神经解剖学课件：The cerebellum

1、The cerebellum1. position: it is the 2nd largest portion of the brain. The cerebellum lies in the posterior cranial fossa; is covered by the tentorium cerebelli; and lies behind the pons and medulla oblongata.2. external features: 1). Dividing: the cerebellum can be divided into the 2 cerebellar hem

2、ispheres and cerebellar vermis.2). Features:superior aspect: primary fissure, horizontal fissure, postlunate fissure, superior semilunar loble, inferior semilunar loble2). Features:Inferior aspect: cerebellar vermis, uvula vermis, pyramid of vermis, floccule绒球, nodule(floccule and nodule are called

3、as flocculonodular lobe), posterolateral fissure, tonsil cerebellum, superior cerebellar peduncle, middle cerebellar peduncle, inferior cerebellar peduncleThe tonsil cerebellum lies at the superior to the foramen magnum. 小结蚓垂蚓锥蚓结节3). Cerebellar lobes: the cerebellum can be divided into 3 lobes, depe

4、nding on the position.Anterior lobe: it is the part of the anterior to the primary fissurePosterior lobe: it lies between the primary fissure and posterolateral fissure.Flocculonodular lobe: it is consist of the floccule and nodule.Depending on the evolution and growing, the cerebellum is divided in

5、to 3 parts * archicerebellum 古小脑(vestibulocerebrllum)including flocculonodular lobe *paleocerebellum 旧小脑(spinocerebellum)including Anterior lobe, uvula vermis, pyramid of vermis *neocerebebellum 新小脑(pontocerebellum)including the most of posterior lobe3. internal structure: to include cerebellar cort

6、ex that is surface layer of the grey matter, and cerebellar medullary centre of white matter;There are 4 pairs of central nuclei中央核 of the crerbellum embedded in the medullary centre. 顶核球状核栓状核齿状核4. 3 pairs of peduncles connecting with the cerebellum 1）inferior cerebellar peduncle: it is composed of

7、the fibres from inferior olivary nucleus, the dorsal spinocerebellar tract, vestibular nuclei;2) middle cerebellar peduncle: it is corticopontocerebellar fibres 皮质脑桥小脑束（纤维） So, the inferior and middle cerebellar peduncle are the fibres entering the cerebellum.3) superior cerebellar peduncle: it cons

8、ists mainly of the efferent fibers from the central nuclei of the crerbellum.Such as cerebelopontospinal tract小脑-脑桥-脊髓束5. function of the cerebellum: 1) The vestibulocerebellum is concerned with the maintenance of equilibrium (or balance).维持平衡2) The spinaocerebellum is influencing muscular tension a

9、nd synergy of muscle.调节肌张力3) The pontocerebellum is the coordination of muscles for accuracy of nonstereotyped movement.协调肌的（准确）运动The diencephalon间 脑 The diencephalon being almost entirely surrounded by the hemispheres of the cerebrum, only the ventral surface of the diencephalon is exposed to view.

10、 The diencephalon is divided in the symmetrical halves by the 3rd ventricle第3脑室. So, the lateral wall of the diencephalon is fused with the hemispheres of the cerebrum. The diencephalon can be divided into 5 parts, each half: Thalamus(or dorsal thalamus), 背侧丘脑 posterior thalamus （metathalamus）, 后丘脑

11、epithalamus, 上丘脑 hypothalamus, 下丘脑 subthalamus 底丘脑 between the dorsal tegmentum of midbrain 中脑被盖and thalamusIntermediate mass中间块(1). Thalamus(or dorsal thalamus): it makes up four-fifths of the diencephalon; is egg-shaped grey mass; and is subdivided, by the Y-shaped internal medullary lamina, into

12、3 partsanterior nuclei, lateral nuclei, and medial nuclei. Each part contains many nuclei. Very important nuclei are ventral posterolateral nucleus (VPL)and ventral posteromedial nucleus(VPM). 腹后内侧核It is a oval mass.It has been similar in size and shape to a small egg.fibres connected with nuclei(1)

13、 Ventral posterolateral nucleus ventral posterolateral nucleus, the nucleus giving off the fibers to form thalamocortical tract, known as middle/central thalamic radiation, through the internal capsule, ending in the general sensory area of the cortex on the cerebrum Spinal lemniscusMedial lemniscus

14、pseudo-unipolarVPL(2) Ventral posteromedial nucleus trigeminal lemniscus accompanying with medial lemniscus, running through the pons, midbrain, ending in the ventral posteromedial nucleus, the fibers from the ventroposteral medial nucleus forming the thalamocortical tract, coursing through the inte

15、rnal capsule to the inferior part of the postcentral gyrus VPM2) main function of the dorsal thalamus* it is the sensory (finally) relay nucleus* it is the rough sensory center under the cerebral cortexmeans the thalamus can feel the sense; but the sense in the thalamus can not define the sensory po

16、sition on the skin; can not indicate or point out the stimulative character to the skin.* the ventral anterior nucleus and ventral lateral nucleus, giving off the fibers to motor area, are concerned with muscular actions. (2) posterior thalamusIt includes medial geniculate body and lateral geniculat

17、e body 外侧膝状体1) Fibres connected with nuclei* lateral lemniscus, ending in the inferior colliculus, the fibers (forming the brachia of inferior colliculus) terminating in the medial geniculate body, the fibers to join the auditory radiation, through the posterior limb of the internal capsule, to the

18、transverse temporal gyri(auditory area)optic nerve, optic chiasma, optic tract, lateral geniculate body, fibers from the lateral geniculate body forming the optic radiation, through the posterior limb of the internal capsule, terminating on both banks of the calcarine sulcus(visual area) 距状沟上下皮质2) f

19、unction of the posterior thalamusIt is the auditory and visual relay nucleus (中继核团)(3) epithalamus: 上丘脑including habenular trigone,缰三角 habenular nuclei, habenular commissure, 缰连合 pineal body(endocrine gland) 松果体(4) hypothalamus: 下丘脑1) main external structuresHypothalamic sulcusMammillary bodyOptic chiasmaOptic tractInfundibulum 漏斗Hypophysis 垂体Hypothalamus 下丘脑hypophysisOptic tractOculomotor nerveMammillary bodyCerebral peduncle PonsNuclei of HypothalamusParaventricular n