2022年学位英语语法详细讲解

1、学位英语语法基本知识：句法分析 1、主语：是句子要阐明的人或物，可以作主语的成分有名词，主语一般在句首。注意名词单数形式常和冠词不分家！1）Mr. Leeis a well-known scientist. 名词作主语2）Hereads newspapers everyday. 代词作主语3）Two and tenis twelve. 数词作主语4）Smokingis harmful to the health. 动名词作主语5）To swim in that poolis a great pleasure. 动词不定式作主语6）What we shall do nextis not yet

2、decided. 从句作主语2、谓语： 阐明主语的动作，状态或特性1）The new termbeginson the 1st of September.2）His fatherisan engineer.3）Sheseemedhappy.4）Li Huashowedme his album.3、宾语：指的是及物动词波及到的人或物1）Wang Ling lentmea novelto read in the bus.2）The medicine is good fora cold.3）How many piecesdo you want?4）My little sister always li

3、kesto ask questions.5）Would you mindcoming earlier tomorrow?6）He askedmewhat I was going to do tonight4、宾语补足语：在宾语背面补充阐明宾语的动作、状态、特性。1）The government appointed（任命）herchief delegate（首席代表）to the conference.2）I dont believe the storytrue.3）You should put your thingsin order（有序）.4）The doctor advised herto

4、 stay in bed for a week.5）We saw the pupilsplaying basketball.5、表语：位于系动词如be之后，阐明主语身份，特性，属性或状态。1）Wangs father isa doctor.2）He is alwayscareless.3）The basketball match ison.4）All the pupils areon the playground now.5）Our aim is towin more medals.6）His work isteaching French.7）The question iswho can re

5、ally repair the machines.尚有位于如下系动词背面的词，我们也称之为表语：表达感官的：look-fxgr-seem（看起来）、sound（听起来）、smell（闻起来）、taste（尝起来）、feel（感觉起来）：He looksdisappointed（形容词作表语）她看起来很失望。The rubbish smells terrible.垃圾很难闻。表达变化的：get、become、turn（变得）。It becomes hotter and hotter（形容词作表语）。 天变得越来越热了。6、定语：是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，翻译常用的表达。To

6、m is ahandsomeboy. Thetwoboys are students.His boy needsTomspen. The boyin the classroomneeds a pen of yours.The boy needsa ballpen. The best boyhereis Tom.There is nothingto dotoday. Thesmilingboy needs a penbought by his mother.This is thenewdictionarywhich I bought yesterday.7、状语：状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句

7、，阐明方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、限度、目的等。1）She singsquite well.2）On Sundays, there is no student in the classroom.3）He sits there,asking for a pen.4）The boy needs a pento do his homework.5）If I have some spare time,I will read some story-books.8、同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以阐明的成分，近乎于后置定语。如：We students should study

8、 hard.（students是we的同位语，都是指同一批学生）We all are students.（all是we的同位语，都指同样的我们）学位英语语法基本知识：词法分析-构词法1.转化法把一种词性用作另一种词性而词形不变的措施， HYPERLINK o 学位英语 t _blank 学位英语最常考的是形容词转化为名词。表达颜色的形容词常可转化为名词：You should be dressed in black at the funeral.你在葬礼中该穿黑色衣服。I want to write in red. 我想用红笔写字。某些形容词如old, young, poor, rich, wo

9、unded, injured等与the连用，表达一类人，作主语时，谓语用复数。The old in our village are living a happy life. 我们村的老年人过着幸福的生活。2.派生法1）前缀除少数前缀外，前缀一般变化单词的意义，不变化词性；后缀一般变化词类，而不引起词义的变化。（1）表达否认意义的前缀常用的有dis-, il-, im-, in-, ir-, mis-, non-, un-等，在单词的前面加此类前缀常构成与该词意义相反的新词。例如：appear浮现disappear消失，correct对的的incorrect不对的的，lead带领mislead领

