成果语言学导论

1、Lecture 8Word formationDerivational morphology can be further classified (compound) and the derivational typeo comitional type1. DerivationNew words may be added to the lexicon of a language by derivational proses, becreated by the application of morphological rules of word formation.It is thepros b

2、y which noninflectional affixes are added to bases to form words.Word formation follows systematic morphological principles. Morphological rules are the ways words are formed, how morphemes combine to form words, rules by which complex words are built up from simpler words and morphemes. They reveal

3、 the relation bet n words and provide means for forming new words.Generalprosofwordformation:Wheneverwetulateasystematicmorphological relation betn sets of words, we will describe (1) phonologicalchange, (2)category change and (3)semchange.Phonological change: -iondecide - deciCategory change: word

4、class changed; relate - relatione.g. N - Vlength+en- lengthen;hospital+ize-hospitalize; un+horse- unhorse下马; dis+card-discardN - Adjfool+ish-foolish;beast+ly-beastly;delight+ful-delightful;speech+less-speechless;virtue+ous-virtuousN- Adj/Advclock+wise-clockwise;earth+ward-earthwardV-NV-Adj Adj-N Adj

5、-Vwork+er-worker;pay+ee- payee;inhabit+ant-inhabitantaccept+able-acceptable;adore+able-adorablemean+ness-meanness;ra+ity-raitydeaf+en-deafen;st+en-stenAdj-advexact+ly-exactly;quick+ly-quicklyWord clanchangede.g. N-N non+smoker-nonsmoker; ex+ book+let-bookletV-V dis+obey-disobey; un+do-undo-ex; profi

6、t+eer-profiteer;Adj-adjtall+ish-tallish;il+logical-illogicalExle: the -able word formation rulePhonological change: when -able is attached to a base, the pronun base is augmented (bigger) by the phonetic sequence - bl.tion of theCategory change: -able is attached to transitive verbs and converts the

7、m adjectives.oSemchange: if X is the meaning of the verb, then -able adds the meaningable to be Xd.Productivity of word-formation rulesMorphological rules are productive,t is they can be used freely to form newwords form the list of free and bound morphemes.e.g. the able rule: bevable, acceptable, a

8、nd speakable: almost any verb can be changed to the able adjective.The un-rule:un + adjective = not-adjective, so unafraid, unfit, untrue,unsmoot-American, uncritical, but how aboutunsad, unbrave ?It may be the caset the un-Rule is not as productive for adjectivescomed of just one morpheme as for ad

9、jectivest are themselves derivedfrom verbs, for the rule seems to be freely applicable to an adjectival formderived form a verb, as in unabridged, unaming, unattended, unauthorized,unborn unconstrained, unemployed, unattainable, unavailable, unbearable, unbevable, unexpected , uncharacterized, undis

10、tinguished, and so on.Morphological rules may be more or less productive.e.g. The rulet adds an -er to verbs in English to produce a noun meaningone who performs an action appears to be a very productive morphologicalrule; most English verbs accept thiffix: lover,ter, predictor, examiner,exam-taker,

11、yzer. However, there are exceptionsany other cases.Active: activity; anonymous: anonymity; authentic: authenticity; brief: brevity; clear: clarity but fierce: fiercity?Fat: fatten; black: blacken; wide: widen; but thin: thinnen? Full: fullen?Long: length; true: truth; warm: warmth; bool: coolth ?2.

12、CompoundingIt is the pros by which new words - compound words, are formed bystringing together already existing words.It is a rich source of new words in English.Many compounds are among recent additions. e.g spaceman,moon-walk, hottub热水澡桶, pothead吸2.1. Number of components者.Though two-word compound

13、s are the most common in English, compounds are not limited to two words. e.g. bathroom towel-rack, mother-in law, master ofceremonies, sergean-arms, up-to-date, company employee stock ownershipplan, home improvement marketingns, sailboat rigging design traininginstitute.It is difficult to s2.2. Spe

14、llinge an upper limit.In written English, compounds can be spelled as a single word (bathroom), ahyphenated word (-man), or as two separate words (high jump), there is nogeneral rule for how a compound should be spelled.English spelling systemdoes not reflect the difference bet2.3. Grammatical categ

15、oryn simple words and compound words.When two words arehe same grammatical category, the compound willbehis category.noun+nountbox. landlady. girlfriend. p fighter-bomberr-clip.man.adj+adjblue-black, icy-cold, red-hot, worldly-wiseWhen the words fallo different categories the class of the second or

