2018英语专四真题及参考答案

1、精细；挑选；2018英语专业四级考试真题及参考答案PARTIIILANGUAGEUSAGETherearetwentysentencesinthissection.BeneatheachsentencetherearefouroptionsmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosetheonethatbestcompletesthesentenceoranswersthequestion.MarkhouranswersonANSWERSHEETTWO.TheBentPyramidoutsideCairoancientEgyptsfirstattempttobuildasmooth-sided

2、pyramid.hasbeenbelievedtohavebeenwasbelievedtobeisbelievedtohavebeenisbelievedtobeU.S.Newsrankingsofcollegessince1983.Theyareaverypopularresourceforstudentslookingtoapplytouniversitycampus.maintainsismaintainingmaintainedhasbeenmaintainingHewasluredintoacrimehewouldnothavecommitted.actuallyaccidenta

3、llyotherwiseseldomShewasonceayoungcountrywifewithchickensinthebackyardandaviewofmountainsbehindtheappleorchard.bluehazyVirginiahazyblueVirginiaVirginiahazyblueVirginiabluehazyIlongtoalleviate,butIcannot.theevilevilevilsanevilIndeed,itisarguablethatbodyshatteringistheverypointoffootball,askillingandm

4、aimingwararewarofwarareofwarAt,photographyisachemicalprocess,duringwhichalight-sensitivematerialisalteredwhenexposedtolight.itsmostbasicitsbasicthemostbasicthebasicShehiredalawyertoinvestigate,onlytolearnthatGabrielhadremovedhernamefromthedeed.Theinfinitiveverbphrase“onlytolearn”isused.toexpressanin

5、tendedpurposetoindicateahighdegreeofpossibilitytorevealanundesirableconsequencetodramatizeastatedfactWhichofthefollowingitalicizedwordsDOESNOTcarrythemetaphoricalmeaning?Iwonderwhatsbehindthischangeofplan.Jimturnedtospeaktothepersonstandingbehindhim.Thisworkshouldhavebeenfinishedyesterday.Imgettingt

6、erriblybehind.IsupposeImluckybecausemyparentswerebehindmealltheway.Mymotherwasdeterminedtohelpthoseinneedandshewouldhavebeenimmenselyproudofwhathasbeenachievedtheselast20years.Theitalicizedpartinthesentenceexpresses.ahypothesisasuggestionacontradictionasurpriseWhenthepoliceofficerswhotookpartintheKi

7、ngbeatingwerefirstbroughtto,theirlawyersusedthevideotapeasevidenceagainsttheprosecution.justicetestimonytrialverdict,themostcontroversialcandidateintheelectioncampaign,hehasbeenstronglycriticizedforhiscrudecommentsaboutwomen.QuestionablyArguablyContentiouslyDebatablyPriceshaverecentlyriseninordertot

8、heincreasedcostofrawmaterials.cutbuoyofferoffsetThecelebritysaysincourtpapersshe“hasnoofgivinganyauthorizationtoanyonetoproceedwithadivorce.”recommendationrecordingrecollectionrecognitionWhatactuallyagoodangleoragoodselfieoverallisrootedinwhatweconsiderbeautiful.consistsconstitutescomposesconstructs

9、Theschoolisgoingthemiletocreatethenextgenerationofsportingstarsthankstoitsuniquedevelopmentprogram.finalfurthersupplementaryextraTheteachersunionalawsuitagainstthedistrictcallingforrepairing“deplorable”schoolconditions.firedfiledfinedfilledLastMarchtheofa19thcenturycargoshipwasfoundbyanunderwaterarc

10、haeologicalteam.debrisruinsremainswreckSheswornhisdesignsonoccasionsfromredcarpetstomoviepremieres.countlesscountablenumericalnumeralAleadingintelligenceandoperationscompanyhasreleaseditsanalysisofworldwidereportedincidentsofpiracyandcrimeagainstmariners.oceangoingoceanicmarinemaritimePARTIVCLOZEDec

