粒子物理实验中的精确时间测量中国科学院高能物理研究所

1、粒子物理实验中的精确时间测量刘树彬中科院核探测技术与核电子学重点实验室近代物理系，中国科学技术大学Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Copyright 2004-2021 Aspose Pty Ltd.内 容 概 要粒子物理实验中精密时间测量的作用当前的时间-数字变换技术时间测量的根本概念基于FPGA的时间-数字变换电路Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.

2、0.Copyright 2004-2021 Aspose Pty Ltd.内 容 概 要粒子物理实验中精密时间测量的作用当前的时间-数字变换技术时间测量的根本概念基于FPGA的时间-数字变换电路Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Copyright 2004-2021 Aspose Pty Ltd.2021/08/154Key Laboratory of Technologies of Particle Detection & Electronics, CAS加速器物理实验

3、带电粒子鉴别的粒子飞行时间Time of Flight，简称：TOF测量粒子径迹测量的电离电子漂移时间测量Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Copyright 2004-2021 Aspose Pty Ltd.2021/08/155Key Laboratory of Technologies of Particle Detection & Electronics, CASBES-IIIBeijing IHEP塑料闪烁体4484K/Ch.100ps25 psBELLEKEK

4、塑料闪烁体38410K/Ch.100ps25 psALICECERNMRPC16000010KHz/Ch.100ps25 psSTARBNLMRPC230400.2K/Ch.100ps25 psCDF-IIFermiLab塑料闪烁体432100ps25 ps物理实验实验室探测器类型电子学通道数单通道事例率总时间分辨电子学时间分辨带电粒子的飞行时间测量Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Copyright 2004-2021 Aspose Pty Ltd.2021/08/15

5、6Key Laboratory of Technologies of Particle Detection & Electronics, CAS物理实验实验室探测器 类型通道数单丝位置 分辨单丝Z方向分辨电子学时间分辨BESIIIBeijing IHEPDC6860130m3-5mm500 psBELLEKEKDC10200130m0.2-1.4mm500psATLASCERNMDT37000080m60m780 psCMSCERN DT172200250m150m780 ps电离电子的漂移时间测量Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .

6、NET 3.5 Client Profile .Copyright 2004-2021 Aspose Pty Ltd.2021/08/157非加速器物理实验根据探测器阵列所探测粒子的相对到达时间重建宇宙线大气簇射前锋面和入射角度LHAASO: WCDA读出电子学时间测量精度500ps，KM2A读出电子学时间测量精度1nsDaya Bay: WCD读出电子学时间测量精度500psEvaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Copyright 2004-2021 Aspo

7、se Pty Ltd.2021/08/158Key Laboratory of Technologies of Particle Detection & Electronics, CAS粒子物理实验对时间测量系统的要求测量精度指标时间分辨Resolution，或者说量化值LSB要尽可能小测量精度Precision，或者说测量不确定性Uncertainty要尽可能小动态范围0数百ns，甚至s量级死时间双事例分辨目前大约10ns，处理事例率能力约几十MHz读出能力快速读出，与VME、PCI等主流总线平台匹配集成度大型实验通常需要几百甚至几十万通道灵活度时间分辨率模式可选择配置、触发工作模式可选择本

8、钱低本钱、单片集成度高25ps左右Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Copyright 2004-2021 Aspose Pty Ltd.内 容 概 要粒子物理实验中精密时间测量的作用当前的时间-数字变换技术时间测量的根本概念基于FPGA的时间-数字变换电路Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Copyright 2004-2021 Aspose Pty

9、 Ltd.2021/08/1510Key Laboratory of Technologies of Particle Detection & Electronics, CAS时间测量的组成定时甄别与时间数字转换TDCStartStopVthVth+-Vi1Vi2CLKDataTDCDISCDISC定时甄别时间-数字变换Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Copyright 2004-2021 Aspose Pty Ltd.2021/08/1511Key Laborator