10、错、误导，stop停下non-stop不断。（2）表达其她意义的前缀常用的有a-（多构成表语形容词），anti-（反对；抵御），auto-（自动），co-（共同），en-（使），inter-（互相），re-（再；又），sub-（下面的；次；小），tele-（强调距离）等。例如：alone 单独的 antigas 防毒气的 autochart 自动图表 cooperate 合伙 enjoy 使快乐 internet 互联网 reuse 再用 subway 地铁 telephone 电话2）后缀英语单词不仅可以通过加前缀构成新词，也可加后缀构成新词。后缀一般会变化单词的词性，构成意义相近的其她词性

11、；少数后缀还会变化词义，变为与本来词义相反的新词。（1）构成名词的后缀常用的有-ence，-(e)r/ -or （从事某事的人），-ese （某地人），-ess （雌性），-ful （一），-ian （精通的人），-ist （专业人员），-ment （性质；状态），-ness （性质；状态），-tion（动作；过程）等。例如：differ不同于difference区别write写writer作家Japan HYPERLINK o 日本 t _blank 日本Japanese日本人act表演actress女演员action动作、行为care细心caerful仔细的、认真的music音乐music

12、ian音乐家（2）构成动词的后缀常用的有-(e)n （多用于形容词之后），-fy （使化），-ize （使成为）。例如：widewiden加宽beautybeautify美化purepurify提纯realrealize意识到organorganize组织（3）构成形容词的后缀常用的有-al，-able （有能力的），-（a）n（某国人的），-en （多用于表达材料的名词后），-ern （方向的），-ese（某国人的），-ful，-（ic）al，-ish，-ive，-less （表达否认），-like （像的），-ly，-ous，-some，-y （表达天气）等。例如：nature自然natu

13、ral自然的reason道理reasonable有道理的America美国American美国的China中国Chinese中国人的gold金子golden金的east东eastern东方的child孩子childish孩子气的snow雪snowy雪的（4）构成副词的常用后缀有-ly（重要用于形容词之后表达方式或限度），-ward（s）（重要用于表达方位的词之后表达方向）。例如：angry气愤的angrily气愤地to到towards朝east东方eastward向东3.合成法1）合成名词名词名词 weekend周末名词动词 daybreak黎明名词动名词 handwriting书法名词介词名

14、词 editor-in-chief总编辑动词名词 typewriter打字机动名词名词 reading-room阅览室目前分词名词 flying-fish飞鱼形容词名词 gentleman绅士副词动词outbreak爆发2）合成形容词名词形容词 snow-white洁白的名词目前分词 English-speaking讲英语的名词to名词 face-to-face面对面的名词过去分词 man-made人造的数词名词形容词 two-year-old两岁的数词名词ed five-storeyed五层的形容词名词 high-class高档的形容词名词ed noble-minded崇高的形容词形容词 l

15、ight-blue浅蓝色的形容词目前分词 good-looking相貌好看的副词形容词 ever-green常青的副词目前分词 hard-working勤快的副词过去分词 well-known出名的副词名词 fast-food专门提供快餐服务的介词名词 downhill下坡的3）合成动词名词动词 sleep-walk梦游形容词动词 white-wash粉刷副词动词 overthrow推翻4）合成副词形容词名词 hotfoot匆忙地形容词副词 everywhere到处副词副词 however尽管如此介词名词 beforehand事先介词副词 forever永远学位英语语法基本知识：词法分析-副词

16、、形容词1.形容词及其用法1）表语形容词只能作表语，此类形容词没有级的变化，也不可用限度副词修饰。大多数以a开头的形容词都属于这一类。例如：afraid，afraid，alike，alive，alone，asleep，awake 等。2）形容词作定语修饰名词时，要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰以-thing为字尾的词语时，要放在这些词之后。例如：something nice.2.以-ly结尾的形容词大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但friendly，deadly，lovely，lonely，likely，lively，ugly，brotherly，仍为形容词。3.用形容词表达类别和整体1）

