论《傲慢与偏见》中的英国贵族

1、论傲慢与偏见中的英国贵族OnBritishAristocratsinPrideandPrejudiceAThesisSubmittedinPartialFulfillmentoftheRequirementsFortheDegreeofBachelorofArtsinEnglishAcknowledgementsIoweprofounddebtofgratitudetomanypeoplewhohavegreatlycontributedtothedevelopmentofthisthesisintheirspecialwaysduringtheyearthatithasbeeninprepa

2、ration.Firstofall,myheartfeltthanksandappreciationgotomysupervisor,Sunhaiyan,forherpatienttutorship,in-depthcommentandinvaluableadviceinpreparingmymanuscriptthroughthebeginningtotheend.Ithasbeenagreatprivilegeandjoytostudyunderherguidanceandencouragement.Withoutherexpertcomments,suggestionsandmodifi

3、cations,mythesiswouldnothaveemergedinitspresentform.Meanwhile,specialthanksalsogotoalltheteacherswhohavegivenmeadvices.Iwouldliketoexpressmygratitudefortheirenlighteninginstructionandwarm-heartedassistance.Atlast,mythanksgotomybelovedfamilyfortheirlovingconsiderationsandgreatconfidenceinmeallthrough

4、theseyears.Ialsoowemysinceregratitudetomyfriendsandmyfellowclassmateswhogavemetheirhelpandtimeinlisteningtomeandhelpingmeworkoutmyproblemsduringthedifficultcourseofthethesis.容摘要本文通过对傲慢与偏见中对中产阶级乡村生活和不同任务婚姻观、价值观的描写，再结合当时英国社会的政治文化背景进行分析，从而了解贵族阶层的生活方式，价值观念和发展趋势。本文阐述了贵族体制在历史发展的长河中逐渐走向衰落。人们关注的不再只是贵族的名号和经济

5、地位，而是超越了保守的世俗观念，开始重视开放型、自主型的理念。关键词：英国贵族；价值观念；婚姻观AbstractBydescribingtherurallifeofmiddleclass,differentattitudestowardsmarriageandvaluesinPrideandPrejudice,theauthorofthisthesisanalyzesthepoliticalandculturalbackgroundofBritainofthattime,sothelifestyle,valuesandtrendofaristocracycouldbeunderstood.Th

6、eauthorusestheillustrationmethod,andrevealsthatthearistocraticsystemdeclinesgraduallyinhistory.Whatpeoplecarearenotthearistocratictitlesandeconomicstatus,buttheopenandself-reliantnotion,whichsurpasstheconservation.Keywords:Britisharistocracy;Values;AttitudestowardsmarriageContents TOC o 1-5 h z Cove

7、ri HYPERLINK l bookmark3 o Current Document AcknowledgementsiiAbstractinChineseiiiAbstractinEnglishivTableOfContentsv HYPERLINK l bookmark11 o Current Document Introduction1 HYPERLINK l bookmark13 o Current Document :BritishAristocracyintheHistory2 HYPERLINK l bookmark15 o Current Document TheDevelo

8、pmentofBritishAristocracy2 HYPERLINK l bookmark17 o Current Document TheAttributeoftheBritishAristocraticClass4 HYPERLINK l bookmark19 o Current Document :JaneAustensCreativeBackground6 HYPERLINK l bookmark21 o Current Document JaneAustensGrowthandLivingEnvironment6 HYPERLINK l bookmark23 o Current

9、Document TheMainPlotofPrideandPrejudice6 HYPERLINK l bookmark25 o Current Document ee:BritishAristocratsinPrideandPrejudice10 HYPERLINK l bookmark27 o Current Document TheConditionofBritishAristocraticinthe19thCentury10ADescriptionoftheTraditionalBritishSocietyinPrideandPrejudice10 HYPERLINK l bookm

