医学英语课件资料：空气质量改善对儿童肺部发育的影响

1、空气质量改善对儿童肺部发育的影响文章大意陈楚岩201201007文章内容1994-2011Southern CaliforniaInvolving 2120 children from 11-15 years of ageCohort C：1994-1998Cohort D：1997-2001Cohort E： 2007-2011Declining pollution levels lung functional developmentForced vital capacity用力肺活量尽力最大吸气后，尽力尽快呼气所能呼出的最大气量Forced expiratory volume用力呼气量尽力

2、吸气后，再尽力尽快呼气时，在一定时间内所呼出的气量FEV1正常值第一秒用力呼气量（FEV1）约为用力肺活量的83%， 第二秒钟的FEV2/FVC约为96%，第三秒钟的FEV3/FVC约为99%。气道阻塞、气道延长时，该值会降低E.g. 哮喘结论重要性长期：1992-2011跨越近20年的实验以科学的数据，证明空气污染对肺部发育的影响“Their lungs may have lost the opportunity to grow any more”基础知识吴潇201201021Cohort study队列研究A form of longitudinal study 纵向研究，也叫追踪研究，是

3、指在一段相对长的时间内对同一个或同一批被试进行重复的研究cross-sectional study横向研究，对相匹配的实验组和对照组在同一时间内就有关变量进行分析比较研究。根据目前或过去某个时期是否暴露于某个待研究的危险因素，或不同的暴露水平分为不同的亚组某一特定人群随访观察一段时间检查并登记各组人群待研究的预期结局的发生情况，比较各组结局的发生率判定某因素与该结局之间有无因果关联及关联程度As part of the Childrens Health Study, we measured lung function annually in 2120 children from three s

4、eparate cohorts corresponding to three separate calendar periods: 19941998, 19972001, and 20072011. Mean ages of the children within each cohort were 11 years at the beginning of the period and 15 years at the end. Linear-regression models were used to examine the relationship between declining poll

5、ution levels over time and lung-function development from 11 to 15 years of age, measured as the increases in forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) during that period (referred to as 4-year growth in FEV1 and FVC).”“某一特定人群不同亚组预期结局因素暴露程度Linear-regression models线性

6、回归模型利用线性回归方程对一个或多个自变量和因变量之间关系进行建模Y= a + b1X1 + b2X2 + + bkXk只有一个自变量的情况：简单回归因素暴露程度预期结局发生情况Linear-spline model线性样条模型分段定义的多项式函数分段处光滑，称knot（节点），预先设定。Two-sided alternative hypothesis假设检验(Hypothesis Testing)是数理统计学中根据一定假设条件由样本推断总体的一种方法。Null hypothesis: 原假设H0. 根据问题的需要对所研究的总体作某种假设，记作H0；选取合适的统计量，由实测的样本，计算出统计量

7、的值，并根据预先给定的显著性水平进行检验，作出拒绝或接受假设H0的判断。原假设H0是需要保护的，不能轻易否定的假设。原假设不成立时，必须接受的假设为备择假设。H0为=0，而备择假设H1表明可能大于0，也可能小于0，称为双边备择假设。词根复习储晓天201201019aerodynamicaero+dynamic 空气+动力的aer/o- 表示空气，充气aer, aero, aeriaerate eret充气，暴露于空气aerology erld气象学aeriform erfm空气状的，气体的引申为航空aerodynamic-dynamic动态的，动力学的-static静态的，静止的类似含义-ki

8、netic动力学的spirometerspiro+meter肺活量计spir/o 呼吸，螺旋spirochetespirillum-meter 测量用的表，量计thermometer 温度计pneumoniapneumon+ia肺炎表示各器官的词根pneumon/o ，pulmon/o肺的nephr/o 肾的phleb/o 静脉的hepat/o 肝的cyst/o 膀胱的，囊的entero-, duoden/o, jejun/o, ile/o, cec/o, col/o, colon/o, proct/o直肠专业词汇潘晓承201201045Cohort n. 一群；步兵大队；支持者；同生群；队列

9、 we measured lung function annually in 2120 children from three separate cohorts corresponding to three separate calendar periods The study sample included children recruited fromthree separate Childrens Health Study cohorts群体or队列2. Baseline n. 基线；底线 Written questionnaires regarding each childs gene