17、某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人，与谓语动词的复数连接，如the dead，the living，the rich，the poor，the blind，the hungry等。例如：The poor are losing hope. 穷人行将失去但愿。2）有关国家和民族的形容词加上定冠词指这个民族的整体，与动词的复数连用，如the British，the English，the French，the Chinese等。例如：The English have wonderful sense of humor. 英国人颇有风趣感。4.形容词与副词的比较级常用的双音节或多音节词，在前面加more

18、，most来构成比较级和最高档important/ easily more important/ more easily most important/ most easily5.as + 形容词或副词原级+as1）在否认句或疑问句中可用soas.例如：He cannot run so/as fast as you. 她没你跑得快。2）用表达倍数的词或其她限度副词做修饰语时，放在as的前面。例如：This room is twice as big as that one. 这房间的面积是那间的两倍。Your room is the same size as mine. 你的房间和我的同样大。3

19、）倍数+ as + adj. + as 倍数+ the + of.例如：This bridge is three times as long as that one. 这座桥的长度是那座的三倍。This bridge is three times the length of that one.Your room is twice as large as mine. 你的房间是我的两倍大。Your room is twice the size of mine.6.可修饰比较级的词 常用的有a little, rather, much, far, many等Nanjing is a little/

20、rather/much/far/ hotter than Shanghai.如果后接名词时，much more +不可数名词，many more +可数名词复数。I have many more books than Tom.There is much more water in the south than in the north.7. the + 最高档 + 比较范畴1）形容词最高档前一般必须用定冠词 the，副词最高档前可不用。例如：The Sahara is the biggest desert in the world. 撒哈拉沙漠是世界上最大的沙漠。形容词most前面没有the，

21、不表达最高档的含义，只表达“非常”。例如：It is a most important problem. =It is a very important problem. 这是个很重要的问题。2）by far一般修饰最高档This question is by far the most difficult in this exercise. 这道题是这个练习里最难的。注意：最高档的意义有时可以用比较级表达出来。例如：Mike is the most intelligent in his class. 马克是班上最聪颖的。Mike is more intelligent than any oth

22、er students in his class. 马克是班上最聪颖的。8. 和more有关的词组the morethe more 越越。例如：The harder you work, the greater progress youll make. 越努力，进步越大。学位英语语法基本知识：词法分析-连词重点用法1.表达并列关系的连词有：and, bothand, not only but also和neithernor1)and的特别用法：祈使句后连接and，有条件句作用，此时and=if you, youllGo straight on, and youll see the library

23、.=If you go straight on, you will see the library.2)bothand既也，（两者）都A、bothand谓语动词一般用复数。Both Jim and Kate are from England.B、bothand否认句表达部分否认。Both my father and my mother arent doctors.我的父母只有一种人是医生。3)neithernor 既不也不neithernor连接两个并列主语时，谓语动词接近哪个主语就与哪个主语保持“人称”和 “数”的一致，即采用就近原则。Neither I nor he has seen th

24、e play before.4)not onlybut also 不仅并且not onlybut also 连接两个主语后的谓语动词也遵循就近原则。Not only the mother but also the children are ill.2.表达转折关系的连词有：but, however, yet, still，while等。Mary was a nice girl, but she had one shortcoming.Tom got up early, yet he failed to catch the train.He was very tired, still he ke

25、pt on walking.Your composition is fairly good, however, there is still some room for improvement.Jane is hard working ,while her sister is quite lazy.3.表达选择关系的并列连词有：or, eitheror, whether or等。1)or：或、否则A:基本用法or 表达“或” 的意思，使用于两者之中选择一种的时候。-Is your friend English or American? -American.He doesnt like dump

