材料成型及控制工程专业英语PLASTICFORMINGPROCESSESANDDIES

1、材料成型及控制工程专业英语As the phenomenon of superplasticity moves from the laboratory into the industrial arena, as in the case of a number of engineering metals, the need for quality and process control during superplastic forming becomes increasingly important. - 1 -Translation Skill Semantic Extension （翻译技

2、巧 常见多功能词的译法）as的译法；it的译法；that的译法；what的译法。多功能词as，it，that，what在科技文章中广泛使用，出现频率很高，有必要提出来重点讨论。- 2 -as的译法 as 作为介词可引出主语补足语、宾语补足语、状语、同位语等，可译为“作为”、“为”、“以”、“是”、“当作”等。1.as 作为介词的译法Fire protection engineers define the term explosion as an “effect” produced by a sudden violent expansion of gases. We take steel as

3、the leading engineering materials.译：消防工程师把爆炸定义为气体瞬时剧烈膨胀的效应。译：我们把钢作为主要的工程材料。- 3 - as 作为关系代词可以单独使用，也可以与such，the same等词搭配使用，引导定语从句。2.as 作为关系代词的译法 as单独使用，引导定语从句或省略定语从句时，可译为“正如”或“这”、“这样”等，有时as可略去不译。As known to us, inertia(惯性) is an absolute quality possessed by all bodies. As have been found there are mo

4、re than a hundred elements. 译：正如我们所知，惯性是所有物体都具有的一种绝对属性。 译：已经发现，元素有一百多种。（略去不译）- 4 - suchas，such as引出的定语从句，可译为“像这（那）样的”、“那样（中）的”、“像之类的”等。Fire deals with such ideas as substance, temperature, explosion and combustion. 2.as 作为关系代词的译法译：火灾涉及到诸如物质、温度、爆炸和燃烧之类的概念。- 5 - the sameas，the same as引出的定语从句，可译为“和一样”、

5、“与相同”、“和相等”等。The weight of an object on the moon is not the same as its weight on the earth. 2.as 作为关系代词的译法译：某一物体在月球上的重量与该物体在地球上的重量不一样。- 6 - as 作为关系副词引导定语从句的译法，与作为关系代词引导定语从句的译法基本相同。3.as 作为关系副词的译法A vector multiplied by a scalar quantity is a vector in the same direction as the original vector. 译：乘以标量

6、的矢量是一个与原矢量同向的矢量。- 7 - as 作为连词，可引导时间、原因、比较、让步等状语从句。不同的状语从句中的as有不同的译法，分述于后。4.as 作为连词的译法 as引导时间状语从句，可译为“（当）时” 、“随着”等。the force of gravitational attraction between two bodies decrease as the distance between them increases. 译：两物体之间的引力随着两物体之间的距离增大而减小。- 8 - as 作为连词，可引导时间、原因、比较、让步等状语从句。不同的状语从句中的as有不同的译法，分述

7、于后。4.as 作为连词的译法 as引导原因状语从句，可译为“由于”、 “因为所以”等。As liquids and gases flow, they are called fluids. - 9 -译：由于液体和气体能流动，因此成为流体。 as 作为连词，可引导时间、原因、比较、让步等状语从句。不同的状语从句中的as有不同的译法，分述于后。4.as 作为连词的译法 as引导比较状语从句时， as+形容词或副词+as可译为“与一样（同样）”、“又又”；not so+形容词或副词可译为 “不如（没有）（那样）”； as long as可译为“多久.多久”。The wheel turns as f

8、ast as stable. The development stage lasts as long as it needs to.译：这只轮子转得又快又稳。译：研制阶段需要持续多久，就持续多久。- 10 - as 作为连词，可引导时间、原因、比较、让步等状语从句。不同的状语从句中的as有不同的译法，分述于后。4.as 作为连词的译法 as引导让步状语从句， 可译为“虽然”、“尽管”。Complicated as the problem is, it can be worked out in a few minutes by a computer. 译：尽管那个问题很复杂，计算机能在几分钟内将