10、ark29 o Current Document r:AViewofAristocracyEvolutioninPrideandPrejudice12 HYPERLINK l bookmark32 o Current Document e:Conclusion15 HYPERLINK l bookmark34 o Current Document Bibliography16IntroductionPrideandPrejudiceisawell-knownnovelinthecontemporarysociety.Itreflectedthesituationduringtheendof18

11、thcenturytothebeginningofthe19thcentury.ThisarticleshowshistoricalcourseoftheBritisharistocracyinup-and-downdevelopment.Accordingtothelifestyle,pursuitandvaluesofthearistocracy.AlltheabovecandescribedifferentreflectionoftheBritisharistocracyatthattimeandtheoppositeinfluencingbetweenthesocietyandthea

12、ristocracy.ThemeanoftheBritisharistocracystudyingwhichcluedtheirlifestyleandnotionistochoosebetterthingtouseinourlifeandrecognizetheworsethingtoavoidcopying.Forthereason,literatureprovidesaverypowerfulmediumforreflectinganddiscoveringtruthsoflife.Bydescribingtherurallifeofmiddleclass,differentattitu

13、destowardsmarriageandvaluesinPrideandPrejudice,theauthoranalyzesthepoliticalandculturalbackgroundofBritainofthattime,sothelifestyle,valuesandtrendofaristocracycouldbeunderstood.Theauthorofthisthesisusethe川ustrationmethod,andrevealsthatthearistocraticsystemdeclinesgraduallyinhistory.Whatpeoplecareare

14、notthearistocratictitlesandeconomicstatus,buttheopenandself-reliantnotion,whichsurpasstheconservation.ChapterOneBritishAristocracyintheHistoryTheDevelopmentofBritishAristocracyTheBritisharistocracyisasystemofancientpoliticalheritage,itsorigincanbetracedbacktotheAnglo-Saxontimesof1000yearsagoinwester

15、nsocieties.HistoryofAnglo-Saxonbeganinthe5thcentury.TheWesternRomanEmpirecollapsedundertheconquerorsinvading,andthewesternworldlostinthedarkandbloodyage,whichwasfullofwars,lasted500years.ThreeTeutonictribesfromthenorthwestoftheEuropeancontinenthadcrossedtheEnglishChannelandlandedonthelandofEnglandby

16、themiddleof5thcentury.Theywholedbytheirmilitaryleaderwenton,insertedintohinterland,killed,pillagedandconqueredthenatives,thenestablisheddozensofsmallcountries.Fromthaton,thewarsamongthecountriesdidnotstop.Beforeinvaderscame,thesetribeswereintheendofprimitivesocietywherethetriballeaderswereelectedbyt

17、heassembly.Becauseoftheirprominentposition,theycouldowntherepublicpropertybytheirpowerandprivilege.Astheprivilegetheyhad,thefairrelationsbetweentheclansweredestroyedgradually.Socialstructure,whichwasbasedontherelationofconsanguinity,startedtobedisintegrated.Theleadersofthetribesturnedtothemilitaryar

18、istocracy.Withthecollapseofdemocracyintheendofprimitivesociety,theemergenceofkingandfledglingnationproducedtheearliestformationofamilitaryaristocracy.Newprivilegedclassemerged.MilitaryaristocracyistheearliestformoftheBritisharistocracyBecauseofthedifferencesinregions,theamountofproperty,statusandthe

19、titles,theyweredividedintodifferentclasses.Atthefirsttime,thearistocraticclans,whohadpoliticalprivileges,theyusuallyaccessedtothecourts,helpedtheKinggovernthecountry,gatheredtheunitsforthekingbeforethewarbroke,madeplansinanysidesforthekingandledthearmiestofightinthebattlefields.Theaboveseemsobvious:

20、theyweremilitaryaristocracieswhoweresimilartoroyalistsfortheking.Afterthattheywerecalled“thegn”,whichmeans“servetheothatusandtheirstweredecidedbytheobjecttheyserved.Atthattime,many“CarvecFall”(freefarmers)wereturnedintoalossofliberty“Neverland”(serfs),whowerenotallowedtoleftthelandsfreely,mustservet