26、lings or noodles.B:特别用法祁使句后连接or，表 “如果,否则”,有转折的意思，此时 or =if you dont , youll Hurry up, or youll be late.=If you dont hurry up, youll be late.2)eitheror:或者或者; 不是就是；要么要么A. eitheror连接两个并列主语时,谓语动词接近哪个主语就与哪个主语保持 “人称”和 “数”的一致，即就近原则。Either you or I am right. Does either she or they like English?B. 由eitheror

27、引导的否认句是完全否认。She isnt either a student or a teacher.3)whetheror不管还是She is always cheerful, whether at home or at school.4.表达因果关系的并列连词有：for（由于），so（因此）。He is not at school today, for he has a bad cold.It was late, so I went home.5.引导时间状语从句的附属连词有：before, after, when, while, as, till, until, since, as so

28、on asAfter they had planted their crops, they took a rest.We have learned six lessons since he began to teach us.As soon as he gets to Beijing, hell call me.1) as 表达“当时”，引导一种持续性动作，多用于主从句动作同步发生，强调“一边一边”。He sang as he walked.2)until用法：当主句谓语动词是延续性动词时，主从句都用肯定式，译为“直到为止”；当主句谓语动词是瞬间动词时，主句用否认式，从句用肯定式，即notun

29、til，译为“直到才”。Mr. Green waited until his children came back.（格林先生始终等到她的孩子们回来）Mr. Green didnt go to bed until his children came back.（格林先生直到她的孩子们回来才睡觉）6. 引导条件状语从句的附属连词有：if（如果），unless（除非，如果不）等。If you dont go soon, youll be late.=Unless you go soon, youll be late.7.引导因素状语从句的附属连词有because, as, since等。becau

30、se“由于”语调最强，回答why提问时只能用because，其引导的从句可放在句首或句末；as“由于”、since“既然”语调不如because强，引导的从句常置于句首；for是并列连词，语调最弱，对前面分句加以解释或补充阐明，其引导的分句常置于句末且用逗号隔开。He didnt go to school because he was ill.As it was raining, we went there by bus.Since everybody is here, lets begin.It must have rained last night, for the ground is w

31、et.注意：because与so不能同步使用。8.引导让步状语从句的附属连词有：although/though（虽然，尽管），even though/if（虽然）Although/ Though it is a very young country, it is very rich.Even if/ though you were here yesterday, you couldnt help him.注意：although/though引导的从句不能与but连用，但可与yet, still连用。9.引导目的状语从句的附属连词有so that和in order that（以便，为了）等。Th

32、e teacher spoke loudly so that /in order that we could hear him clearly.10.引导成果状语从句的附属连词有：so that（成果是）和so/suchthat（如此以至于）等。It was very cold, so that the water in the bowl froze.He got there so early that he got a good seat.It is such a heavy box that nobody can move it.11.引导比较状语从句的连词：asas（与同样），not a

33、s/so as（不如），than（比）等。I know you better than she does.He works as carefully as she.I cant run as/so fast as you.注意：在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，如果主句是将来时，从句要用一般目前时。Ill go on with the work when I come back tomorrow.He wont come unless he is invited.学位英语语法基本知识：词法分析-名词1.名词复数的不规则变化1）由一种词加man或woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是-men和-w

34、omen，如an Englishman, two Englishmen.2）除人民币的元、角、分外，美元、英镑、法郎等均有复数形式。如：a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters.3）以s结尾，仍为单数的名词，如：以复数形式浮现的书名，剧名，报纸，杂志名，也可视为单数。例如：The Arabian Nights is a very interesting story-book. 一千零一夜是一本非常有趣的故事书。2.复合名词复数形式的构成1）一般把-s加在复合名词的中心词上Brother-in-lawbrothers-in-law（堂兄弟们、连襟们）、