10、y of Technologies of Particle Detection & Electronics, CAS定时甄别电路作用确定代表某事例发生的信号出现的精确时刻，或者说将一个物理事例的模拟信号转换为一个具有时间信息的数字逻辑信号常见形式前沿定时采用高速比较器，将输入信号与一个预置的阈值进行比较，以比较器输出信号的前沿作为信号出现的时刻电路简单，定时精确，但存在着“幅度-时间游动效应Time Walk过零定时和恒比定时电路比较复杂，不利于大规模的粒子物理实验应用，一般多用于较小规模的核物理实验Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for

11、.NET 3.5 Client Profile .Copyright 2004-2021 Aspose Pty Ltd.2021/08/1512Key Laboratory of Technologies of Particle Detection & Electronics, CAS双阈甄别的前沿定时高阈HL和低阈LL甄别器对同一信号进行甄别低阈甄别器输出信号经过适当延迟后与高阈甄别器的输出信号符合只有高于高阈的信号，符合电路才有输出目的：利用高阈来剔除噪声和干扰信号，同时又保持低阈甑别的时间信息+VLLVHLDelayDCLKQDelayRSTInOutEvaluation

12、only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Copyright 2004-2021 Aspose Pty Ltd.2021/08/1513Key Laboratory of Technologies of Particle Detection & Electronics, CAS根本的“时间-数字转换技术按实现手段分类模拟式TAC+ADC数字式计数器型按测量对象分类起停型Start-Stop TypeTDC时间戳型Time Stamp TypeTDC流水线型PipelineTDC事例驱动型Data Dr

13、ivenTDCEvaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Copyright 2004-2021 Aspose Pty Ltd.2021/08/1514Key Laboratory of Technologies of Particle Detection & Electronics, CAS起停型和时间戳型TDCCounterClockStartStopStart-stop typeCounterClockRegisterHitResetTime Stamp typeEvalua

14、tion only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Copyright 2004-2021 Aspose Pty Ltd.2021/08/1515Key Laboratory of Technologies of Particle Detection & Electronics, CAS流水线型和数据驱动型TDCEvaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Copyright 2004-20

15、21 Aspose Pty Ltd.2021/08/1516Key Laboratory of Technologies of Particle Detection & Electronics, CASTAC时间测量起停型 较小的死时间取决于ADC转换时间可到达较高分辨率目前LSB：1ps20ps容易受环境温度和外界干扰影响影响时间测量精度的主要因素：恒流源的稳定性、充电电容的线性、电路噪声特别是积分环节上的噪声，及后续ADC电路的特性Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .C

16、opyright 2004-2021 Aspose Pty Ltd.2021/08/1517Key Laboratory of Technologies of Particle Detection & Electronics, CASWilkinson型TDC双斜率型TDC1. 变换时间长2. 需要高频, 高精度时钟3. 时间分辨不高Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Copyright 2004-2021 Aspose Pty Ltd.2021/08/1518Key La

17、boratory of Technologies of Particle Detection & Electronics, CAS直接时间数字变换计数器型易于实现异步计数器同步计数器格雷码计数器容易得到大的动态范围增加一个触发器即扩大一倍动态范围精度不易提高1GHz时钟频率LSB=1ns与信号异步，最大误差LSB提高精度方法：屡次测量求平均提高精度precision时钟分相提高分辨resolution时间内插Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Copyright 2004-

18、2021 Aspose Pty Ltd.2021/08/1519游标尺型时间内插TDC两个门控振荡器产生频率略微不同的两个时钟信号，T1略大于T2 T1T2特点：时间分辨高、动态范围较小技术关键频率稳定，且周期相差很小的两个时钟信号第一种数字式提高时间测量精度的方法可算做数字的时间放大Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Copyright 2004-2021 Aspose Pty Ltd.2021/08/1520Key Laboratory of Technologies