21、heseculararistocracyorchurchandcarryotherfeudalobligations(阎照详，2000：11-12：).ThedonationthattheroyalgavetothechurchcouldtracebacktotheperiodthattheChristianjustcameintotheUK.Theking,whoconsideredhimselfasdescendantoftheGod,wouldrathertogivetheestatestothemonasteriesandthechurchesfortheblessingofGodan

22、dreligioussupports.Withtheseculararistocracyoccurring,thelands,whichwereoccupiedbythechurchesandthemonasteries,werequiteconsiderable.Thatresultsintheformationofchurcharistocracywhocompletewiththeseculareliteinnationaleconomyandpoliticallife.Theabovehadshownout,themilitaryandchurcharistocracybecoming

23、lordandthebroadmassesofpeasantsbecomingserfsofBritishfeudalaristocracymarkstheinitialformationofthesystem,andthefeudalmodeofproductionandclassrelationsarethebasicconditionsforthedevelopmentoftheAnglo-SaxonEnglandnobility.Fromthemid-fifthcenturytothebeginningof“NormanConquest”theNormandyhadabetterfeu

24、dalsystem.DukeWilliamthetoplorddividedalllandinto1200chevalierFieftothechevalieratalllevels.TheNormandyformedarathertypicalchevalieraristocraticgroup.Theygotlandsfromthefeudallordsandtheneededtogivetheirservice.Atthesametime,theygavethelands,whichtheyhadtotheirservantsbythesamewayandtheservantsmustg

25、iveserviceloyally.Inthisway,thefeudalNormandyestablishedasocialhierarchystructurejustlikethepyramidandformedanarmy,whichwereequippedwithgoodequipments,hadastablenumber,obeytheDuke.There,thecourtwasthecenterforgoverningthecountry,nonobilitywereallowedtobuildthecastlesorprivatesdefense.Theviscountsaro

26、undtheDukemightsafeguardthebenefitsofDukeandcarriedoutthedecisionofDuke.NormanConquestistheeventinBritishhistory,whichhadobviouslycarriedsignificantimpactontheprocessedofBritishhistory,whichhadchangedstructureandorganizationalformsoftheBritisharistocracy,andwhichhadgivenprofoundinfluencetothefutureg

27、enerations.TheintrudersinordertoexpandedtheresultsinbattleafterwinningthewarinHastingsandwenttoinsertintoinlandofEnglandforkillingtherestones,whichmadeLondonsurrenderwithoutwar.WilliamssupportersSupportedhimtobethekings.WilliamcrownedhimselfinWestminsteratChristmasin1066,thenhewascalledW川iaml“andals

28、owascalled”theconquerorW川iam“atthmetimeintheBritishhistory.ThenAnglo-NormanKingdomappeared.Atthattime,theBritisharistocracyandchroniclershadeverconsidered“Williamasyrannicalonewhograbthethrone.Infact,themonarchyisformationatleastinthreewaysinmedievalBritain（阎照祥，2000:33-34）:Thefirst,therighttoinherit

29、thethronetransmissiondependsonvirtue-recognizedorigin,whichthekingascendedthethroneoccupiedaconsiderableproportion.Knutascendedthethronein1016justdependedonthesecondmannerthroughwhichhegotthecrownofEngland.Thethird,duringtheAnglo-Saxontimes,thisisasmallcountrywhichreceivedmostofthekingsthronebythemi

30、litaryconquestsandbloodofwars.“NormanConquestwasatypicalexample.TheAttributeoftheBritishAristocraticClassFromtheappearanceoffeudalaristocracytonow,theBritisharistocracyincludestwocategoriesasbelow:LordsSpiritualandLordsTemporal.Thesystemforreligionmanagementsetaroughstructureforthecomingmorethan1000

