自考外语教学法第一章课后

1、自考外语授课法第一章课后附答案自考外语授课法第一章课后附答案自考外语授课法第一章课后附答案第一章1-WhatarethefunctionandresultofthetwocontroversiesinancientGreece?古希腊两个出名论辩的功能和结果?Onecontroversywasbetweenthenaturalistsandtheconventionalists.Thenaturalistsarguedthattheformofwordsreflectedthenatureofobjects.Theconventionaliststhoughtthatlanguagewasco

2、nventionalandtherewasnologicconnectionbetweenformandmeaningofwords.Theothercontroversywasbetweentheanalogiataandtheanomalistsontheregularitiesoflanguage.Theanalogistsclaimedlanguagewasregularandtherewererulesforpeopletofollow.Theanomalistsmaintainedtherewerenorules.Theirdebaterousedpeoplesinterestin

3、languageandledthemtothedetailedstudyofGreek.ThedirectresultwastheappearanceofabookofGreekgrammar.2Whatarethemainfeaturesoftraditionallinguistics?传统语言学的主要特色TraditionalLinguisticswaspracticalinnature.Peoplemadeastudyoflanguageinordertoreadclassicworks.Traditionallinguistsbelievedthatthewrittenformofla

4、nguagewassuperiortospokenform.Theytriedtosetupprinciplesandstandardsforpeopletouselanguagecorrectly.3-WhatarethecontributionsmadebyFranzBoas,EdwardSapirandLeonardBloomfieldtothedevelopmentofAmericanstructuralism?FranzBoas,EdwardSapirandLeonardBloomfield对美国结构主义发展的贡献FranzBoasandEdwardSapirwereforerunn

5、ersofAmericanstructuralism.BoasstudiedtheAmericanIndianslanguagesandfoundthatthetraditionalgrammaticalmodelcouldnotbeusedtoanalysethestructureofthoselanguages.Hehadtodescribethoselanguageastheywereused.ThisstartedAmericanstructuralism.LeonardBloomfieldacceptedthetheoriesandprinciplesofFranzBoas.Hear

6、guedthatlinguistsshoulddescribeinsteadofprescribingwhatpeoplesayandshouldtakeaninductiveapproachinanalyzingdata.In1933,hepublishedthebookLanguage.ItsoonbecamethebibleofAmericanstructuralism.4-WhatistheinfluenceofbehaviorismoverAmericanstructuralism?行为主义对美国结构主义的影响In1933,theAmericanpsychologistJohnWat

7、sonpublishedanarticleentitledPsychologyasBehavioristViewsIt.Thiswastheformalintroductionbehaviorism.Watsonbelievedwehadnodirectwaytoobservetheanimalsmind.Wecouldonlyobservetheanimalsbehaviorandtheexternalenvironmentalconditions.Behavioristsstudiedtherelationbetweenstimuliandresponses.Theydividedlear

8、ningprocessintotwokinds.Onekindisnowcalledclassicconditioning.Theotheriscalledoperantconditioning.Behaviorismhelpedthedevelopmentofstructuralism.5-WhatisChomskysexplanationofthefirstlanguageacquisitionprocess?乔姆斯基对母语获得的讲解Chomskyassumesthatchildrenarebornwithalanguageacquisitiondevice(LAD).ThisLADism

9、adeupofasetofgeneralprinciplescalleduniversalgrammar.Whenthechildisborn,theparticularlanguageenvironmentwilltriggertheLAD.Childrenslanguageacquisitionprocesscompleteswhentheuniversalgrammarissuccessfullytransformedintothegrammarofaparticularlanguage.6-Whatisthedifferencebetweenlinguisticcompetencean

10、dlinguisticperformance?语言能力和语言应用的不同样Linguisticcompetencereferstotheinternalizedknowledgeofthelanguagethatanativespeakerofthatlanguagepossesses.Linguisticperformancereferstotheacturalutteranceproducedbythenativespeakers.7-Howdoestransformationalgenerativelinguisticsdifferinresearchmethods?在研究方法上变换生成语

11、言学有什么不同样?Transformationalgenerativelinguisticsopposesthestructuralistmethodoftakinglinguisticperformanceasthegoal.Italsoattackstheinductiveapproach.Itbelievesthatlinguisticsshouldstudythelinguisticcompetence,nottheperformance,ofthenativespeakerandtrytosetupasystemofrulesthatwillgenerateaninfinitenum

12、berofgrammaticalsentences.8-Whatisthemainfeatureoffunctionallinguistics?功能语言学的特色Functionallinguistics,foundedbyMalinowskianddevelopedbyFirth,believesthemeaningofanysinglewordistoahighdegreedependentonitscontextItintroducedthephrasecontextofsituation.Thetheoryisbasedonthenotionoffunctionincontext.Its

13、pointofviewisthatlinguisticeventsshouldbeaccountedforatthreeprimarylevels:substance,formandcontext.Thetheoryalsodividesaparticularsituationtypeintothreedimensions.9-WhatisthebasictheoryofGestaltpsychology?格式塔心理学的主要理论Gestaltpsychologyappearedinthe1920s.Itsresearchwasfocusedontheareaofperception,aimin

14、gattheexplorationoftherelationshipbetweenpartsandwholeinpeoplesperceptionalexperience.Itclaimedthatpeoplereceivedobjectsandscenesasorganizedwholesbeforetheynoticedtheircomponentparts.ThewordGestaltmeansorganizedshapeorwholeforminEnglish.10-Whatisthebasictheoryofpsychoanalysis?心里解析的主要理论Thebasictheory