10、ralhealth and personal exposures were completed by the parent or guardian at baseline The mean age at the baseline pulmonary-function test was higher in cohort E (11.3 years) than in cohort C (10.9 years) and cohort D (10.9 years).3. Exposure n. 暴露；曝光；揭露；陈列Expose v. we and others have linked exposur

11、e to ambient air pollution with or several indoor exposures, including cats, dogs, and mold or mildew.接触4. Cutoff n. 切掉；中断；捷径 adj. 截止的；中断的 we determined whether the ratio of observed to predicted FEV1 and FVC fell below each of three cutoffs for defining low lung function: 90%, 85%, and 80%. at a cu

12、toff of 80% for the ratio of observed to predicted values, the proportion of children with low FEV1临界值5. Racial & ethnic racial adj. 种族的；人种的 information about the child, including age, sex, self-identified race and ethnic background “racial多指人的外在特殊，比如肤色、眼睛颜色、头发颜色等等，而ethnic多用于表示文化方面，比如国籍、文化习俗、语言、信仰等等

13、。” ethnic adj. 种族的；人种的6. Cross-sectional we analyzed the cross-sectional pulmonary-function measurements obtained for 1585 children at the end of this period adj. 代表性的 adj. 横断面的 横断面研究(cross-sectional study)是在某一特定时间对某一定范围内的人群，以个人为单位收集和描述人群的特征以及疾病或健康状况。7. FEV1 &FVC 一秒用力呼气容积(Forced expiratory volume in

14、 one second, FEV1) ：最大深吸气后做最大呼气，最大呼气第一秒呼出的气量的容积为一秒用力呼气容积。 用力肺活量（Forced vital capacity, FVC）：是指尽力最大吸气后，尽力尽快呼气所能呼出的最大气量。 临床上常以FEV1/FVC的比值(FEV1%)做判定，正常值为83%长难句解析秦立楠201201061 这是一个长句子For example, the associations between improved lung-function development and reduced nitrogen dioxide levels in Table 1 (s

15、hown as “base model” in Table S4 in the Supplementary Appendix) remained significant and of similar magnitude when additional adjustment was made for in utero or passive tobacco-smoke exposure, personal smoking, health insurance, parental education, asthma at baseline, or several indoor exposures, i

16、ncluding cats, dogs, and mold or mildew.the associations between improved lung-function development and reduced nitrogen dioxide levels .remained significant and of similar magnitude.When additional adjustment was made for in utero or passive tobacco-smoke exposure, personal smoking, health insuranc

17、e, parental education, asthma at baseline, or several indoor exposures, including cats, dogs, and mold or mildew.这也是一个长句子In this study, we examined whether changes that have occurred across these time spans in levels of nitrogen dioxide, ozone, and particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of

18、less than 2.5 m (PM2.5), less than 10 m (PM10), and between 2.5 and 10 m (coarse particulate matter PM10PM2.5) are associated with the development of lung function in children.In this study, we examined whether changes are associated withthe development of lung function in children.Changes that have

19、 occurred across these time spans in levels of nitrogen dioxide, ozone, and particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 2.5 m (PM2.5), less than 10 m (PM10), and between 2.5 and 10 m (coarse particulate matter PM10PM2.5) The estimated health effect of each pollutant is reported as t

20、heexpected difference in lung-function growth associated with a difference in exposure equal to the median of the changes in pollution in the five communities over the course of the study period.The estimated health effect of each pollutant is reported as 。expected difference in lung-function growth

21、 。associated with a difference in exposurethe median of the changes in pollution in the five communities over the course of the study period.A main directive of the 1970 U.S. Clean Air Act was to establish “ambient air quality standards . . . allowing an adequate margin of safety . . . requisite to

22、protect the public health . . . .”周围空气质量标准。为安全留下足够的余地。保护公众健康的必需品从“三扇门”到“三尖瓣”医学英语翻译的往日与今时余佳文 2012010252022/9/16余佳文 201201025头壳大较骨气紧眼珠发绿黄水三扇门SkullHip jointAsthmaGlaucomaSerumTricuspid valve颅骨髋关节哮喘青光眼血清三尖瓣2022/9/16余佳文 201201025合信 道光年间 英国传教士 西医五种=全体新论+西医略论+ 妇婴新说+内科新说+ 博物新编医学英华字释 第一本英汉医学词典傅兰雅？嘉约翰？傅恒理？德贞？卢公明？2022/9/16余佳文 201201025全体新论1851 黄水省身指掌1886 血汁生理 1906 血浆省身