35、editor in chiefeditors in chief（主编们）2）将复合名词的后一种词变为复数Boy-friendboy-friends、tooth-brushtooth-brushes（牙刷）3）两个部分都变为复数，特别是指性别时Man doctormen doctors、woman teacherwomen teachers、man writermen writers3.数词+名词作定语时，这个名词一般保存单数形式。例如：two-dozen eggs 两打鸡蛋a ten-mile walk 十英里路two-hundred trees 两百棵树a five-year plan. 一

36、种五年筹划4.名词的格英语中有些名词可以加s来表达所有关系，带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格，如：a teachers book、the boys bag 男孩的书包，mens room 男厕所，the childrens parens 孩子的父母。若名词已有复数词尾-s ，只加，如：the workers struggle 工人的斗争。如果两个名词并列，并且分别有s，则表达“分别有”；只有一种s，则表达共有，例如：Johns and Marys rooms（两间）John and Marys room（一间）学位英语语法基本知识：词法分析-冠词基本用法1. a用于辅音发音开头的词前，如

37、：a book；an用于元音发音开头的词前，如：an apple，an hour. 请区别：a useful machine, an umbrella, a u, an h。2.指上文提到过的人或物，用定冠词the；指世界上独一无二的事物前用定冠词the. 如：the sun, the moon, the earth.3.表达人体部位的名词前用the：The mother took the little girl in the hand and patted her on the head.妈妈执着小女孩的手，轻轻地拍着她的头。4.the用于序数词，表方位的名词和形容词最高档前。the fir

38、st, the best , in the south.5.在复数姓氏前加the，表达一家人，常当作复数。如：the Browns；用于形容词之前表达一类人或事物：the poor（穷人）、the false（假的东西）6用于乐器名称前play the piano；7.不能用定冠词the的几种方面：（1）在节日、星期、月份、季节、年等词前不用冠词。如：in summer, in August（2）一日三餐和球类运动名不用冠词。如：have breakfast, play football（3）某些固定词组中，如：go to bed, go to school, by bus, at night

39、.8.在有些词组中，有冠词和无冠词意思不同，请注意区别：in front of 在前面in the front of 在范畴内的前部in hospital（生病）住院in the hospital 在医院里学位英语语法基本知识：词法分析-数词用法1）倍数表达法a. 主语+谓语+倍数（或分数）+ as + adj. + as.例如I have three times as many as you. 我有你三倍那么多。b. 主语+谓语+倍数（分数）+ the size (amount, length) of。例如：The earth is 49 times the size of the moon

40、. 地球是月球的49倍。c. 主语+谓语+倍数（分数）+ 形容词（副词）比较级+ than。例如：The grain output is 8 percent higher this year than that of last year. 今年比去年粮食产量增长8%.2）分数表达法的构成：基数词代表分子，序数词代表分母。分子不小于1时，分子的序数词用单数，分母序数词用复数。例如：1/3 one-third; 3/37 three and three-sevenths.学位英语语法基本知识：时态-一般目前时1）常常性或习惯性的动作，常与表达频度的时间状语连用。时间状语：every, someti

41、mes, at, on Sunday. 例如：I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七点离开家。2）客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。例如：The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕太阳转动。Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中国东部。3）表达格言或警句。例如：Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。注意：此用法如果出目前宾语从句中，虽然主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般目前时。例：Columbus proved that the earth i

42、s round. 哥伦布证明了地球是圆的。4）目前时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。例如：I dont want so much. 我不要那么多。Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 安英语写得不错，讲的可不行。学位英语语法基本知识：时态-将来完毕时a. 状态完毕：表达某事继续到将来某一时为止始终有的状态。例如：They will have been married for 20 years by then. 到那时她们结婚将有二十年了。b. 动作完毕：表达将来某一时或另一种将来的动作之前，已经完毕的动作或获得的经验。例如：You wil

43、l have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow. 明天此时，你已经达到上海了。学位英语语法基本知识：时态-过去完毕时（1）表达在过去某一时刻或动作此前完毕了的动作，即“过去的过去”。可以用by, before等介词短语或一种时间状语从句来表达，也可以用一种表达过去的动作来表达，还也许通过上下文来表达。如：By nine oclock last night, we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship.到昨晚9点钟，我们已经收到200张飞船发来的图片。（2）表达由过去的某一时刻开始，始终延续到过去另一时间的动作

