系统功能语法-投射小句市公开课获奖课件

1、 韩礼德（1970，1973，1985/1994/）把语言纯理功效或元功效（metafunction）,分为三种概念功效（ideational function），人际功效（interpersonal function）和语篇功效（texual function）。逻辑功效“投射”符号与“投射”信息外国语言学及应用语言学杜玉第1页第1页经验功效experientionalfunction概念功效ideational function逻辑功效logicalfunction及物性系统transivity system语态voice互相依存interdependency逻辑语义关系logical-s

2、emantic relation并列parataxis扩展expansion主从hypotaxis投射projection第2页第2页逻辑功效指是语言所具备反应两个或两个以上语言单位之间逻辑语义关系功效，Halliday（1985/1994/）是从两个不同角度来研究这种功效：相互依存（interdependency）和逻辑语义关系（logical-semantic relation）。第3页第3页并列两个或两个以上语言单位同等主要，这种关系即可出现在词复合体（word complex），也可出现在小句复合体（clause complex）。词复合体（word complex）：tea or c

3、offee小句复合体（clause complex）: She is an intelligent and diligent girl.互相依存interdependency并列parataxis第4页第4页互相依存interdependency主从hypotaxis主从两个或两个以上语言单位在逻辑和语义上地位不同，其中一个单位比其它单位主要，是其它单位依附对象。Halliday把这类语言单位叫做支配成份（dominant element）,把处于从属地位语言单位叫做依附成份（depenent element）。词复合体: There is a stone bridge on the rive

4、r. 依附 支配小句复合体: Nobady believed that he is a liar.第5页第5页逻辑语义logical-semantic relation扩展expansion语言单位之间逻辑关系大体可分为：扩展（expension）和投射（projection）。扩展一个词或一个小句在语义上对另一个词或小句进行扩充，扩充方式有三种：详述（elaboration）、延伸（extension）和增强（enhancement）第6页第6页详述改换一个说法来表示已经表述语义，新旧说法在内容上是一致John ran away; he didnt wait.John ran away, w

5、hich means he didnt wait.延伸在原有语义上添加新内容John ran away and Fred stayed behind.John ran away whereas Fred stayed behind.增强交代时间、地点、因果、条件等环境原因来对小句进行语义阐明John was so scared so he ran away.John ran away because he was scared.第7页第7页投射通过一个小句引出另一个小句语言现象。被投射小句能够是话语（locution），包括直接引语（direct speech）和间接引语（indirect s

6、peech）或某人想法（idea）。直引John said: “ Im running away. ”间引John said he was running away.想法John thought he would run away.逻辑语义logical-semantic relation投射projection第8页第8页功效语法在分析“投射”现象时，主要描写了“投射”小句与被“投射”小句之间逻辑功效，着重分析了小句与小句之间关系。 Irene said: “ You are required to do it .” “投射”符号等于“投射”小句，而“投射”信息是一个“被投射”小句或一个嵌入

7、言语或观点（embedded locution or idea），或事实(facts)。“ 投射 ”小句“ 被投射 ”小句“投射”符号 “投射”信息第9页第9页“投射”符号“投射”信息投射小句： 1, 2投射副词或介词：8,10,16,17投射名词： 6, 7 外置结构： 14引号： 17 引语： 1, 4小句复合体：6, 7, 9that 小句： 2, 3, 5wh 小句： 15动词不定式：12-ing 小句： 18介词短语： 11, 13名词词组： 17第10页第10页(1) Dont forget, he had said, were responsible for your safet

8、y and for the safety of the kit.引语(2) The council spokesman also said there were not enough professional caterers in the area to meet demand.that小句(3) It is often said that there can be no confidence in iniquity.that小句(4) Ow was I supposed to know, he thought afterwards.引语(5) I thought you were anxi

9、ous to hear about your friend.that小句(6) But the answer is, each one secretly thinks hes the best.小句复合体(7) The message which Balfour sent was that, He is also of the opinion that will be a serious danger if the Socialist Party is allowed to assume office at the present time and he thinks every means

10、ought to be taken to avert the Parliamentary defeat which would bring them into office in your place.小句复合体第11页第11页(8) As for Paul, he thinks its fantastic.介词(9) An opinion poll for the Globe and Mail and the Canadian Broasting Corporation produced surprising results from Quebec: while most people th

11、ere strongly demand change, only 10% want full independence and 52% wish their province to remain within Canada.小句复合体(10) According to Moscucci, this claim commanded the general assent, although practitioners interpreted it in vastly different ways.介词(11) If all goes well, the company could add by r

12、oyal appointment to its other claims to fame.介词短语(12) ECGD does not require these agents to have any sp ecial qualifications as claimed by the Director of Adjustment Claims Services Ltd.动词不定式第12页第12页(13) I didnt come to argue about what you meant to Maurice.介词短语(14) It is very significant that nobody abstained.外置结构(15) She asked what to do.wh小句(16) He also reportedly jotted down the license plate numbers of cars spouting black smoke from their exhaust pipes and sent the culprits numbers to the pol