31、years,whichweredividedbytheparishesofEngland,andformedtheclassessystemofLordsSpiritual,archbishops,bishops,archimandritesandthearistocracyofmiddleandlowclasses.Accordingtotherank,therearetwocategoriesexceptkingsandseveralofficersinroyalingeneralaristocracy,theyareasbelow（欧志雄，舒小日匀2003:10）:Atfirst,ran

32、kthepeeragethathadfiveclasses,thatisduck,marques,earl,recountandbaron.Secondly,rankthegentrywhoobeyedbaronandknightevenknightandgentlemen.BesidesthenumbersoftimesofthechangefortheclassattributesofLordsTemporalwereuniqueintheworld.FromtheinvadingofAnglo-Saxontothe2Cth,theBritishLordsTemporalhadmadeup

33、of5partsasfollowing:themilitaryaristocracyoforiginaltribes,thearistocracyofthecapitalist,industryandbusinessaristocracyinthecapitalistandthePartyaristocracywhichwasatthecoreofmiddleclass.TheappearanceofthePartyaristocracyshowedthatthefundamentalchangeinthesystemofaristocracyandHouseofLords（阎照祥，2000:

34、91）.TheBritisharistocracyhadastrongsenseofsocialresponsibility,whoexemplifiedinboththearistocracysfightagainsttheforeignenemiesandthefightagainstthefeudalroyalpower.Thearistocracywouldinvolveinandtaketheeffectofleading.Britisharistocratshadthecharactersofadvocating,courageous,fair,rationalandself-ma

35、de（高红艳,戴卫平2007:180-181）.EachoftheBritisharistocraticclassabsorbedthesocialelitecontinuouslybyvariouschannelsandthepersonwhomadeindividualeffortsmightbeanobilityorahigherlevelofthesocialstratus,whichstimulatedpersonspiritforgoingforwardandspiritforself-motivated.Eachofclassinthesocietykeptupwiththear

36、istocracyafterthecultureofspiritforgoingforwardandspiritforself-motivated,whichhadbeenconsideredasprimaryculture.Thereisanexamplehere,theBritishcapitalistclasswhowasregardedasthemiddleclassintheperiodofindustrialrevolutiontriedtheirbesttoimitatethelifestyleofthearistocracy.Theywouldrathergiveuptheir

37、importantstatusineconomicfieldandbecomeagentlemanwhoiscompletelyindifferenttosociety”果新颖，龙献忠2004:16-18）.ChapterTwoJaneAustensCreativeBackgroundJaneAustensGrowthandLivingEnvironmentJaneAusten(17751817)wasafemalenovelist,whowasborninSteventonofHampshireofEngland,hadeightbrothersandsistersinall.Herfath

38、er,whowasawell-learnedpriest,hadbeenrectorinthereover40years.Hermotherwasborninaricherfamilyandhadbeeneducated.Austenhadneverstudiedinnormalcollege,butherfamilythathadexcellentsurroundingsforstudying,madeherstudybyherselfandtrainedhertobeinterestinwriting.Hernaturalgiftoflanguageexpressionwasshownwh

39、enshewas14yearsold.Shehadpublishedsixlongpieceoffictionasbelow:SenseandSensibilitywaspublishedin1811,whichwasthefirstnovelshehadpublished.Afterthat,PrideandPrejudicewaspublishedin1813,MansfieldParkwaspublishedin1814andEmmawaspublishedin1815.NorthangerAbbeyandPersuasionwaspublishedin1818,bothofthemwe

40、republishedaftertwoyearsofherdeathandweremarkedthetruenameoftheauthorAustenhadnotmarriedinherlifetime,forshelivedinaruraltownandgotintouchwithsmalllandowners,priest,otherfiguresandtheircomfortablesurroundings.Therewerenomajorsocialcontradictionsinherworks.Shedepictedthesurroundingsthatsheactuallyliv