44、或状态，常和for, since构成的时间状语连用。例如：I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.当车来的时候，我在车站已等了20分钟。He said he had worked in that factory since 1949.她说自从1949年以来她就在那家工厂工作。（3）论述过去发生的事情，在已论述了过去发生的事情后，反过来追述或补述此前发生的动作时，常使用过去完毕时。例如：Mr. Smith died yesterday. He had been a good friend of mine.

45、史密斯先生昨天去世了。她此前是我的好友。I didnt know a thing about the verbs, for I had not studied my lesson.我对动词一无所知，由于我没有好好学习功课。（4）在具有定语从句的主从复合句中，如果论述的是过去的事，先发生的动作常用过去完毕时。例如：I returned the book that I had borrowed. 我已归还了我借的书。She found the key that she had lost. 她丢失的钥匙找到了。（5）过去完毕时常常用在宾语从句（或间接引语）中，这时从句中的动作发生在主句表达的过去的动

46、作之前。例如：。He said that he had known her well. 她说她很熟悉她。I thought I had sent the letter a week before. 我觉得我一星期前就把信寄出去了。（6）在包具有when, until等连词的复合句中。例如：When I woke up, it had already stopped raining.我醒来时雨已停了。She didnt go to bed until she had finished he work.她直到把工作做完之后才睡觉。（7）动词think, want, hope, mean, plan

47、, intend等用过去完毕时来表达过去未曾实现的想法，但愿，打算或意图等。例如：They had wanted to help but could not get there in time.她们本来打算去帮忙，但没有及时赶到那里。We had hoped to be able to come and see you. 我们本来但愿能来看看你。（8）过去完毕时还可用在hardlywhen, no soonerthan, It was the first (second, etc) time (that)等固定句型中。例如： .Hardly had he began to speak when

48、 the audience interrupted him. 她刚开始演讲，听众就打断了她。No sooner had he arrived than he went away again. 她刚到就又走了。学位英语语法基本知识：时态-目前完毕时a.目前完毕时可表达过去发生的动作对目前所产生的影响，背面一般不用时间状语，但句中常浮现already, just, yet等副词。如：Someone has broken the window.有人把窗户打破了。Ive just finished reading the novel.我刚刚读完这本故事。Have you seen the doctor

49、 yet? 你看过医生了吗？注：already和yet用法上的区别already常用于肯定句，置于句中。yet常用于否认句和疑问句，常用于句末。但already有时也可用语疑问句中暗示惊讶的心情。b.目前完毕时也可表达从过去某时开始的动作，状态始终持续到目前，常和for, since引导的时间状语连用。如：I have learned English for 5 years. He has lived in Beijing since he was born.注：（1）for和since引导的时间状语的区别：for + 一段时间，since + 一点时间 从句（从句中常用一般过去时）。（2）表

50、达继续的目前完毕时也可和lately, recently, so far, up to now, till now, in the past (last) few years, this week (month, year), all day, all this week等时间状语连用。如：Tom has had a toothache all day.I havent heard from him recently.（3）目前完毕时也可表达从过去到目前曾经经历过或做过的事情，常和often, ever, never, before, once, .times等时间状语连用。如： .Ive n

51、ever been to Beijing.我从没去过北京。He has read this book before.难点释疑：1.点动词与延续性动词的区别所谓点动词是指具有终结或短暂意义的动词。如：begin, end, die, buy, borrow, come, arrive, join, marry等动词。它们一般不与表达一段时间的状语连用。如：I have bought a book.我买了一本书。 .Ive had this book for three weeks.这本书我已经买了三星期了。2.have got的含义have got形式上是目前完毕时，却和have是同一种意思Sh