9、它解出。- 11 - as 作为连词，可引导时间、原因、比较、让步等状语从句。不同的状语从句中的as有不同的译法，分述于后。4.as 作为连词的译法 as引导方式状语从句， 可译为“正如一样”、“像那样”、“正如”等。Friction, as the term is understood in mechanics, is the resistance to relative motion between two bodies in contact. 译：正如大家在力学中所知，摩擦就是两个相接触的物体产生相对运动的阻力。- 12 -it的译法 it 用作无人称主语，表示天气、时间、距离等；或用作

10、先行主语、先行宾语，可略去不译。1.it 的省略We found it necessary to use modern composite materials for tall buildings.。译：我们认为，采用现代复合材料建造高层建筑是必要的。- 13 -2.it 引导强调句型的译法it的译法 无在这种句型上，it本身无词汇意义，但在被强调部分的前面加译“是”、“正是”、“只有”等字。It is to reduce accidents that safety valves are designed.译：正是为了减少事故，才设计了安全阀。- 14 -3.it 作为人称代词的译法 it代替

11、上文所提及的事物，一般可译成“它”。A new science, safety behavior, has emerged, and it is very closely allied to management and psychology. 译：出现了一门新兴学科安全行为科学，它与心理学和管理学关系密切。- 15 - 英语中的多数状语从句可位于主句之前或之后，因此指代的某一事物在主句中可用名词也可用代词；但汉语中的状语从句一般位于主句之前，而指代某一事物总是先出现名词后使用代词。基于上述情况，it往往译成所代替的名词。The light is slowed down as it goes

12、through the lens. 3.it 作为人称代词的译法译：当光线穿入透镜时，速度就减慢下来。- 16 - it往代替上文所提及的某件事或上面的整个句子时，可译成“这”、“这一点”。Is a structure safe when loaded? It is a problem to be studied. 3.it 作为人称代词的译法译：结构受载后还安全吗？这是一个需要研究的问题。- 17 - 18 -CHAPTER 4 PLASTIC FORMING PROCESSES AND DIES4.1 Forgingdie 模具；凹模forging 锻造；锻件seasoned 适用的for

13、geman 锻工unparalleled 空前的；无比的augment 增长；发展conveyance 运输工具cryogenic 低温的Gross National Product 国民生产总值national defense 国防diffficult-to-machine alloy 难切削合金- 19 - 20 -CHAPTER 4 PLASTIC FORMING PROCESSES AND DIESThis section is a brief introduction to the forging industry and its products in terms of their

14、 important role in our way of life, highlighting their technological and economic significance.本节简要介绍了锻造业及其产品在我们的生活中的重要作用，尤其突出其技术和经济意义。in terms of 在方面，依据，按照highlighting 突出，使显著- 21 -CHAPTER 4 PLASTIC FORMING PROCESSES AND DIESIn earlier days forging was the process of shaping metal by heating and ham

15、mering. Today, metal is not always heated for forging and the work may be performed by several types of heavy machines which apply impact or squeeze pressure with swift precision.早期，锻造是通过加热并锤打使金属成形的过程。现在，锻造并不总是加热金属，而且许多操作可以由重型的机器来完成，它们能够施加快速精密冲击力或挤压力。hammering 在方面，依据，按照squeeze 挤，挤压 swift 快的， 迅速的prec

16、ision 精密度，精确- 22 -CHAPTER 4 PLASTIC FORMING PROCESSES AND DIES In today s forging industry the skill and seasoned judgment of the forgeman is enhanced by the machines of modern technology to produce metal parts of unparalleled strength and utility.在今天的锻造行业中，锻造者的技能和经验丰富的判断被现代科技的机器放大，生产出很好的强度和实用性的金属部件

17、。seasoned 经验丰富的，老练的unparalleled 无比的，空前的utility 效用，实用，功用- 23 -CHAPTER 4 PLASTIC FORMING PROCESSES AND DIESThe art of forging is being augmented by the science of forging at an increasingly rapid rate.锻造工艺由于锻造科学而正在以越来越快的速度发展完善。augment 增加，增大- 24 -CHAPTER 4 PLASTIC FORMING PROCESSES AND DIESThus, as ser