11、idewhichofthewordsgivenintheboxbelowwouldbestcompletethepassageifinsertedinthecorrespondingblank.ThewordscanbeusedONCEONLY.MarktheletterforeachwordonANSWERSHEET.A.accompaniesB.automaticallyC.coupleD.goesE.indebtednessF.kindG.mannerH.mercifullyI.oneJ.obeyK.renownedL.subscribeM.unknownN.virtueO.widesp

12、readAFewyearsago,auniversityprofessortriedalittleexperiment.HesentChristmascardstoasampleofperfectstrangers.Althoughheexpectedsomereaction,theresponsehereceivedwasamazingholidaycardsaddressedtohimcamepouringbackfromthepeoplewhohadnevermetnorheardofhim.Thegreatmajorityofthosewhoreturnedacardneverinqu

13、iredintotheidentityoftheunknownprofessor.Theyreceivedhisholidaygreetingcard,andtheyautomaticallysentoneinreturn.Thisstudyshowstheactionofoneofthemostpowerfuloftheweaponsofinfluencearoundustheruleforreciprocation.Therulesaysthatweshouldtrytorepay,inkind,whatanotherpersonhasprovidedus.Ifawomandoesusaf

14、avor,weshoulddoheroneinreturn;ifamansendsusabirthdaypresent,weshouldrememberhisbirthdaywithagiftofourown;ifacoupleinvitesustoaparty,weshouldbesuretoinvitethemtooneofours.Byvirtueofthereciprocityrule,then,weareobligatedtothefuturerepaymentoffavors,gifts,invitations,andthelike.Sotypicalisitforindebted

15、nesstoaccompanythereceiptofsuchthingsthatatermlike“muchobliged”hasbecomeasynonymfor“thankyou,”notonlyintheEnglishlanguagebutinothersaswell.Theimpressiveaspectoftheruleforreciprocationandthesenseofobligationthatgoeswithitisitspervasivenessinhumanculture.Itissowidespreadthatafterintensivestudy,sociolo

16、gistssuchasAlvinGoldenercanreportthatthereisnohumansocietythatdoesnotsubscribetotherule.PARTVREADINGCOMPREHENSIONSECTIONAMULTIPLECHOICEQUESTIONSInthissectiontherearethreepassagesfollowedbytenmultiplechoicequestions.Foreachmultiplechoicequestion,therearefoursuggestedanswersmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosetheon

17、ethatyouthinkisthebestanswerandmarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEETTWO.PASSAGEONE（1）TheearliestsettlerscametotheNorthAmericancontinenttoestablishcoloniesthatwerefreefromthecontrolsthatexistedinEuropeansocieties.Theywantedtoescapethecontrolsplacedontheirlivesbykingsandgovernments,priestsandchurches,noblemena

18、ndaristocrats.ThehistoricdecisionsmadebythosefirstsettlershavehadaprofoundeffectontheshapingoftheAmericancharacter.Bylimitingthepowerofthegovernmentandthechurchesandeliminatingaformalaristocracy,theycreatedaclimateoffreedomwheretheemphasiswasontheindividual.Individualfreedomisprobablythemostbasicofa

19、lltheAmericanvalues.Byfreedom,Americansmeanthedesireandtheabilityofallindividualstocontroltheirowndestinywithoutoutsideinterferencefromthegovernment,arulingnobleclass,thechurch,oranyotherorganizedauthority.Thereis,however,apricetobepaidforthisindividualfreedom:self-reliance.ItmeansthatAmericansbelie

20、vetheyshouldstandontheirownfeet,achievingbothfinancialandemotionalindependencefromtheirparentsasearlyaspossible,usuallybyage18or21.AsecondimportantreasonwhyimmigrantshavetraditionallybeendrawntotheUnitedStatesisthebeliefthateveryonehasaequalchancetoenteraraceandsucceedinthegame.Becausetitlesofnobili