41、edin.Especiallythedescriptionofmarriagesandlovestormsbetweengentlemenandladiesbyherdetailedandconsiderableobservationtofemalecharacteristics.Themostreaderswelcomedherworks,whichwerefullofeasyandhumorousstyleandwererichincomedyoftheconflict(Mukherjee34-41).TheMainPlotinPrideandPrejudicePrideandPrejud

42、icefocusesonapairofsistersastheypursuedtheprospectsformarriage.Therearefivesistersinall:Jane,Elizabeth,Mary,KittyandLydia.Theywhowerealongwiththeirmother,wouldbeforcedoftheirfatherssmallestateintheeventofhisdeath.Owingtotheabsenceamaleheir,Mr.Bennetpropertyhadpassedtothenearestmalerelativeofhis,Reve

43、rendW川iamCollins.ThisarrangementhadmadeMrs.Bennetincreasinglyanxioustomarryoffherdaughters.WhenMr.Bingleyrentsanearbymanorandarrivesatwithhissistersandafriend.Mrs.Bennetideaisthatitisabetterthingthatoneofherdaughterscouldmarriedhim,sothatthedaughterwouldrankamongtheupperclassandkeptherlifewell-to-do

44、.BingleyimmediatelyfellinlovewithJanebecauseofherbeauty,genteelandsweetness.HisnoblefriendMr.DarcyleftanastytasteinElizabethsmouthbywordswitharrogantattitude.Fromthattimeon,ElizabethheldarootedprejudiceagainstDarcy.Theyoungersisters,LydiaandKitty,werepleasedwiththeprospectsofferedbysomeyoungmilitary

45、officersstationedinMeryton.Oneofthem,WickhamappealedtogirlswholivedinMeryton,duetohishandsomeappearance.HeexpressedaspecialinterestinElizabethandtolcherDarcysjiunitreatmenttohim.ElizabethdisposedtoreturnhisregardandthereforewascertainofherprejudiceagainstDarcy.Attemptingtochangetheconditionsoftheent

46、ail,ReverendMr.CollinsvisitedtheMr.BennetswiththepurposeofmarryingoneoftheBennetsdaughters.WhenMr.CollinslearnedJanewasalreadyinlove,hechangedhisobjectimmediatelytoElizabeth,whorefusedhisintentionbecauseshecannotlovehim.Soonafterthat,ElizabethfriendCharlotteLucasacceptedhim.WhenBingleyleftsuddenlyfo

47、rLondon,ElizabethconcludedthatDarcyhadtalkedBingleyoutofproposingtoJane.BecauseheconsideredthatJanehadingloriousrelative.Intheeyesofthearistocracy,theserelativewasnotaccordwiththeirstatus.JanevisitedtheGardinersinLondonwhereMissBingleywhosuggestedthatherbrotherwastomarryDarcysistertreatedherwithmere

48、formalpoliteness.ElizabethmetDarcyaccidentallywhilevisitingCharlotteandMr.Collins,whohadtolivingontheestateofLadyCatherinedeBourgh,ahaughtysnobandDarcysaunt.ElizabethwasdumbfoundedandangrilyrejectedhimwhenDarcysuddenlyproposedtoher,andaccusedhimtobreakingupBingleyandJaneandofbeingunfairtoWickhamando

49、fhumiliatingherandherrelatives.Thenextdayhegaveheraletterforexplainingandjustifyinghisconduct.Atthebeginning,Elizabethbelieveditmustbefalse,butgraduallyshecametoacceptthetruthofdoingofDarcys.Shefeltashamedandadmittedthatuntilthismomentshehadneverknownherself.Thenshehadseenallthecharactersandincident

50、sinanewlightsincethattime.BothElisabethandDarcyabandonedtheirpersistenceandprejudice.Elisabethdidthatbecauseoftheprejudicebyhermisunderstanding.AswellasDarcyabandonedtheprejudiceofthenobilityclassmotion.Hehadeverbeenmiserable,butheovercamethedisparityoftheclassstatusandacceptedhisownemotionforElisab

