二次精读-p10文章讲解最难tpo之一

1、Trade and the Ancient Middle East【Paragraph 1】: Geology: few materialsTrade was the mainstay of the urban economy in the Middle East, as (正如)caravans negotiated the surrounding desert, restricted only by acs to water and bymountain ranges. This has been so since ancient times, partly due to (因果逻辑) t

2、hegeology of the area, which is mostly limestone and sandstone, with few (-) de metallic ore and other useful materials (否定对象)its ofAncient demands for obsidian (原因) (a black volcanic rock useful for makingmirrors and tools) led to (因果逻辑, 后面是结果) trade wirmenia to the north,while (并列逻辑) jade for cutt

3、ing tools was brought from Turkistan, and the precious stone lapis lazuli was imported from Afghanistan.One can trace such expeditions (= trade) back to ancient Sumeria, the ear known Middle Eastern civilization.stRecords show merchant caravans and tradingts set up by the Sumerians inthe surrounding

4、 mountains and deserts of Persia and Arabia, where they traded grain for raw materials, such as timber and stones, as well as for metals and gems.、1. According to paragraph 1, why (因果逻辑) has trade been so important throughout the history of the Middle EastThe rare and valuable metals and stones foun

5、d always been in high demand in surrounding areas.iddle Eastern deserts have修饰错误：是Eastern 有high demand 而不是surrounding areasGrowing conditions throughout the Middle East are generally poor, forcing Middle Eastern people to depend on imported grain.Many useful and decorative raw materials cannot be fo

6、und naturally in the Middle East but are available from neighboring regions.Frequent travel, due to limited watershe Middle East, created manyopportunities for trade with neighboring societies.【Paragraph 2】: Consequen: (1) Relations: r blurReliance on trade had several important consequen. Productio

7、n was generallyin the hands of skilled individual artisansng piecework under the tuage of amaster who was also the shoner.hese shops differenof rwere blurred(AW+) as artisans and masters labored side by sidehe same modest establishment,were usually members of the same guild and religious sect, lived

8、 in the sameneighborhoods, and often had amed (or real) kinship relationships (= rwereblurred). The worker was bound to the master by a mutual contractt either onecould repudiate, and the relationship was conceptualized as one of partnership.2. The word “repudiate”he passage is closesteaning to没有题目之

9、后看尾句，当尾句看到人名可以不读，因为是举例逻辑。respectrejectreviewrevise3. According to paragraph 2, how did Middle Eastern shop owners treat their workers?Workers were red according to their skill level, with the most-experiencedartisansShoing partial owners of the shop.ners treated different workers differently dependi

10、ng on how much theworkers had in common with their masters.Workers were bound to their masters by unbreakable contracts defined the terms of their partnership.t strictlyThe shop owner worked alongside the workers and often considered them partner and members of the family.【Paragraph 3】: (2) self-ern

11、ing & egalitarianThis mode of craft production favored the growth of self-erning andideologically egalitarian craft guilds (手工业行会) everywherehe Middle Easterncity. These were essentially profesal assotionst provided for the mutual aidand protection of their members, and allowed for the maenance of p

12、rofesalstandards. The growth of independent (= self-erning) guilds was furthered (递进-并列逻辑) by the factt surplus was not (-) a result of domestic craft production(否定对象) but (+) resulted primarily from ernational trading (肯定对象); theernment left working people toern themselves, much as shepherds of tri

13、balconfederacies were left alone by their leaders.he multiplicity of small-scale localegalitarian or quasi-egalitariananizations for fellowship, worship, and productiont flourishedhis laissez-faire (= self-erning) environment, individuals coulderact with one another within a community of harmony and

14、 ideological equality (=egalitarian), following their own popularly elected leaders anderning themselves er.by shared consensus while minimizing distinctions of wealnd4. The author includes the information craft production but resulted primarily fromt surplus was not a result of domestic ernational

15、trading in order tosupport the claimt the mode ofproduction madesible by the craftguilds w very good for tradecontrast the economic base of the city confederaciesernment witht of the tribalprovide a reason why theernment allowed the guilds to be self-controlledsuggest the guildst theernment was miss

16、ing out on a valuable opportunity to tax5. According to paragraph 3, all of the following are true of the Middle Easterncraft guilds EXCEPT:The guilds were created to support workers and to uphold principles of high-quality craft production.Each guild was very large and included members from a broad

17、 geographic area.无中生有The leaders of the guilds were chosen by popular vote.All guild members were treated as equals.6. The word “consensus”authorityresponsibilitycustomagreementhe passage is closesteaning to【Paragraph 4】: (3) moral stanceThe mercantile economy (= trade) was also (段间并列) characterized