21、tywereforbiddenintheConstitution,noformalclasssystemdevelopedintheU.S.Thereis,however,apricetobepaidforthisequalityofopportunity:competition.Ifmuchoflifeisseenasrace,thenapersonmustruntheraceinordertosucceed;apersonmustcompetewithothers.ThepressuresofcompetitioninthelifeofanAmericanbegininchildhooda

22、ndcontinueuntilretirementfromwork.Infact,anygroupofpeoplewhodoesnotcompetesuccessfullydoesnotfitintothemainstreamofAmericanlifeaswellasthosewhodo.AthirdreasonwhyimmigrantshavetraditionallycometotheUnitedStatesistohaveabetterlife.Becauseofitsabundantnaturalresources,theUnitedStatesappearedtobea“lando

23、fplentywheremillionscouldcometoseektheirfortunes.Thephrase“goingfromragstoriches”becameasloganfortheAmericandream.Manypeopledidachievematerialsuccess.MaterialwealthbecameavaluetotheAmericanpeople,anditalsobecameanacceptedmeasureofsocialstatus.Americanspayaprice,however,fortheirmaterialwealth:hardwor

24、k.HardworkhasbeenbothnecessaryandrewardingformostAmericansthroughouttheirhistory.Insomeways,materialpossessionsareseenasevidenceofpeoplesabilities.BarryGoldwater,acandidateforthepresidencyin1964,saidthatmostpoorpeoplearepoorbecausetheydeservetobe.MostAmericanswouldfindthisaharshstatement,butmanymigh

25、tthinktherewassometruthinit.ThesebasicvaluesdonottellthewholestoryoftheAmericancharacter.Rather,theyshouldbethoughtofasthemes,aswecontinuetoexploremorefacetsoftheAmericancharacterandhowitaffectslifeintheUnitedStates.Para.4seemstosuggestthat.Americansarebornwithasenseofcompetitionthepressureofcompeti

26、tionbeginswhenonestartsworksuccessfulcompetitionisessentialinAmericansocietycompetitionresultsinequalityofopportunitiesWhichofthefollowingmethodsdoestheauthormainlyuseinexplainingAmericanvalues?ComparisonD.CauseandeffectDefinitionProcessanalysisPASSAGETWOTheNobelsaretheoriginals,ofcourse.AlfredNobel

27、,themanwhoinventeddeadlyexplosives,decidedtotryanddosomethinggoodwithallthemoneyheearned,andgaveprizestopeoplewhomadeprogressinliterature,science,economicsandperhapsmostimportantlypeace.NotallrewardsareasnobleastheNobels.Eventhoughmostcountrieshaveasystemofrecognizing,honoringandrewardingpeoplewhoha

28、vedonesomethinggoodintheircountries,therearenowhundredsofawardsandawardceremoniesforallkindsofthings.TheOscarsareprobablythemostfamous,atimeforthe(mostly)Americanfilmindustrytotellitselfhowgooditisandanannualopportunityforlotsofbigstarstogiveeachotherawardsandmaketearfulspeeches.Aswellasthatthereare

29、alsotheGoldenGlobes,evidentlyforthesamething.Butitsnotonlyfilms-therearealsoGrammies,Brits,theMercuryPrizeandtheMTVformusic.InBritain,awriterwhowinstheBookerPrizecanexpecttoseetheirdifficult,literarynovelhitthebestsellerlistsandcompetewiththeDaVinciCodeforpopularity.TheTurnerPrizeisanawardforBritish

30、contemporaryartistseachyearitcausescontroversybyapparentlygivinglotsofmoneytoartistswhodothingslikedisplayingtheirbeds,puttinganimalsinglasscasesorthisyearbuildingagardenshed.Awardsdontonlyexistforarts.TherearenowawardsforSportsPersonalityoftheYear,forEuropeanFootballeroftheYearandWorldFootballeroft

31、heYear.Thisseemsverystrangesometimesawardscanbegoodtogiverecognitiontopeoplewhodeserveit,ortohelppeoplewhodontmakealotofmoneycarryontheirworkwithoutworryingaboutfinances,butprofessionalsoccerplayersthesedayscertainlyarentshortofcash!Manysmalltownsandcommunitiesallovertheworldalsohavetheirownawardcer

