图形用户介面历史

1、 HYPERLINK /new/source/266.html% 图形用户界面历史 |图形用户界面（GUI）详细进展历史History of the graphical user interfaceThe HYPERLINK /g/graphical-user-interface.html o Graphical user interface graphical user interface, or GUI, is a computer interface that uses graphic icons and controls in addition to text. The user of

2、 the computer utilizes a HYPERLINK /p/pointing-device.html o Pointing device pointing device, like a mouse, to manipulate these icons and controls. This was a great leap forward from the HYPERLINK /c/command-line-interface.html o Command line interface command line interface used in other operating

3、systems, in which the user types a series of text commands to the computer. Initial DevelopmentsThe first concept of a windowing system begins with the first real-time graphic display systems for computers, namely the HYPERLINK /s/sage-project.html o SAGE Project SAGE Project and HYPERLINK /i/ivan-s

4、utherland.html o Ivan Sutherland Ivan Sutherlands HYPERLINK /s/sketchpad.html o Sketchpad Sketchpad. Augmentation of Human Intellect HYPERLINK /d/douglas-engelbart.html o Douglas Engelbart Doug Engelbarts Augmentation of Human Intellect project at HYPERLINK /s/sri-1.html o SRI SRI in the HYPERLINK /

5、1/1960s.html o 1960s 1960s developed the HYPERLINK /n/nls.html o NLS On-Line System, which incorporated a mouse-driven cursor and multiple windows. Xerox PARCEngelbarts work directly led to the advances at HYPERLINK /x/xerox.html o Xerox Xerox HYPERLINK /x/xerox-parc-1.html o Xerox PARC PARC. Severa

6、l people went from SRI to HYPERLINK /x/xerox-parc-1.html o Xerox PARC Xerox PARC in the early HYPERLINK /1/1970.html o 1970 1970s. The Xerox PARC team codified the HYPERLINK /w/wimp.html o WIMP WIMP (windows, icons, menus and pointers/pull-down menus) paradigm, first pioneered on the HYPERLINK /x/xe

7、rox-alto.html o Xerox Alto Xerox Alto experimental computer, but which eventually appeared commercially in the HYPERLINK /x/xerox-star.html o Xerox Star Xerox 8010 (Star) system in HYPERLINK /1/1981.html o 1981 1981. Apple Lisa and MacintoshBeginning in HYPERLINK /1/1979.html o 1979 1979, led by HYP

8、ERLINK /j/jef-raskin.html o Jef Raskin Jef Raskin, the HYPERLINK /a/apple-lisa.html o Apple Lisa Lisa and HYPERLINK /a/apple-macintosh.html o Apple Macintosh Macintosh teams at HYPERLINK /a/apple-computer.html o Apple Computer Apple Computer (which included former members of the Xerox PARC group) co

9、ntinued to develop such ideas. The Macintosh, released in 1984, was the first commercially successful product to use a GUI. A HYPERLINK /d/desktop-metaphor.html o Desktop metaphor desktop metaphor was used, in which files looked like pieces of paper; directories looked like file folders; there were

10、a set of HYPERLINK /d/desk-accessory.html o Desk Accessory desk accessories like a calculator, notepad, and alarm clock that the user could place around the screen as desired; and the user could delete files and folders by dragging them to a trash can on the screen. There is still some controversy o

11、ver the amount of influence that Xeroxs HYPERLINK /x/xerox-parc-1.html o Xerox PARC PARC work, as opposed to previous academic research, had on the GUIs of Apples HYPERLINK /a/apple-lisa.html o Apple Lisa Lisa and HYPERLINK /a/apple-macintosh.html o Apple Macintosh Macintosh, but it is clear that th

12、e influence was extensive. The Macintoshs GUI has been revised with time since 1984, with a major update with HYPERLINK /s/system-7-macintosh-.html o System 7 (Macintosh) System 7, and underwent its largest revision with the introduction of the Aqua interface in 2001s HYPERLINK /m/mac-os-x.html o Ma

13、c OS X Mac OS X. VisiOnGraphical user interface primarily designed for spreadsheets by the company that wrote the legendary HYPERLINK /v/visicalc.html o VisiCalc VisiCalc spreadsheet. First introduced the windows concept and a mouse to the PC environment, in 1983. Preceded the first HYPERLINK /m/mic

14、rosoft-windows.html o Microsoft Windows Microsoft Windows implementations. VisiOn never took off because it could not be used to run other HYPERLINK /m/ms-dos.html o MS-DOS MS-DOS applications and was buggy and expensive. Inspired the multitasking system DESQview. Amiga Intuition HYPERLINK /a/amiga.

