建筑师,赖特课件

1、Frank Lloyd Wright弗兰克劳埃德赖特 -One of the greatest architect of the worldList of Frank Lloyd Wright works Completed Works table NameCity DesignedInformation Image Ward Winfield Willits House威利茨住宅 Highland Park伊利诺斯州1901Larkin Administration Building拉金公司办公楼New York1904Demolished 1950Frederick C. Robie Ho

2、use罗比住宅Chicago芝加哥1908List of Frank Lloyd Wright worksImperial Hotel东京帝国饭店Tokyo 1915Demolished 1968 (Lobby and pool reconstructed in 1976 at Meiji Mura)Falling water落水山庄流水别墅Pittsburgh匹兹堡1935Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum古根海姆博物馆 New York19431956Completed 1959Frank Lloyd Wright Frank Lloyd Wright (born F

3、rank Lincoln Wright, June 8, 1867 April 9, 1959) was an American architect, interior designer, writer and educator, who designed more than 1,000 structures and completed 500 works. Wright believed in designing structures which were in harmony with humanity and its environment, a philosophy he called

4、 organic architecture. This philosophy was best exemplified by his design for Fallingwater (1935), which has been called the best all-time work of American architecture.1 Wright was a leader of the Prairie School movement of architecture and developed the concept of the Usonian home, his unique visi

5、on for urban planning in the United States. His work includes original and innovative examples of many different building types, including offices, churches, schools, skyscrapers, hotels, and museums. Wright also designed many of the interior elements of his buildings, such as the furniture and stai

6、ned glass. Wright authored 20 books and many articles and was a popular lecturer in the United States and in Europe. His colorful personal life often made headlines, most notably for the 1914 fire and murders at his Taliesin studio. Already well known during his lifetime, Wright was recognized in 19

7、91 by the American Institute of Architects as the greatest American architect of all time.1Early years Frank Lloyd Wright was born in the farming town of Richland Center, Wisconsin, United States, in 1867 and named Frank Lincoln Wright. His father, William Carey Wright (18251904), was a locally admi

8、red orator, music teacher, occasional lawyer, and itinerant minister. William Wright had met and married Anna Lloyd Jones (1838/39 1923), a county school teacher, the previous year when he was employed as the superintendent of schools for Richland County. Originally from Massachusetts, William Wrigh

9、t had been a Baptist minister, but he later joined his wifes family in the Unitarian faith. Anna was a member of the large, prosperous and well-known Lloyd Jones family of Unitarians, who had emigrated from Wales to Spring Green, Wisconsin. One of Annas brothers was Jenkin Lloyd Jones, who would bec

10、ome an important figure in the spread of the Unitarian faith in the Western United States. Both of Wrights parents were strong-willed individuals with idiosyncratic interests that they passed on to him. According to his biography his mother declared, when she was expecting her first child, that he w

11、ould grow up to build beautiful buildings. She decorated his nursery with engravings of English cathedrals torn from a periodical to encourage the infants ambition.citation needed The family moved to Weymouth, Massachusetts in 1870 for William to minister a small congregation.早年 1867年6月8日，弗兰克劳埃德赖特出生

12、在美国威斯康辛州的乡村小镇里奇兰中心，那时美国内战刚刚结束两年。 他最初是被命名为弗兰克林肯赖特。 他的父亲威廉凯里赖特（1825年1904年）是一个当地的演说者、音乐教师、临时律师。 威廉赖特认识了安娜劳埃德琼斯（1838/1839年1923年），安娜琼斯是一名当地教师，曾经在里奇兰郡担任职务。两人后来结为夫妻。 来自马萨诸塞州的威廉原本曾是一名浸信会牧师，但加入了妻子的家庭后成为了一位论派的信徒。 安娜的家族是当地有名、一位论派的望族，家族自威尔士迁徙到威斯康辛。 安娜的其中一位兄弟詹金劳埃德琼斯是在美国西部传布一位论派的知名人物。 赖特的两位双亲都是意志坚强、并有着高雅的兴趣，这些也传承