32、emonies,forlocalwritersorartists,orjustforpeoplewhohavegraduatedfromhighschoolor,gotauniversitydegree.EventheBritishCouncilhasitsownawardsfor“InnovationinEnglishLanguageTeaching.Whyhavealltheseawardsandceremoniesappearedrecently?Shakespeareneverwonaprize,nordidLeonardoDaVinciorAdamSmithorCharlesDick

33、ens.Itwouldbepossibletosay,however,thatinthepast,scientistsandartistscouldwin“patronageformrichpeopleakingoralordwouldgivetheartistsorscientistsmoneytohavethempainttheirpalacesorhelpthemdevelopnewwaysofmakingmoney.Withthechangeinsocialsystemsacrosstheworld,thisnolongerhappens.Alotofscientificresearc

34、hisnoweitherfundedbythestateorbyprivatecompanies.Perhapsawardceremoniesarejustthemostrecentphaseofthisprocess.However,thereismoretoitthanthat.WhenafilmwinsanOscar,manymorepeoplewillgoandseeit,orbuytheDVD.WhenawriterwinstheNobelPrize,manymorepeoplebuytheirbooks.WhenagroupwinstheMTVawards,theceremonyi

35、sseenbyhundredsofthousandsofpeopleacrosstheworld.Theresult?Thegroupsellslotsmorerecords.Mostawardceremoniesarenowsponsoredbybigorganizationsorcompanies.Thismeansthatitisnotonlythepersonwhowinstheawardwhobenefits-butalsothesponsors.TheMTVawards,forexample,aregreatforpublicizingnotonlymusic,butalsoMTV

36、itself!Onthesurface,itseemstobea“Win-winsituation,witheveryonebeinghappy,butletmeaskyouaquestionhowfardoyouthinkthatpublicityandmarketingarewinninghere,andhowmuchgenuinerecognitionofachievementistakingplace?WhatistheauthorstonewhenhementionsawardssuchastheOscars,theGoldenGlobesandGrammies(Paras.3&4)

37、Amused.Appreciative.Sarcastic.Serious.AccordingtoPara.4,whatwouldhappentoawardwinningwriters?Theywouldenjoyamuchlargerreadership.Theywouldturntopopularnovelwriting.Theywouldcontinuenon-fictionwriting.Theywouldtrycontroversialformsofart.WhichofthefollowingstatementsbestsumsupPara.6?Awardsceremoniesar

38、eheldforlocalpeople.Awardsceremoniesareheldonimportantoccasions.Awardsceremoniesareheldincertainprofessions.Awardsceremoniesareheldforallsortsofreasons.AccordingtoPara.8,onedifferencebetweenscientistsandartistsinthepastandthoseatpresentliesin.natureofworkpersonalcontactsourceoffundingsocialstatusItc

39、anbeconcludedfromPmotemarketratherthanachievementsdogoodtobothmarketandpopularityhelpthosewhoarereallytalentedareeffectiveinmakingpeoplepopularPASSAGETHREEKnowingthatMrs.Mallardsufferedfromahearttrouble,greatcarewastakentobreaktoherasgentlyaspossiblethenewsofherhus

40、bandsdeath.ItwashersisterJosephinewhotoldher,inbrokensentences.HerhusbandsfriendRichardswasthere,too.Itwashewhohadbeeninthenewspaperofficewhennewsoftherailroaddisasterwasreceived,withBrentlyMallardsnameleadingthelistof“killed.Hehadonlytakenthetimetoassurehimselfofitstruthbyasecondtelegram.Sheweptato

41、nce,inhersistersarms.Whenthestormofsadnesshadspentitselfshewentawaytoherroomalone.Shewouldhavenoonefollowher.Therestood,facingtheopenwindow,acomfortablearmchair.Intothisshesank,presseddownbyaphysicalexhaustionthathauntedherbodyandseemedtoreachintohersoul.Shecouldseeintheopensquarebeforeherhousetheto