18、 by apeculiar moral stancet is typical of people who live by tradean attitudet isindividualistic, calculating, risk taking, anptive to circumstan(举例逻辑).As among tribes people, al relationships and a careful weighing of characterhave always been crul in a mercantile economy with little (-) regulation

19、, whereones word is ones bond and where informal ties of trust cement together anernational trade network. Nor have merchants and artisans ever had much tolerancefor aristocratic profess of moral superiority, favoring instead an egalitarian ethicof the open market, where, the, andmake all the differ

20、ence. And (并列逻辑), like (比较) thepastoralists, Middle Eastern merchants and artisans unhappy with their environmentcould simply pack up and leave freenasturesan act of self-assertion whollyimsible (-)ost other civilizations (= otheople) throughout history.7. According to paragraph 4, which of the foll

21、owing was NOT nesary forsucshe mercantile economy?Good business senseReliable assotesFamily wealthConstant effort8. Which of the sentenbelow best expresses the essential informationhehighlighted sentence the passage? Incorrect choi important ways or leave out essential information.change the meaning

22、 inTribes people were comfortable formingal relationships with merchants,who, like them, were bound by their promises to one another.Because trade was not formally regulated, merchants were careful about whomthey trusted and often conducted business with people they knewally.entrepreneurial skillloy

23、alty of ones fellowssteady hard workWhile trade among merchants red somewhat on regulation, among tribespeople trade was based onal relationships and careful character evaluation.Because tribes people were bound only by their promises to one another, al relationships were formed only after careful w

24、eighing of character.9. The word “ethic”he passage is closesteaning toset of moral principlesdiviof laboreconomic systemtest of character10. According to paragraph 4, what choice did Middle Eastern merchants andartisans havet many otheople have nod?If they were unhappy in the mercantile environment,

25、 they could draw on al connections to find a different kind of work.They were allowed to assert their opinions without having to listen toaristocratic profesFollowing the exs of moral superiority.le of the pastoralists, they could demand, and receive,better working conditions.If they didnt like thei

26、r environment, they could move somewhere else.【Paragraph 5】: (4) Shifting sand: fragile (-)Dependence on long-distance trade also (段间并列) meantt the great empiresof the Middle East were built both literally and figuratively on shifting sand (流沙).The central se, though often very rich and very populou

27、s, was(-)(= shifting sand), since (因果逻辑) the development of newrinsically fragileernational traderoutes (原因) could undermine (-) the monetary base and erode seer, asoccurred when European seafarers circumvented (-) Middle Eastern merchants after Vasco da Gamas voyage around Africa in the late fiftee

28、nth century opened up a southern route. The ecology of the region also permitted armed predators to prowl thesurrounding barrens, which were almost imsible (-) for a se to control.Peripheral peoples therefore (因果逻辑) had a great advantage the center, makingernment authority insecure and anxious.heir

29、dealings with11. The word “rinsically”fundamentallysurprisinglyconsequentlyparticularlyhe passage is closesteaning to12.In paragraph 5, why does the author mention the new trade route opened up by Vasco da Gamas fifteenth century voyage around Africa?To provide evidencet European seafarers took ever

30、y opportunity to bypassMiddle Eastern merchants 正态度 To present an instance in whiiddle Eastern ses lost money anderbecause of their reliance on long-distance tradeTo argue this new route became nesary when European seafarers wanted toavoid Middle Eastern ses whose centraler had begun to erodeTo expl

31、ain how da Gama helped European traders avoid the dangerouspredators prowling the arearrounding Middle Eastern citiesParagraph2: Reliance on trade had several important consequen. For one thing,it created a demand for finished goods to be sold both locally and abroad.Production was generallyhe hands

32、 of skilled individual artisansng pieceworkunder the tuage of a master who was also the shop owner. In these shopsdifferenof rwere blurred as artisans and masters labored side by side in thesame modest establishment, were usually members of the same guild and religioussect, lived in the same neighbo

33、rhoods, and often had amed (or real) kinshiprelationships. The worker was bound to the master by a mutual contractt eitherone could repudiate, and the relationship was conceptualized as one of partnership. 13. Look at the four squares be added to the passage.Where would the sentence best fit?t indic

34、ate where the following sentence could14. Directions: Anroductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage isprovided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choit heexpress the most important ideas summary because they exprehe passage. Some senten t are not presenteddo not belongeashe passage or are minorideashe