16、finalword will be the grammatical category of the compoundnoun+adjheadstrong, watertight, lifelongverb+nounpickpocket, pinchpenny, daredevil, sawbonesCompounds formed with a preition are in the category of thenonpreitional part of the compound, e.g. overtake, hanger-on, undertakesundown, afterbirth,

17、 downfall, uplift.2.4. Stress patternCompounds often have different stress patterns frompound wordsequen.In compound nouns the primary stress is on thepart of the compound,which are adjectivest are more noun-like, related closely to the secondelement as part of the compound.e.g. Redcoat, greenhouse,

18、 lighthouse keeper,whereas in thepound word sequence, the stress is on the noun theadjective qualifies, while the adjectives are true adjectives indicating a property of the noun, they are not stressed.adjective + noun (2)compound noun (1)black berryred co hotoatt is reda British soldieroverheated d

19、ogfrfurter (food wia bread roll)sausage ingreen house white house tight ropeblack birda house paed green a house paed white a rope drawn tauta bird black in colora building used ftherowing plantss housea rope for acrobaticsparticular kind of birdThe stress patterncan sometimes be a clue to whether a

20、 sequence of twowords is a compound noun or not. e.g. high chair compound noun HIGHchair denotes a spe denotes some chair2.5. Meaningl kind of chair ppens to be high.t babies sit in.high CHAIRThe meaning of a compound is not always the sum of the meanings of its parts,e.g. a blackboard may be green

21、or white, Redcoat.rson wearing a red coat is not aSimilarly constructed compounds have different grammatical relationsunderling the juxtaition of words.A boat house is a house for boats,but a cathouse is not a house for cat; a magnifying glass is a glasstmagnifies, a looking glass is not a glasst lo

22、oks, nor is an eating apple anapplet eats.There are compoundst do not relate to the meaning of the individualparts at all.a jack-in-a-box is a tropical tree, a turncoat is a traitor.What are the meanings of highbrow, bigwig, egghead, flatfoot respectively?Other modes of word-formationCoinage 生造New w

23、ords can be coined outright to serve some pure.Since economicactivity is the most important and dynamic in human life, many new lexical items come directly from the consumer items. Specific producers or brand names of products are used as names for the product in general.e.g coke, nylon, xerox (pros

24、 of photocopying), kodak,kleenex (a brandname for fal tie),aspirin, fuji, pepsi, cocacola, jeep, hoover真空吸尘器,teflon, sherry, chagne3.2. Acronyms 缩略词Words derived from the initials of several wordsIt is made up from theletters of the name of ananization, or extremelylong words or word groups in scien

25、ce, technology and other spel fields.COBOLcommon business oriented languageRadar laser scuba snafu VAT CBS WBRadio detecting and ranginglightlification by stimulated emisof radiationself-contained underwater breathing apparatus situation normal, all fouled upvalue added taxColumbia Broadcasting syst

26、em world BUNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural anizationEECEuropean economic communityCentralelligence AgencyPLO VOA BBC VD UFOAidsPalestine Libration Voice of AmericaanizationBritish Broadcasting Corporation venereal diseaseUnidentifed flying objectacquired immune efficiency

27、syndromeFBIfederal Bureau of InvestigationNASA(National Aeronautics and space administration ASAP3.3. Blending 混成法A blend is a word formed by combining parts of other words.Two roots areblended by joining the initial part of theroot and the final part of thesecond root, or by joining the initial par

28、ts of the two roots.e.g.smog = smoke + fog; flurry = flutter + hurry;mo= motor + hotransistor = transfer + resisteritron =itive + electron;boa= boat + hourinysis = urine +ysis;cranapple = cranberry + applebroasted = broiled + roasted; avionics = aviation + electronics bit = binary + digit;brunch = b

29、reakfast+checast =evi+ broadcaste.g.=og + computer;= digital + computer comsat = communications + salitehi-fi = high fidelityfortran = formula translation3.4. Back-formation 逆构法，反成法New words may be coined from already existing words by substracting an affix thought to be part of the old word.The pro

30、s of using a word formation rule toyze a word as if it were acomplex word in order to arrive at a simpler form.e.g. peddle 叫卖 - peddler; stoke 烧火 - stoker 锅炉工;edit - editor;hawk 叫卖 - hawker;swindle 诈骗 - swindler 诈骗犯; pea - peaseDeliberate wrong morphemicysist produce back-formatione.g.act - action,exempt 免除 - exemption;ept - inept;sculpt - sculptor; resurrect 复苏 - resurrection;preempt -preemption