42、psoftrees.Thedeliciousbreathofrainwasintheair.Thenotesofadistantsongwhichsomeonewassingingreachedher,andcountlesssparrowsweretwitteringintheeaves).Therewerepatchesofblueskyshowinghereandtherethroughthecloudsthathadmetandpiledabovetheotherinthewestfacingherwindow.Shesatwithherheadthrownbackuponthecus

43、hionofthechair,quitemotionless,exceptwhenasobcameupintoherthroatandshookher,asachildwhohascrieditselftosleepcontinuestosobinitsdreams.Shewasyoung,withafair,calmface,whoselinesbespokerepressionandevenacertainstrength.Butnowtherewasadullstareinhereyes,whosegazewasfixedawayoffyonderononeofthosepatcheso

44、fbluesky.Itwasnotaglaneeofreflection,butratherindicatedasuspensionofintelligentthought.Therewassomethingcomingtoherandshewaswaitingforit,fearfully.Whatwasit?Shedidnotknow;itwastoosubtleandelusivetoname.Butshefeltit,creepingoutofthesky,reachingtowardherthroughthesounds,thescents,thecolorthatfilledthe

45、air.Nowherbosomroseandfelltumultuously.Shewasbeginningtorecognizethisthingthatwasapproachingtopossessher,andshewasstrivingtobeatitbackwithherwill-aspowerlessashertwowhiteslenderhandswouldhavebeen.Whensheabandonedherselfalittlewhisperedwordescapedherslightlypartedlips.Shesaiditoverandoverunderherbrea

46、th:Free,free,free!Thevacantstareandthelookofterrorthathadfolloweditwentfromhereyes.Theystayedkeenandbright.Herpulsesbeatfast,andthecoursingbloodwarmedandrelaxedeveryinchofherbody.Sheknewthatshewouldweepagainwhenshesawthekind,tenderhandsfoldedindeath;thefacethathadneverlookedsavewithloveuponher,fixed

47、andgrayanddead.Butshesawbeyondthatbittermomentalongprocessionofyearstocomethatwouldbelongtoherabsolutely.Andsheopenedandspreadherarmsouttotheminwelcome.Therewouldbenoonetoliveforherduringthosecomingyears;shewouldliveforherself.Therewouldbenopowerfulwillbendingherinthatblindpersisteneewithwhichmenand

48、womenbelievetheyhavearighttoimposeaprivatewilluponafellow-creature.Andyetshehadlovedhim-sometimes.Oftenshehadnot.Whatdiditmatter!Whatcouldlove,theunsolvedmystery,countforinfaceofthispossessionofself-assertion,whichshesuddenlyrecognizedasthestrongestimpulseofherbeing!“Free!Bodyandsoulfree!”shekeptwhi

49、spering.Josephinewaskneelingbeforethecloseddoorwithherlipstothekeyhole,imploringforadmission.Louise,openthedoor!Ibeg;openthedoor-youwillmakeyourselfill.Whatareyoudoing,Louise?Forheavenssakeopenthedoor.Goaway.Iamnotmakingmyselfill.No;shewasdrinkinginaveryelixir(长生不老药)oflifethroughthatopenwindow.Herfa

50、ncywasrunningriotalongthosedaysaheadofher.Springdays,andsummerdays,andallsortsofdaysthatwouldbeherown.Shebreathedaquickprayerthatlifemightbelong.Itwasonlyyesterdayshehadthoughtwithashudderthatlifemightbelong.Shearoseatlengthandopenedthedoortohersistersimportunities.Therewasafeverishtriumphinhereyes,andshecarriedherselfunwittinglylikeagoddessofVictory.Sheclaspedhersisterswaist,andtogethertheydescendedthestairs.Richardsstoodwaitingforthematthebottom.Someonewasopeningthefrontdoorwithalatchkey.ItwasBrentlyMallardwhoentered,alittletravel-stained,composedlycarryinghisgripsackandumbre