15、html o Amiga Amiga computers developed a GUI in HYPERLINK /1/1985.html o 1985 1985 called HYPERLINK /i/intuition.html o Intuition Intuition. In this GUI directories were shown as filing cabinet drawers. The Amiga GUI was unique for its time because it featured a pop-up HYPERLINK /c/command-line-inte

16、rface.html o Command line interface command line interface (CLI) for those times when a GUI does not offer enough control. GEMAt the same time Microsoft was developing Windows in the HYPERLINK /1/1980s.html o 1980s 1980s, HYPERLINK /d/digital-research.html o Digital Research Digital Research develop

17、ed the HYPERLINK /g/gem-desktop.html o GEM Desktop GEM Desktop GUI system. GEM was created as an alternative window system to run on IBM PC systems, either on top of MS-DOS (like Microsoft Windows) or on top of HYPERLINK /c/cpm-86.html o CPM-86 CPM-86, DRs own operating system that MS-DOS was patter

18、ened after. GEM achieved minimal success in the PC world, but was later used as the native GUI on the HYPERLINK /a/atari-st.html o Atari ST Atari ST machines. GEOS HYPERLINK /g/geos.html o GEOS GEOS was another very early graphical desktop system. Originally written for the 8 bit home computer HYPER

19、LINK /c/commodore-64.html o Commodore 64 Commodore 64 it was later ported to IBM PC systems. It came with several application programs like a calendar and word processor, and a cut-down version served as the basis for HYPERLINK /a/aol.html o AOL America Onlines DOS client. Compared to the competing

20、HYPERLINK /w/windows-3-x.html o Windows 3.x Windows 3.0 GUI, it could run reasonably well on simpler hardware. Revivals were seen in the HP OmniGo handhelds, Brother GeoBook line of laptop-appliances, and the New Deal Office package for PCs. Related code found its way to earlier Zoomer PDAs, creatin

21、g an unclear lineage to Palm, Incs later work. Microsoft Windows HYPERLINK /m/microsoft.html o Microsoft Microsoft modeled the first version of HYPERLINK /w/windows.html o Windows Windows, released in HYPERLINK /1/1985.html o 1985 1985, on the GUI of the HYPERLINK /m/mac-os.html o Mac OS Mac OS. HYP

22、ERLINK /w/windows-1-0.html o Windows 1.0 Windows 1.0 was a GUI (graphic user interface) for the HYPERLINK /m/ms-dos.html o MS-DOS MS-DOS operating system that had been the standard OS for with HYPERLINK /i/ibm-pc.html o IBM PC IBM PC and compatible computers since HYPERLINK /1/1981.html o 1981 1981.

23、 HYPERLINK /w/windows-2-0.html o Windows 2.0 Windows 2.0 followed, then in 1990 the HYPERLINK /w/windows-3-x.html o Windows 3.x Windows 3.0 launch was when the popularity of Windows really exploded. The GUIs of subsequent versions of Windows have been similar to the GUI of Windows 3.0. In 1988, Appl

24、e sued Microsoft for copyright infringement of the HYPERLINK /a/apple-lisa.html o Apple Lisa Lisa and HYPERLINK /a/apple-macintosh.html o Apple Macintosh Apple Macintosh GUI. The court case lasted 4 years before almost all of Apples claims were denied. Subsequent appeals by Apple were also denied, a

25、nd Microsoft and Apple apparently entered a final, private settlement of the matter in 1997 as a side note in a broader announcement of investment and cooperation. RISC OSEarly versions of what became called RISC OS were known as HYPERLINK /a/arthur-operating-system-.html o Arthur (operating system)

26、 Arthur, which was released in 1987. RISC OS was a colour GUI operating system which used three-buttoned mice, a taskbar (called the iconbar), and a file navigator similar to that of Mac OS. HYPERLINK /a/acorn-ltd.html o Acorn, Ltd Acorn created RISC OS in the 1980s for their HYPERLINK /a/arm-1.html

27、 o ARM ARM- HYPERLINK /c/central-processing-unit.html o Central processing unit CPU based computers. NeXTSTEPThe HYPERLINK /n/nextstep.html o NEXTSTEP NeXTSTEP user interface was used in the HYPERLINK /n/next.html o NeXT NeXT line of computers. NeXTSTEPs first major version was released in HYPERLINK