13、给了赖特。 赖特的传记提到他母亲期望他的第一个孩子，长大后能够盖出美丽的建筑。她用杂志上撕下的英国教堂雕刻来装饰赖特的育儿室，期望激励其志向。 1870年，由于威廉的工作，他们家迁到了韦茅斯。1876年，安娜参观了费城的世界博览会。 她看到了福禄贝尔所发明的教育用积木展出。这些被称做“恩物”的积木在福禄贝尔创新的幼稚园课程里扮演重要角色。 安娜身为一名教师对此感到兴趣，并购买了一组恩物。 年幼的赖特将大量时间用来玩这些积木。他的自传提到这些过程对未来他的设计有重大影响。 许多赖特的建筑设计都以清晰的几何形状闻名。在韦茅斯，赖特一家的经济状况并不好。因此他们回到了威斯康辛 ，在那他们可以得到来自

14、劳埃德琼斯家族的帮助，并且能够协助威廉就业。 最后，他们安顿在麦迪逊，威廉在此地担任音乐教师，同时他也从事本地新成立的一位论派社群里的秘书工作。 虽然威廉不是一个亲近的父亲，但他会与孩子们分享他对音乐热爱，尤其是巴哈的作品。在赖特满十四岁后不久父母便分开了，安娜对于威廉支撑家庭上的无能感到不满，并要求他离去。 最终两人在1885年离婚。 威廉也离开了威斯康辛。 赖特表示自从两人离婚后，他就不曾再见过他的父亲。 2 自此他的中间名由林肯改成了劳埃德，以荣耀母亲家族。 成了家中唯一的男性，赖特认为他必须为母亲和两位妹妹承担起经济负担。设计理念 赖特从小就生长在威斯康星峡谷的大自然环境之中，在农场赖

15、特过起了日出而居，日落而歇的生活。向大自然索取的艰苦劳动中了解了土地，感悟到蕴藏在四季之中的神秘的力量和潜在的生命流，体会到了自然固 有的旋律和节奏。赖特认为住宅不仅要合理安排卧室，起居室，餐橱，浴厕和书房使之便利日常生活，而且更重要的是增强家庭的内聚力，他的这一认识使他在新的住宅设计中把火炉置于住宅的核心位置，使它成为必不可少但又十分自然的场所。赖特的观念和方法影响了他的建筑。 赖特的一生经历了一个摸索建立空间意义和它的表达，从由实体转向空间，从静态空间到流动和连续空间，在发展到四度的序列展开的动态空间，最后达到戏剧性的空间。布鲁诺。塞维说如此评价赖特的贡献：“有机建筑空间充满着动态，方位诱

16、导，透视和生动明朗的创造，动态是创造性的，因为其目的不在于追求耀眼的视觉效果，而是寻求表现生活在其中人的活动本身。 崇尚自然的建筑观赖特的草原式的住宅反映了人类活动，目的，技术和自然的综合它们使住房与宅地发生了根本性的改变，花园几乎伸人到了起居室的心脏，内外混为一体。就如同人的生命。这样，居室就在自然的怀抱之中。他认为：我们的建筑如果有生命力，它就应该反映今天这里的更为生动的人类状况。建筑就是人类受关注之处，人本性更高的表达形式，因此，建筑基本上是人类文献中最伟大的记录，也是时代，地域和人的最忠实的记录。属于美国的建筑文化我们不应该无视后代的要求，但更应该寻求现时的欢乐和丰富的生活，革命不能无

17、视过去的创造，但我们应该努力消化吸收使之进入我们的思想。赖特首先立足于吸收民间传统有价值的东西去创立美国自己的文 化，一个例证是住宅的门廊，它最早源于瑞士和帝国的敞廊，后来出现在美国南部种植园主的住宅中，到十九世纪初，美国的住宅普遍采用了门廊作为一个娱乐休息的面积，赖特接受了这一传统构件，但在他的草原式住宅中他不是用门廊围绕住宅内部而是把它用来保持和延长住宅的平面构图，如温斯路住宅。还有一个就是十字行平面的运用，这原来是美国传统住宅的固有形式，这种平面有利于三面采光，赖特继承了这种形式，但他使空间向外伸展，上下穿差，从而产生新的空间效果。 活的有机的建筑建筑师应与自然一样地去创造，一切概念意味