52、e has got a slight temperature. She has a slight temperature.她有点发热。3.用于目前完毕时的句型It is the first/second timethat构造中的从句部分，用目前完毕时。例如：It is the first time that I have visited the city. 这是我第一次访问这都市。This is the first time (that) Ive heard him sing. 这是我第一次听她唱歌。学位英语语法基本知识：时态-将来进行时1）表达将来某时进行的状态或动作，或按预测将来会发生的事

53、情。例如：Shell be coming soon. 她会不久来的。Ill be meeting him sometime in the future. 将来我一定去见她。2）常用的时间状语有soon, tomorrow, this evening, on Sunday, by this time, tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening等。例如：By this time tomorrow, Ill be lying on the beach. 明天此时，我正躺在海滩上呢。注意：“主将从现原则”，主句用将来时，从句用一般目前时（替代一般将来时）When,

54、 as soon as, if，等引导的时间状语从句，条件句中，用一般目前时替代将来时。例如：He is going to visit her aunt t when he arrives in Beijing. 她一到北京，就去看她姨妈学位英语语法基本知识：时态-过去进行时过去进行时表达过去某一时间正在进行的动作，常和表过去的时间状语连用，如：I was doing my homework at this time yesterday. 昨天的这个时候我正在做作业。They were expecting you yesterday. 她们昨天始终在等待。难点释疑：when作并列连词，表达“（

55、这时）忽然”之意时，第一种并列分句用过去进行时，when引导的并列分句用一般过去时。如：I was taking a walk when I met him. 我正在散步，忽然碰见了她。We were playing outside when it began to rain. 我们正在外边玩，这时下起雨来了。学位英语语法基本知识：时态-目迈进行时a.表达目前（指说话人说话时）正在发生的事情。例如：We are waiting for you. 我们正在等你。b.习惯进行：表达长期的或反复性的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行。例如：Mr. Green is writing another nove

56、l. 她在写另一部故事。（说话时并未在写，只处在写作的状态。）c.表达渐变，这样的动词有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。例如：The leaves are turning red. 叶子在变红。Its getting warmer and warmer. 天越来越热了。d.与always, constantly, forever等词连用，表达反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。例如：You are always changing your mind. 你老是变化主意。学位英语语法基本知识：时态-一般将来时1）shall用

57、于第一人称，常被will 所替代。will 在陈述句中用于各人称，在征求意见时常用于第二人称。例如：Which paragraph shall I read first? 我先读哪一段呢？Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七点回家好吗？2）be going to +不定式，表达将来。a. 主语的意图，即将做某事。例如：What are you going to do tomorrow?b. 筹划，安排要发生的事。例如：The play is going to be produced next month. 这出戏下月开播。c. 有迹象要发

58、生的事。例如：Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm. 看那乌云，将近下雨了。3）be +to表将来，按筹划或正式安排将发生的事。例如：We are to discuss the report next Saturday. 我们下星期六讨论这份报告。4）be about to +动词原形，意为立即做某事。例如：He is about to leave for Beijing. 她立即要去北京。注意：1、一般目前时表达将来1）下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般

59、目前时可以表达将来，重要用来表达在时间上已拟定或安排好的事情。例如：The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火车明天上午六点开。When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes. 汽车什么时候开？十分钟后。2）在时间或条件句中。例如：When Bill comes（不是will come）, ask him to wait for me. 比尔来后，让她等我。Ill write to you as soon as I arrive there. 我到了那里，就写信给你。2、用目迈进行时表达将来下列动词co

60、me, go, arrive, leave等目迈进行时可以表达将来：Im leaving tomorrow. 明天我要走了。学位英语语法基本知识：时态-一般过去时1）在拟定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。例如：时间状语有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。例如：Where did you go just now? 刚刚你上哪儿去了？2）表达在过去一段时间内，常常性或习惯性的动作。例如：When I was a child, I often played football in the street.Whe