19、of Particle Detection & Electronics, CAS“粗、“细结合的时间测量时间内插单纯使用以上几种方法的某一种，都难以满足当前粒子物理实验所需要的高精度时间分辨、大尺度测量范围，大尺度通道数，低本钱等综合性能要求主流的解决方案是所谓的“粗计数Coarse Counting+“细时间测量Fine Measurement组合“粗计数一般由高性能的Gray码计数器实现即数字计数器型TDC时钟频率一般在数百兆赫兹，实现几个ns的时间分辨“细时间测量的实现那么依靠时间内插技术Time Interpolation在一个时钟周期内进行时间内插，到达亚纳秒100 ps 10ps的

20、时间分辨Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Copyright 2004-2021 Aspose Pty Ltd.2021/08/1521Key Laboratory of Technologies of Particle Detection & Electronics, CAS时钟相位延迟内插技术EnableEvaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Copy

21、right 2004-2021 Aspose Pty Ltd.2021/08/1522Key Laboratory of Technologies of Particle Detection & Electronics, CAS时钟相位延迟内插技术记录下当hit信号到来时，时钟信号在延迟线上传输的位置，即时间延时信息，这就相当于将“粗时间计数的时钟周期细分了2n个等分该信息经译码电路译码后输出，作为时间数据最低的n位数据，实现了细时间分辨的内插测量Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2

22、.0.0.Copyright 2004-2021 Aspose Pty Ltd.2021/08/1523Key Laboratory of Technologies of Particle Detection & Electronics, CAS CMOS门电路延迟线 两个反向器构成一个延迟单元 电路简单，占用较少的资源 功耗小 延迟时间易受电压和温度变化 影响 利用PLL反响机制来稳定门电路延迟时间 电路简单，占用较少的资源 功耗小 延迟时间精度高, 取决于门电路的延迟时 间tpd 锁相环Phase Locked Loop，PLL技术各种时间内插技术1Evaluation only.Crea

23、ted with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Copyright 2004-2021 Aspose Pty Ltd.2021/08/1524Key Laboratory of Technologies of Particle Detection & Electronics, CAS 延迟锁定环Delay Locked Loop，DLL 类似于PLL，利用反响机制来稳定门电路延迟时间 电路简单，占用较少的资源 功耗小 与PLL不同，无频率变化 延迟时间精度高, 取决于门电路的延迟时间tpd DLL阵列技术 M+1个DLL电路

24、 右边M个组成一个DLL阵列: tM 左边竖排相位偏移DLL: tN 时间分辨高TM 略大于t N各种时间内插技术2Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Copyright 2004-2021 Aspose Pty Ltd.2021/08/1525Key Laboratory of Technologies of Particle Detection & Electronics, CAS 无源RC延迟线 数字游标卡尺法 时间分辨高 TR = TRef / MN 电路简单，容易

25、集成，没有功耗 一致性较差，需要修正 两个延迟链 上方的单元延迟时间为1 下方的单元延迟时间为2 1略大于2 时间分辨高 tR = 1- 2 延迟链可由DLL构成各种时间内插技术3(hit)(clk)Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Copyright 2004-2021 Aspose Pty Ltd.内 容 概 要粒子物理实验中精密时间测量的作用当前的时间-数字变换技术时间测量的根本概念基于FPGA的时间-数字变换电路Evaluation only.Created wi

26、th Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Copyright 2004-2021 Aspose Pty Ltd.2021/08/1527特点单片集成时间戳型Time Stamp“粗 + “细计数时间内插结合数据驱动触发事例匹配多种测量精度模式 屡次击中能力几乎无死时间时钟系统环行计数器数据FIFO阵列读出寄存器触发逻辑触发FIFO阵列外触发信号待测信号数据选择N位计数器输出N位时间数据clock事例寄存器阵列典型芯片HPTDCCERNTDC-GP系列ACAMEvaluation only.Created with Aspose.S

27、lides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Copyright 2004-2021 Aspose Pty Ltd.2021/08/1528Key Laboratory of Technologies of Particle Detection & Electronics, CASHTPDC简介UserPartsCMS muon8000ALICE TOF24000NA4850Phobos80CAEN2500BES1400RICE (STAR)4500Sky electronics800Oku300ATLAS CTP30HYTECOrsay200Tata i