51、ethundisturbed.AgainstElizabethsadvice,Mr.Benneted110ydiatovisitoneoftheofficersatthefashionableandsomewhatnotoriousresortofBrighton.Atthattime,ElizabethwentonajourneywiththeGardinersthroughscenicDerbyshire.TheGardinersvisitedDarcyestateofPemberlyinhisabsence.Thehousekeepergavethemaglowingreportofhe

52、rmasterscharacterandconduct.Ekizaborthreasonthanevertoregretherprejudiceagainsttheman.WhenDarcyreturnedunexpectedlywithhishospitalityandcomprehension.Nevertheless,thesepossibilitiesseemedtodashbyhersisterLydiaselopementwithWickham,whoihOntentiontomarryher.Bythesocialconventionofthetime,the“ruonuldaf

53、fedybhieiwarriageabilityofallhersisters.Distressedatthisnews,ElizabethblurteditouttoDarcy.DarcyfoundthecoupleandpressedWickhamintotoberesponsibleforhiscommitmentsothattheBennetfamilygoodnamewaspreserved.InAustensopinion,Lydiasbehaviorwasstupid.Darcygaveupsuperiorattitudeandshownopen-mindedcharactero

54、fgentleman.HehelpedtheBennet,themostimportanteffectwastogetridofnegativeeffectswhichclassstatushadcarried.WhentheBingleyandDarcyreturnedtotheneighborhood,BingleyandJanequicklyresumedtheirloveforoneanotherandengaged.ToElizabethissurprise,LadyCatherinedeBourgharrivedandhaughtilytriedtoextractapromisef

55、romElizabeththatshewouldnotmarryDarcy.Ashappenedtosuchdomineeringintriguers,heraimwasunderminebyherownactions:DarcylearntofElizabethsstandinguptohisauntandcomestoproposeagain.Thistimehewasaccepted.Inacharacteristic,Mrs.Bennetwasatypicalfigurewhohadconservativenotion.Onlysheconsideredhowcouldabletoas

56、cendtoupperstatus.EspeciallyElisabethrefusedMr.Collinsmarriageproposing.However,shecouldnotunderstandthiscompletely.Finally,Mrs.Bennetwasecstaticattheaccomplishmentofmorethanshecouldhaveimaginedinherplanstomarryoffherdaughters.ChapterThreeBritishAristocratsinPrideandPrejudiceTheConditionofBritishAri

57、stocraticinthe19thCenturyOverhalfofthesubjectmattersoftheworkscamefromdailylifeofthemiddleclassintownsandvillages.TheworksreflectedBritishsocialstyleandfeaturesduringtheendof18thcenturytothebeginningof19thbythecontradictionandconflictinlovesandmarriages,andreflectedthelivingofthemiddleclassandrurals

58、ceneinBritishvillagesthathadnotbeeninfluencedbytheindustrialrevolutionofcapitalism.TheWesternEuropehadcoveredmanychangesintheideologyandculturalfieldssuchastheRenaissance,theReformationandtheEnlightenmentfrom15thto18thcentury;allthechangescarriedthesocietiesofWesternEuropeasignificantimpact.Underthe

59、influencesofthosechanges,thecultureandeducationineachofcountryintheWesternEuropehadgreatchanges.TheeducationandculturalactivitiesintheWesternEuropeanaristocracywerealsosignificantlydifferentfromtheMiddleAges;theyabandonedtheknightlyeducationandculture,andturnedtoaccepttheneweducationandculture.Ifwec

60、onsideredthattheultimatepurposeoftheeducationforthegentlemenwastoseparatethegentlemenfromclergybytrainingwell-learnedaristocracyandsquirein16thcenturyand17thcentury,thepurposeofArnoldandNewmanweretopreventscienceandtechnologyfromenteringintoschools.Astothepubliccollegesanduniversities,itsessentialpu