15、ofpsychoanalysisisputforwardbyFreud.Thetheorydividedthemindintoconsciousandunconsciousmind.Theconsciousmindisonlyaverysmallpartofthewholemindwhiletherestremainsunconscious.Psychoanalysisaimstoanalysetheirrationalbehavorofpatients.11-Whataretheprinciplesofbehaviorism?行为主义的原则Theprinciplesofbehaviorism

16、areasfollow:Psychologistsshouldstudywhatcouldbeobservedpubliclyandobjectivelyinsteadofconsideringanimalsmentaleventsbecausethesethingscouldnotbeseen.Behaviorismbelievesthatthestudyshouldbefocusedonlearningandtherelationbetweenstimuliandresponses.12-Whatisthedifferencebetweenclassicalconditioningando

17、perantconditioning?经典性和操作性条件反射的差异Classicalconditioningmeansthestimulusthatdoesnotelicitaresponsecomestoelicitaresponseafteritispairedseveraltimeswithastimulusthatalreadyelicitedaresponse.Operantconditioningmeanstheoccurrenceofaresponsewillbedeterminedbytheconsequenceoftheresponse.13-Whatarethethreef

18、actorsthathavehelpedtosetupthecognitivepsychology?认贴心理学发展的三个前提条件Thethreefactorsarethedevelopmentofcomputertechnology,JeanPiagetsresearchworkonthereasoningabilitiesofchildren,andtheworkoftheAmericanlinguistChomsky.14-Howdoesthecognitivepsychologyexplaintheacquisitionofknowledge?认贴心理学如何讲解知识获得Thetermco

19、gnitivemeansknowledgeandcognitivepsychologycanbedefinedasthestudyofpeoplesabilitytoacquire,organize,rememberanduseknowledgetoguidetheirbehaviour.Asfortheacquisitionofknowledge,cognitivepsychologybelievesthattherearetwoprincipaltypesofcognitivestructureswhicharecalledschemasandconcepts.Theschemasrefe

20、rtosetsofrulesthatdefinecategoriesofbehaviourandconceptsarerulesthatdescribepropertiesofeventsandtheirrelationswithoneanother.Childrenacquireschemasandconceptsbyinteractingwiththeirenvironmentwiththehelpoftwoprocessesassimilationandaccommodation.15-Howdoesthehabit-formationtheoryexplainthesecondlang

21、uageacquisitionprocess?习惯养成论如何讲解二语获得过程Habit-formationtheorywasputforwardbyagroupofbehaviorists.Accordingtotheirtheory,learningasecondlanguagemeanstheformationofanewsetoflinguistichabits.Imitationandpracticeplaynimportantroleintheprocessofhabit-formation.Imitationwillhelplearnersidentifytheassociatio

22、nbetweenstimuliandresponseswhilepracticewillreinforcetheassociationandhelplearnerstoformthenewlinguistichabit.16-howdoesthehypothesisoflinguisticuniversalsexplainthesecondlanguageacquisitionprocess?语言共性说Thehypothesissaysthereexistcertainlinguisticpropertieswhicharetruetoallnaturallanguagesintocoregr

23、ammarandperipheralgrammar.Humanbeingsarebornwithalanguageacquisitiondevice(LAD).Thesecondlanguagelearnersusuallyacquirethecoregrammarofthetargetlanguageandthentheperipheralgrammar.Thecoregrammarofthelearnersmothertonguewillhelpthelearnerstolearnthetargetlanguage.17-Howdoestheacculturationtheoryexpla

24、inthesecondlanguageacquisition?文化传达说Acculturationmeansindividualsofoneculturehavetogothroughtheprocessofmodificationinattitudes,knowledgeandbehaviorinordertodowellinanotherculture.Itbelievesthatsecondlanguageacquisitionisjustoneaspectofacculturationandthedegreeofacculturationwillcontrolthedegreeofse

25、condlanguageacquisition.18-Howdoesthediscoursetheoryexplainthesecondlanguageacquisitionprocess?话语情境说Thediscoursetheoryarguesthatthereislittledifferencebetweenthefirstlanguageacquisitionprocessandtheprocessofthesecondlanguageacquisitiononlythroughcommunicationdiscoursecanthelearneracquirethesecondlan

26、guage.19-Whatarethefivehypothesisofthemonitortheory?Theyaretheacquisitionlearninghypothesis,themonitorhypothesis,thenaturalorderhypothesis,theinputhypothesis,andtheaffectivefilterhypothesis.20-Howdoesthecognitivetheoryexplainthesecondlanguageacquisitionprocess?Thecognitivetheoryclaimsthatsecondlangu

27、agelearningshouldberegardedastheacquisitionofacomplexcognitiveskill.Theprocessofsecondlanguageacquisitionisaprocessinwhichtheinternalrepresentationsarebeingrestructuredconstantly.Theacquisitioninvolvestwoprocess-automaticityandrestructuring.Languagelearningatthebeginningstageinvolvesnoneoftheprocess

28、ofrestructuring.21-WhataretheprinciplesandconsequencesoftheReformMovement?TheprinciplesoftheReformMovementweretheprimacyofspeech,thecentralityoftheconnectedtextasthekernelofthelanguageteachingprocess,andtheabsolutepriorityofanoralmethodintheclassroom.Theconsequencesweregreat.Manypeopletookpartinthereformandmovement.Alotofbookwerepublished.Anappliedlinguisticapproachtolanguageteachingbegantotakeshape.22-WhatsthecontributionmadebyDanielJonesandHaroldPalmertothedevelopmentofDanielJonesteaching?DanielJoneswasthefir