28、nstitute50Upsala100LHC machine1000Imago100Ionwerks1000LHCbFrankfurt100Alice V010StruckKopio3000Total : 20 users40.000Number of channels:32 / 8Clock frequency:40 MHz (external)40MHz / 80MHz / 160 MHz / 320 MHz (internal)Resolution:781 ps ( 261ps RMS)low resolution mode195 ps ( 64 ps RMS)medium resolu

29、tion mode98 ps ( 48 ps RMS)high resolution mode24 ps( 40 ps RMS)very high resolution mode (8 channels)24 ps( 17 ps RMS Corrected)Dynamic range:102 usDouble pulse resolution:5 - 10 ns depending on modeHit rate:Core logic at 40 MHz, Not R-C modeMax. 2 MHz per channel, all 32 channels usedMax. 4 MHz pe

30、r channel, 16 channels used.Event buffer size:4 x 256 Read-out buffer size:256Trigger buffer size:16Power consumption:300mW - 1500 mWdepending on modes.Hit inputs:LVDS or LVTTLEvaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Copyright 2004-2021 Aspose Pty Ltd.2021/08/15

31、29Key Laboratory of Technologies of Particle Detection & Electronics, CASHPTDC内部结构Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Copyright 2004-2021 Aspose Pty Ltd.2021/08/1530Key Laboratory of Technologies of Particle Detection & Electronics, CASHPTDC在粒子物理实验中的应用TOF读出

32、电子学系统和Monitor控制/读出BES IIIEvaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Copyright 2004-2021 Aspose Pty Ltd.2021-05-1931VME 9U 插件双阈甄别的前沿定时16 通道/插件时间测量需2片HPTDC非门控积分的QTC使用1片HPTDC进行16通道的电荷测量TOF前端电子学Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2

33、.0.0.Copyright 2004-2021 Aspose Pty Ltd.2021/08/1532Key Laboratory of Technologies of Particle Detection & Electronics, CAS时间“精度的测量线延迟测量法传统起-停型TDC时间戳型TDCEvaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Copyright 2004-2021 Aspose Pty Ltd.2021/08/1533Key Laboratory of Tec

34、hnologies of Particle Detection & Electronics, CASRes. of single chn: 17psTOF前端电子学的时间测量精度LIU Shubin, FENG Changqing, YAN Han, etc. Nuclear Science and Techniques 21 (2021) 4953Shubin Liu, Changqing Feng, Qi An, etc. IEEE TNS, VOL.57, NO.2(2021), 419-427Changqing Feng, Shubin Liu, Qi An, etc. IEEE TN

35、S, VOL.57, NO.2(2021), 463-466Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Copyright 2004-2021 Aspose Pty Ltd.2021/08/1534Key Laboratory of Technologies of Particle Detection & Electronics, CASTOT (Time Over Threshold)输出信号同时包含了时间和电荷信息脉冲前沿直接高速甄别，代表粒子到达信息经积分成型或放大等处理后的

36、后沿代表电荷信息优点无须ADC等，节省功耗前端电子学输出即为数字信号，节省昂贵的模拟电缆Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Copyright 2004-2021 Aspose Pty Ltd.2021/08/1535Key Laboratory of Technologies of Particle Detection & Electronics, CASTOT应用1应用范例：ALICELHCSTARRHICTOF upgrade of BES IIIEvaluation

37、 only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Copyright 2004-2021 Aspose Pty Ltd.2021/08/1536Key Laboratory of Technologies of Particle Detection & Electronics, CASTOT应用2QTC for Super-K可能的应用LHAASO之WCDA读出电子学？Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile

38、 .Copyright 2004-2021 Aspose Pty Ltd.2021/08/1537Key Laboratory of Technologies of Particle Detection & Electronics, CASTOT应用3其他SFE16将应用于兰州重离子加速器改造冷储存环外靶实验Milagro实验WCDA读出电子学中的TOTEvaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Copyright 2004-2021 Aspose Pty Ltd.2