28、 /1/1989.html o 1989 1989. It used HYPERLINK /d/display-postscript.html o Display PostScript Display PostScript for its graphical underpinning. The NeXTSTEP interfaces most significant feature was the HYPERLINK /d/dock-computing-.html o Dock (computing) Dock, carried into HYPERLINK /m/mac-os-x.html

29、o Mac OS X Mac OS X, and had other minor interface details that some found made it easier and more intuitive to use than previous GUIs. NeXTSTEPs GUI was the first to feature opaque dragging of windows in its user interface, on a comparatively weak machine by todays standards. /H3 Originally collabo

30、ratively developed by Microsoft and IBM to replace DOS, version 1.0 (released in 1987) had no GUI at all. Version 1.1 (released 1988) included Presentation Manager (PM), which looked a lot like the later Windows 3.0 UI. After the split with Microsoft, IBM developed the Workplace Shell (WPS) for vers

31、ion 2.0 (released in 1992), a quite radical, object-oriented approach to GUIs. Microsoft later imitated much of this in Windows 95. BeOSX Window SystemThe HYPERLINK /p/postscript.html o PostScript PostScript-based HYPERLINK /n/news-1.html o NeWS NeWS (Network extensible Window System) was developed

32、by HYPERLINK /s/sun-microsystems.html o Sun Microsystems Sun Microsystems. For several years HYPERLINK /s/solaris-operating-environment.html o Solaris Operating Environment SunOS included a window system combining NeWS and the HYPERLINK /x/x-window-system.html o X Window System X Window System. Alth

33、ough NeWS was considered technically elegant by some commentators, Sun eventually dropped the product. Unlike X, NeWS was always HYPERLINK /p/proprietary-software.html o Proprietary software proprietary software. The X Window SystemThe standard windowing system in the Unix world, developed in the ea

34、rly 1980s, is the HYPERLINK /x/x-window-system.html o X Window System X Window System, or HYPERLINK /x/x.html o X X. X was developed at MIT as Project Athena. Its original purpose was to allow users of the newly emerging graphic terminals to access remote graphics workstations, without regard to the

35、 workstations operating system or the hardware. Due largely to the availability of the source code used to write X, it has become the standard layer for management of graphical and input/output devices and for the building of both local and remote graphical interfaces on virtually all systems, inclu

36、ding UNIX, the BSD operating systems and the HYPERLINK /l/linux.html o Linux GNU/Linux distributions. X allows a graphical terminal user to make use of remote resources on the network as if they were all located locally to the user by running a single module of software called the X server. The soft

37、ware running on the remote workstation is called the client application. Xs network transparency protocols allow the display and input portions of any application to be separated from the remainder of the application and served up to any of a large number of remote users. In the early days of X Wind

38、ow development Sun Microsystems and AT&T attempted to push for a GUI standard called OpenLook in competition with HYPERLINK /m/motif.html o Motif Motif. OpenLook was a well-designed standard developed from scratch while MOTIF was a collective effort that fell into place. Many who worked on OpenLook

39、at the time appreciate its design coherence. Motif prevailed the religious war and became the bases for CDE (Common Desktop Environment). Both X and Open Motif are available today as free software. In the late HYPERLINK /1/1990s.html o 1990s 1990s, there was significant growth in the Unix world, esp

40、ecially among the HYPERLINK /f/free-software.html o Free software free software community. New graphical desktop movements grew up around HYPERLINK /l/linux.html o Linux GNU/Linux and similar operating systems, based on the X. A new emphasis on providing an integrated and uniform interface to the us

41、er brought about new desktop environments, HYPERLINK /k/kde.html o KDE KDE and HYPERLINK /g/gnome-1.html o GNOME GNOME. See also: HYPERLINK /a/apple-v-microsoft.html o Apple v. Microsoft Apple v. Microsoft HYPERLINK /b/bill-atkinson.html o Bill Atkinson Bill Atkinson HYPERLINK /d/douglas-engelbart.h

42、tml o Douglas Engelbart Doug Engelbarts HYPERLINK /n/nls.html o NLS On-Line System HYPERLINK /g/graphical-user-interface.html o Graphical user interface Graphical user interface HYPERLINK /h/history-of-computing.html o History of computing History of computing HYPERLINK /h/history-of-microsoft-windo