18、vice requirements for mechanical parts have become more severe, forging has become more than the mere shaping of metal. Forging permits the structure of metals to be refined and controlled to provide improved mechanical properties. 因此，随着机械零件的使用要求变得更加苛刻，锻造已不仅仅是金属的成形。锻造能够改进和控制金属的结构，以提供更优良的力学性能。service

19、 服务severe 严格的，苛刻的- 25 -CHAPTER 4 PLASTIC FORMING PROCESSES AND DIESAlso, forging produces a continuous grain flow in the metal which can be oriented to follow the shape of the part and result in maximum strength efficiency of the material.同时，锻造使金属中产生的连续的“晶粒流动”，它可以被导向到跟随工件的形状，并导致该材料最大的强化效果。orient 确定方

20、向；导向；使适应continuous 突出，使显著efficiency 效能；功效- 26 -CHAPTER 4 PLASTIC FORMING PROCESSES AND DIES Since virtually all metals can be forged-from aluminum to zirconium-extensive combinations of mechanical and physical properties are available to meet demanding space age application.事实上，几乎所有的金属是可以锻造的（从铝到锆），因

21、此可以得到力学和物理性能的广泛组合，以满足要求苛刻的航空时代的应用。 virtually 事实上，几乎；实质上combination 联合- 27 -CHAPTER 4 PLASTIC FORMING PROCESSES AND DIESTechnically, forging may be defined as the process of giving metal increased utility by shaping it, refining it, and improving its mechanical properties through controlled plastic d

22、eformation under impact or pressure.从技术上讲,锻造的定义是通过在冲击或者压力下进行可控的塑性变形，使金属成形，组织优化，力学性能改善，以改善金属使用性能的工艺 。- 28 -CHAPTER 4 PLASTIC FORMING PROCESSES AND DIESBut the true meaning of forging can be more clearly recognized by considering the variety of ways it serves mankind and the important characteristics

23、forged parts offer those who design, purchase and use them.但锻造的真正含义，可以通过以下方面来更清楚地认识，即考虑它服务人类各种方式，和锻件为它的设计者、消费者、使用者们提供的重要性能。- 29 -CHAPTER 4 PLASTIC FORMING PROCESSES AND DIESForgings are commonly found in machines and conveyances at critical points of shock or stress-particularly where reliability an

24、d human safety are affected, and yet the great variety of shapes, sizes and properties available in forgings has extended the list of current applications and potential future uses far beyond this point.锻件通常用于位于冲击力或者应力临界点的机械和运输工具中，特别是在影响可靠性和人身安全的场合，但由于锻件大范围的形状，尺寸和性能，所以现有的应用领域和潜在的名单已经远远超出了这些。shock 打击

25、；震动conveyance 运输工具- 30 -CHAPTER 4 PLASTIC FORMING PROCESSES AND DIESFrom the standpoint of size, for example, forgings may range from tiny cash register parts weighting fractions of an ounce to massive structural components weighting several tons.例如，从尺寸上来说，锻件可以从很小的重量只有一盎司的几分之一的收银机零件，到重达几吨的大型结构组件。sta

26、ndpoint 观点，立场 cash register 收银机fraction 分数 component 组件 massive大量的- 31 -CHAPTER 4 PLASTIC FORMING PROCESSES AND DIESLikewise, forgings are available in shapes covering virtually every basic configuration useful to man. They serve in operating temperature ranging from cryogenic levels to over 3 000F

27、and in environments as corrosive as nature can devise. 同样，锻件在形状上涵盖几乎所有的对人类有用的基本外形。他们的工作温度范围可以从低于零度到超过3000F，可以在自然界所有的腐蚀性环境中使用。configuration 结构，外形cryogenic 零下的devise 设计，发明- 32 -CHAPTER 4 PLASTIC FORMING PROCESSES AND DIESForgings are economically competitive with other types of parts produced in corre

28、sponding materials.相同材料的条件下，使用锻造生产零件比用其他方法更具有经济性。corresponding 相当的，相应的- 33 -CHAPTER 4 PLASTIC FORMING PROCESSES AND DIESWhile the commercial forging industry is not huge in relation to the Gross National Product, it is a giant in its contribution to our standard of living and our national defense.虽然