39、021/08/1538Key Laboratory of Technologies of Particle Detection & Electronics, CASBES III TOF读出电子学的电荷测量非门控积分的QTC没有门控积分的开关噪声不需要门控积分的模拟延迟，降低系统复杂度性能动态范围30-927pC相当于180mV 5V的PMTR5942信号有效位10bit相当于10mV (R5924)S.B. Liu, C.Q. Feng, L.F. Kang, etc. NIM A 621 (2021) 513518Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Sl

40、ides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Copyright 2004-2021 Aspose Pty Ltd.内 容 概 要粒子物理实验中精密时间测量的作用当前的时间-数字变换技术时间测量的根本概念基于FPGA的时间-数字变换电路Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Copyright 2004-2021 Aspose Pty Ltd.2021/08/1540Key Laboratory of Technologies of Part

41、icle Detection & Electronics, CAS为什么要TDCFPGA？目前国际上的TDC芯片：ASIC设计HPTDC等性能、性价比都很好，但不允许用于根底物理研究之外国内状况ASIC TDC设计技术上还不够成熟研制TDC ASIC芯片的费用比较高FPGA在数字电子学设计中运用越来越广泛，性能越来越高，价格越来越低事实上，国外对基于FPGA的TDC研究也很广泛Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Copyright 2004-2021 Aspose Pty

42、Ltd.2021/08/1541Key Laboratory of Technologies of Particle Detection & Electronics, CAS利用游标尺时间内插中实现的200ps TDCQuickLogic FPGAJozef Kalisz, Ryszard Szplet, Jerzy Pasierbinski, etc. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT, VOL.46, NO.1(1997), 51-55Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides

43、 for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Copyright 2004-2021 Aspose Pty Ltd.2021/08/1542Key Laboratory of Technologies of Particle Detection & Electronics, CAS利用游标尺型时间内插双延迟链游标尺起停型双刻度游标尺时间戳型利用延迟线抽头时间内插时钟相位延迟内插输入信号延迟内插如何在FPGA中实现TDC？Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2

44、.0.0.Copyright 2004-2021 Aspose Pty Ltd.关键的技术难题： 如何实现时间内插？Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Copyright 2004-2021 Aspose Pty Ltd.2021/08/1544Key Laboratory of Technologies of Particle Detection & Electronics, CAS专用进位连线资源AlteraEvaluation only.Created with As

45、pose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Copyright 2004-2021 Aspose Pty Ltd.2021/08/1545Key Laboratory of Technologies of Particle Detection & Electronics, CAS专用进位连线资源XilinxEvaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Copyright 2004-2021 Aspose Pty Ltd.2021/0

46、8/1546Key Laboratory of Technologies of Particle Detection & Electronics, CASTDCFPGA结构Evaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Copyright 2004-2021 Aspose Pty Ltd.2021/08/1547Key Laboratory of Technologies of Particle Detection & Electronics, CAS基于VME的FPGA TDC验证插

47、件AlteraXilinxEvaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Copyright 2004-2021 Aspose Pty Ltd.2021/08/1548Key Laboratory of Technologies of Particle Detection & Electronics, CASTDCFPGA的精度2021年，通过校准、非线性修正等手段， 实现LSB50ps, RMS25ps的测量精度2006年，我们在FPGA中实现好于100ps的测量精度Jian Son

48、g, Qi An, Shubin Liu, IEEE TNS, VOL.53, NO.1(2006), 236-241Jinhong Wang, Shubin Liu, Qi An, IEEE TNS, VOL.57, NO.2(2021), 446-450RMS10ps!Wu Jinyuan, 2021 16th IEEE-NPSS Real Time ConferenceEvaluation only.Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Copyright 2004-2021 Aspose Pty Ltd.2021/08/1549Key Laboratory of Technologies of Particle Detection & Electronics, CASTDCFPGA的特点灵活功能灵活通道数灵活精度灵活测量范围灵活接口灵活高精度、低本钱和高性价比拥有完全的自主知识产权Ev