43、ws.html o History of Microsoft Windows History of Microsoft Windows HYPERLINK /i/ivan-sutherland.html o Ivan Sutherland Ivan Sutherlands HYPERLINK /s/sketchpad.html o Sketchpad Sketchpad HYPERLINK /j/jef-raskin.html o Jef Raskin Jef Raskin External links: HYPERLINK /pcmuseum/vision.htm VisiOn histor

44、y - The first GUI for the PC以下来自： HYPERLINK /guis/guitimeline2.html /guis/guitimeline2.html1973April 1973, the first operational Alto computer is completed at Xerox PARC. The Alto is the first system to pull together all of the elements of the modern Graphical User Interface. Features: 3-button mous

45、e. Bit-mapped display. The use of graphical windows. Ethernet network. 19801980: Three Rivers Computer Corporation introduces the the Perq graphical workstation.19811981 June: Xerox introduces the Star, the commercial successor to the Alto. Notable features: Double-clickable icons, overlapping windo

46、ws, dialog boxes and a 1024*768 monochrome display. 19831983 January: Apple introduces the Lisa. Notable features: Pull down menus and menu bars. Visi Corp releases Visi On, the first integrated graphical software environment for IBM PCs.Microsoft announces their new Windows program for the IBM PC b

47、ut does not release it until 1985. Notable features: Is supposed to have overlapping / resizable windows. 1984January 1984: Apple introduces the Macintosh.September: Digital Research announces its GEM icon/desktop user interface for 8086- and DOS-based computers. It also was later ported to the Atar

48、i ST.June: window system X announced at MIT. Versions 1-6 were monochrome only, and ran on DEC VS100s displays connected to VAXen and VAXstations 1 and 2. Versions 8-10 dealt with color, for the VAXstation II/GPX. X10 is the first version that saw widespread availability and use on many vendors syst

49、ems. Version 11 was redesign for higher performance, more window management styles, extensibility and better graphics capability19851985: Geos released for Commodore 64 and later the Apple II.July: Commodore introduces the Amiga 1000 with the Amiga Workbench Version 1.0.August: Microsoft finally rel

50、eases the first version of Windows. Features: Windows can not be overlapped, but are instead tiled. Windows are not allowed to cover an area at the bottom of the screen that is reserved for iconized programs. 19861986: Apple threatens to sue Digital Research because the GEM desktop looked too much l

51、ike Apples Macintosh. Digital Research cripples the desktop application so Apple will not sue. The new GEM desktop now has just two unmovable, non-resizable windows for file browsing. 1987March 1987 - Apple introduces the Apple Macintosh II, the first color Macintosh. Features: 640*480*256 color wit

52、h 24 bit color card available. Microsoft releases the second version of Windows, version 2.03. Features: Finally has resizable / overlapping windows and new windowing controls. Acorn releases Arthur for the Acorn computer, it is the basis for RISC OS. RISC OS 2 and 3 have a similar look, but an impr

53、oved feel.1988September 1988: Apple releases GS/OS, a 16-bit operating system with a Macintosh-like GUI for the Apple IIGS.October: IBM releases OS/2 1.10 Standard Edition (SE) which added a graphical user interface called Presentation Manager. (OS/2 1.0 was text mode only!) The 1.10 GUI was written

54、 by Microsoft and looked like Windows 2.October: The NeXT Computer is released for $6500. It includes a 25 MHz 30 processor, 8 MB RAM, 250 MB optical disk drive, math coprocessor, digital processor for real time sound, fax modem, and a 17 monitor.19901990: Commodore releases Amiga Workbench 2 for th

55、e A3000. Features: New 3d effects, a revised menu system and many other improvements. May 1990: Windows 3.0 released by Microsoft Features: Program Manager shell. November: PC-GEOS released by GeoWorks.1992Spring of 1992: IBM releases OS/2 Version 2.0, a true 32-bit OS. Features a new Workplace Shel

56、l, an object oriented user interface that is heavily integrated with the rest of the OS. March: Microsoft introduces Windows 3.1. The user interface is basically the same as Windows 3.0 but now includes their multimedia enhancements.September: Amiga Workbench 3 released for AGA Amigas. Features: Ima

57、ges for backgrounds, color pallet remapping. 1993May 1993 Microsoft releases the first version of Windows NT, their 32-bit OS. They give it the version number 3.1 and use the same user interface they do for regular Windows 3.1. Made available for Intel, Power PC, Alpha, and MIPS systems.19941994: QNX Software Systems releases the first embeddable microkernel windowing system, t