29、商业锻压行业占国民生产总值所占的比重不是很大，但它对我们的生活水平和国防贡献巨大。giant 巨人in relation to 与相比较- 34 -CHAPTER 4 PLASTIC FORMING PROCESSES AND DIESThe operating capabilities of most of today s machines and conveyances largely depend on the properties achievable in forged components. 目前的大多数机械和交通工具的工作能力，在很大程度上取决于可以获得的锻造部件的性能。oper

30、ating capabilities 工作能力- 35 -CHAPTER 4 PLASTIC FORMING PROCESSES AND DIESWithout forgings and the performance characteristics they provide, autos, airplanes, trucks, farm implements, earthmoving machines, missiles, industrial engines and machines, and the implements of national defense, as we know t

31、hem, would not be feasible.如果没有锻件和它们所提供的性能特点，汽车，飞机，卡车，农具，挖掘机，导弹，工业发动机和机械装置，以及国防装备等，我们所能想到的，他们都是不可行的。performance characteristics 性能特点；运行特性implement 工具，器具；手段feasible 可行的；可能的- 36 -CHAPTER 4 PLASTIC FORMING PROCESSES AND DIESModern manufacturers are looking ahead-anticipating the future needs of industr

32、y and developing products and services to meet them. New markets are being identified; new technologies explored; new method and processes refined.现代的生产者具有前瞻性 -他们预测行业未来的需求,开发产品和服务，以满足他们。新的市场正在确立;新技术正在发展，新方法和工艺过程正在完善。anticipat 预期，期望identify 识别；确定- 37 -CHAPTER 4 PLASTIC FORMING PROCESSES AND DIESAs ef

33、ficient use of material becomes more necessary, the ability of forgings to provide strength with minimum weight becomes more attractive.随着有效地利用材料变得更加必要，锻件以最小的重量提供足够强度的能力变得更有吸引力。in terms of 在方面，依据，按照highlighting 突出，使显著- 38 -CHAPTER 4 PLASTIC FORMING PROCESSES AND DIESAs more use is made of costly, di

34、fficult-to-machine alloys, the relative precision and dimensional uniformity of forged parts become more desirable. The products of the forging process-as old as antiquity-are as new as tomorrow. 随着越来越多的使用由昂贵的，难切削的合金，锻件的相对精度和尺寸均匀性变得更加需要。古老的锻造工艺产品又有了新的挑战。uniformity 一致；同样；均匀性antiquity 高龄；古物Translation

35、 Skill Semantic Extension （翻译技巧长句的译法） 化整为零，分译法； 纲举目张，变序法； 逆流而上，逆序法； 逆序而下，顺序法。 长句常见的翻译方法主要有以下四种：化整为零，分译法 原句包含多层意思，而汉语习惯一个小句表达一层意思。为了使行文简洁，将整个长句译成几个独立的句子，顺序基本不变，保持前后的连贯。 Steel is usually made where the iron ore is smelted, so that the modern steelworks forms a complete unity, taking in raw materials a

36、nd producing all types of cast iron and steel, both for sending to other works for further treatment, and as finished products such as joists and other consumers.初译 通常在炼铁的地方就炼钢，所以现代炼钢厂从运进原材料到生产供送往其他工厂进一步加工处理并制成如工字钢及其他商品钢材的成品而形成一整套的联合企业。改译 通常在炼铁的地方也炼钢。因此，现代炼钢厂是一个配套的整体，从运进原料到生产各种类型的铸铁与钢材；有的送往其他工厂进一步加工

37、处理，有的就制成成品，如工字钢及其他一些成材。 The loads a structure is subjected to are divided into dead loads, which include the weights of all the parts of the structure, and live loads, which are due to the weights of people, movable equipment, etc. 初译 一个结构物受到的荷载可分为包括结构物各部分重量的静载和由于人及可移动设备等的重量引起的活载。改译 一个结构物受到的荷载可分为静载与

38、活载两类。静载包括该结构物各部分的重量。活载则是由于人及可移动设备等的重量而引起的荷载。CHAPTER 4 PLASTIC FORMING PROCESSES AND DIES4.1.1 Closed-Die Forgingclosed-die forging 模锻 nickel-base superalloy 镍基合金deformation rate 变形速度as-forged 锻造的；锻后的residual strain 残留应变bottom die 下模insulation 隔热；绝缘- 43 - 44 -CHAPTER 4 PLASTIC FORMING PROCESSES AND D

