression, less wariness results in reproductive success, and another kind of corvine conduct asserts itself.11. Ingestion of food containing spores of

49、the pathogen Ascosphaera apis causes a fatal fungal diseaseknown as chalk brood in honeybee larvae. However, larvae must be chilled to about 30C (normal brood-comb temperatureis 33-36 C) for the disease to develop. Accordingly,chalk brood is most common inspring and in small colonies. A recent study

50、 revealed that honeybees responsible forhive-temperature maintenance purposely raised the hivestemperature when colonies were inoculatedwith A. apis, this“fever,-regulation ”orupof temperature, occurred before any larvae died, suggestingthat the response is preventative and that either honeybee work

51、ers detect the infection before symptoms are visible or larvae communicate the ingestion of the pathogen. Temperature returned to normal by the end of the study, suggesting that increased temperature is not optimal when broods are not infected, as well as that the fever does not result merely from n

52、ormal colony growth (i.e., an increase in the number of workers available for temperature maintenance).The North American red squirrel has expanded its range into Indiana in conjunction with an increase in the fragmentation of forests due to agriculture and with a decrease in the number of gray squi

53、rrels, whose population is sensitive to forest fragmentation. Red squirrels tend to hoard food in a central location, while gray squirrels are scatter hoarders. Burial of nuts by scatter hoarders is highly beneficial for the regeneration of nut-producing trees. Red squirrels would have to collect 1,

54、000 walnuts to achieve the samegermination success that results from the handling of 150 walnuts by gray squirrels. If red squirrels successfully colonize the fragmented landscapes of Indian in response to decreasing numbers of gray squirrels, they may not compensate completely for the loss of grays

55、quirrels as seed dispersers.练习 2：短文主旨设计1. ADA. outlining a particular interpretation of Johnson s Brightwood paintingsB. arguing that Johnson s Brightwood paitings depict the real African American life in the rural South C.presenting a position regarding a particular style of paintingD. considering

56、a critical view of a Johnson s Brightwood paintings E. describing a view that challenges an established view about certain artistic works2. ABA. presenting an understanding about great comic artB. arguing for a view about a type of artC. contesting a particular interpretation about great comic artD.

57、 suggesting a point about a particular artist s workE. answering a question about the nature of a kind of art3. ACA. contr asting two authors different approaches to depicting the subject of Filipino Americans B.challenging a particular approach to the depiction of a particular subjectC. describing

58、two authors methods relevant to a common subject D.arguing for the acceptance of diverse ways to portray Filipino Americans E.Describing the difference between two opposing literary approaches4. ADA. compare the approaches of two novelsB. contrast the approaches of two novelsC. rebut a tendency to d

59、ifferentiate two literary worksD. discuss two novelsE. compare Mary Shelley and Emily Brontenovelistic approaches5. DA. present evidence that supports an interpretation of a phenomenonB. advocate a solution to a problemC. discuss a new theoryD. describe a biological mechanismE. evaluate an approach

60、to combat pathogens6. BA. present a new approach that questions an earlier critical approachB. trace the evolution of a particular area of historical studyC. describe the origin of a historical studyD. identify flaws in a particular approach to the study of a historical subjectE. summarize a particu