医学微生物学资料：History of microbiology

1、History of microbiology&Classification of bacteriaHistory of MicrobiologyWhy should we know the history ?How many historical events are necessary to be known by medical students at PUMC?What do we expect by knowing the history?What are your ( individually specific ) outcome of knowing the history?Hi

2、story of MicrobiologyHow did the people in ancient time explain infectious diseases?The concept of carrier of diseases.The targets and technology of dis-infection.The targets and technology of in vivo chemotherapy.Initiation of Laboratory epoch.How did the people in ancient time explain infectious d

3、iseases?Understanding of life generation from the process of putrefactionMiasma and mediator of disease spreadingSeeking physical entity or philosophic component, development of western and Chinese medicine“germ” and “heatness (火)”Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632 - 1723)What did the development of Micr

4、obiology bring to the people?Identification of bacteria as the course of contamination by Louis Pasteur in 60s of 19 centuryClean operation by J. Lister in EnglandWhat did the development of Microbiology bring to the people?Identification of pathogenic bacteria by Robert Koch (1877)Chemotherapy by P

5、rontosil (Domagk, 1935) and Pencillin (Flaming, 1925)Development of Immunology郭霍法则If not availableHow can germs infect humansModern Microbiology pays attention to opportunistic pathogensWhat did the development of Microbiology bring to the people?History of MicrobiologyThe force to drive the develop

6、ment of sciences and technology for the control of infection are:PatientsDiseasesClinical practiceResearchTechnology transfer and industry, marketing.Patients and health promotionHow to support the development of medical science?The question and/or idea of research comes from clinical needs in terms

7、 of disease prevention and clinical managementMuch longer is the cycle of researchMuch more resources are neededIndustrial enterprise plays important roleThe outcome must be evaluated by clinical efficacy and/or profit from marketing Key points of researchPhenomenon and evidenceQuestion about why an

8、d howTarget of your researchTechnology roadmapFeasibility, human and financial resourcesTeam and collaboration partnersPotential outcome and risk我的兴趣我的擅长导师的兴趣导师的资源导师的声望问题的逻辑有无前人做过？我的独特视角我的研究设计能否回答这个问题？能否给出“是”或“不是”时间资源样本如何启动你的研究设计？Classification of bacteriaPrinciples of Classification a. Evolution in

9、 high organisms b. Evolution in bacteria Animals Plants protozoa fungi Photosynthetic eukaryotes algae Aerobic prokayotes Aerobes Anaerobic photosynthetic Cyanobacteria Anaerobic prokaryotes Anaerobes35,000,000,000 years ago PresentTypes and Purposes of Bacterial classification a. Key (artificial cl

10、assification) b. Phylogenic (natural classification)Major Groups of BacteriaClassification of Bacteria (example of key)Part 1. Phototropic bacteriaPart 2. Gliding bacteriaPart 3. Sheathed bacteriaPart 4. Budding and/or appendaged bacteriaClassification of Bacteria (example of key)Part 5. Spirochetes

11、Part 6. Spiral and curved bacteriaPart 7. Gram aerobic rods and cocciPart 8. Gram anaerobic bacteriaClassification of Bacteria (example of key)Part 9. Gram facultative anaerobic rods.Part 10. Gram cocci and coccobacilliPart 11. Gram anaerobic cocciPart 12. Gram chemolithotropic bacteriaClassificatio

12、n of Bacteria (example of key)Part 13. Methane-producing bacteriaPart 14. Gram+ cocciPart 15. Endospore-forming rods and cocciPart 16. Gram+ asporogenous rod-shaped bacteriaClassification of Bacteria (example of key)Part 17. Actinomycetes and related organismsPart 18. RickettsiasPart 19. Mycoplasmas

13、Clinicians must be aware ofArtificial classification has nothing to do with genetic background of the germsClassification may help clinicians with distribution, potential pathogenesis, transmission pathway, clinical systoms and pathology profile, treatment and prevention of a given germ infectionMore about microbiology based on clinical needsDevelopmental origination of disease and h