39、IESThe production of closed-die forging in the titanium and nickel-based superalloys, which are specified for the most exacting aerospace applications, is a complex sequence of processes.钛基和镍基超耐热合金是最严格的航空航天应用材料，它们的锻造生产是一个流程复杂的过程。exacting 严格的；苛求的sequence 序列；顺序- 45 -CHAPTER 4 PLASTIC FORMING PROCESSES

40、 AND DIESAn essential requirement is close co-operation between the manufacturer of the billet material and the die forger responsible for shaping the material to the geometry, quality,and engineering property requirement of the ultimate customer.这样，一个基本要求就是原材料制造商和模具锻造厂通力合作，其中模具锻造厂负责最终客户所要求的材料的形状，质量

41、和工程性能。billet material 坯料，原材料geometry 几何学- 46 -CHAPTER 4 PLASTIC FORMING PROCESSES AND DIESIn forging both superalloys and titanium alloys, strict disciplines must be followed to obtain the degree of temperature control and the deformation rate needed to produce a predictable as-forged structure of t

42、he type which will satisfactorily respond to the near-solvus temperature employed for the fine balancing of properties called for by current specifications.在超耐热合金和钛合金的锻造中，必须遵守严格的规范，以获得温度控制和所需的变形速率，这是获得预期的锻造组织的必要条件，这种组织能够在近固溶温度下实现各种实际应用需要的性能的协调。discipline 学科；纪律 specification 规格；详述；说明书respond to 响应 -

43、47 -CHAPTER 4 PLASTIC FORMING PROCESSES AND DIESThe main factors needing careful control in achieving an as-forged structure which is both predictable and reproducible in terms of residual strain/grain structure are:die perform geometry; die preheating temperature; lubrication/insulation ;kinetic en

44、ergy input;continual monitoring of workpiece surface temperature.锻造组织在残余应力和晶粒结构方面具有预见性和可重复性，要获得这种组织，需要严格控制的因素有：模具几何形状，模具预热温度，润滑与隔离；动能输入;工件表面温度的连续监测。residual 剩余的；残留的 lubrication 润滑insulation 绝缘；隔离- 48 -CHAPTER 4 PLASTIC FORMING PROCESSES AND DIESThe dies are preheated to the limit imposed by the stre

45、ngth of die material. Lubrication/insulation needs discrimination use if the workpiece is to be suitably deformed and application varies from 100% coverage, through partial coverage, to no lubrication.模具被预热到由模具材料强度所决定的温度。根据工件是否要适当的变形，它的应用范围从100润滑，到部分润滑，再到无润滑。impose 强加；以欺骗 discrimination 区别，辨别- 49 -C

46、HAPTER 4 PLASTIC FORMING PROCESSES AND DIESSeveral glasses of different melting points and viscosities have been investigated and are used for both superalloy and titanium forgings.人们研究了几种不同的熔点和粘度材料,并用于超耐热合金和钛锻件。in terms of 在方面，依据，按照highlighting 突出，使显著- 50 -CHAPTER 4 PLASTIC FORMING PROCESSES AND DI

47、ESIn drop stamping, control of the kinetic energy input is achieve by the height to which the tup is raised, thus quite accurately determining the energy of each blow.在锤上模锻中，动能输入的控制是通过向其中锤头的升高实现的，从而能比较准确地确定每次冲击的能量。drop stamping 锤上模锻tup 锤头 kinetic energy 动能- 51 -CHAPTER 4 PLASTIC FORMING PROCESSES AN

48、D DIESThe frequency of the blows needs careful control to achieve a balance which will hold the temperature of the forging within a narrow band.冲击的频率需要严格控制，以将锻造温度保持在一个窄的范围内。frequency 频率highlighting 突出，使显著- 52 -CHAPTER 4 PLASTIC FORMING PROCESSES AND DIESTo do this in a repeatable manner involves close co-operation between the hammer operatives and the technical staff who supervi