18、着与基地的自然环境相协调，使用木材，石料等天然材料，考虑人的需要和感情。赖特认为“只有当一切都是局部对整体如同整体对局部一样时，我们才可以说有机体是一个活的东西，这种在任何动植物中可以发现的关系是有机生命的根本，我在这里提出所谓的有机建筑就是人类精神活的边县，活的建筑，这样的建筑当然而且必须是人类社会生活的真实写照，这种活的建筑是现代新的整体。这种“活”的观念能使建筑师摆脱固有的形式的束缚，注意按照使用者，地形特征，气候条件，文化背景，技术条件，材料特征的不同情况而采用相应的对策，最终取得自然的结果而并非是任意武断地加强固定僵死的形式。这种从本身中寻求解答的方法也使建筑师的构思有利新的契机，从

19、而灵感永不枯萎，创新永无止境。赖特的有机建筑观念主张建筑物的内部空间是建筑的主体。赖特试图借助于建筑结构的可朔性，和连续性去实现整体性。他解释，这种连续可朔性包括平面的互迭，空间的接续；墙，楼面，平顶既各为自身又是另方面的连续延伸，在结构中消除明确分解的梁柱体系，尤其是悬臂的运用，为整体结构，空间的内伸外延提供了技术可能。“活”的观念和整体性是有机建筑的两条基本原则，而体现建筑的内在功能和目的，与环境协调；体现材料的本性是有机建筑在创作中的具体表现。 技术为艺术服务进入二十世纪西方资本主义世界的科学技术有了长足的发展，各类机器相继问世并逐渐进入人们的日常生活中，使社会发生前所未有的变革，这对长

20、期处于传统形式的建筑师提出了挑战，在新技术面前赖特在设计实践中鞭打自己对新的机器时代的热情，他觉得住宅应该有轮船，飞机，汽车的流线型，因此结构应该表现出连续性和可朔性，寻求新时代的空间感。他说：“科学可以创造文明，但不能创造文化，仅仅在科学统治之下，人们的生活将变的枯燥无味，工程师是科学家，并且可能也有独创精神和创造力，但他不是一位有创造的艺术家”。 表现材料的本性赖特的建筑作品充满着天然气息和艺术魅力，其秘诀就在于他对材料的独特见解。泛神论的自然观决定了他对材料天然特性的尊重，他不但注意观察自然界浩瀚生物世界的各种奇异生态，而且对材料的内在性能，包括形态，文理，色泽，力学和化学性能等等仔细研

21、究，“每一种材料有自己的语言每一种材料有自己的故事，”“对于创造性的艺术家来说，每一种材料有它自己的信息，有它自己的歌。” 连续运动空间赖特并不认为空间只是一种消极空幻的虚无，而是视作为一种强大的发展力量，这种力量可以推开墙体，穿过楼板，甚至可以揭开屋顶，所以赖特越来越不满足于用矩形包容这种力量了，他摸索用新的形体去给这种力量赋形，海贝的壳体给他这样一种启示，运动的空间必须有动态的外壳一种无穷连续的可朔性。 有特性和诗意的形式赖特对“简洁”的看法是受到了日本的影响，他十分赞赏日本宗教关于“净”的戒条，即净心和净身，视多余为罪恶，明显地对日本传统建筑发生过影响，主张在艺术上消除无意义的东西而使一

22、切事物变得十分地自然有机，反朴归真。“浪漫”是赖特有机建筑语言，他说：“在有机建筑领域内，人的想象力可以使粗造的结构语言变为相应的高尚形式，而不是去设计毫无生气的立面和炫耀结构骨架，形式的诗意对于伟大的建筑就象绿叶与树木，花朵与植物。肌肉与骨头一样不可缺少。” Personal style and concepts Wrights creations took his concern with organic architecture down to the smallest details. From his largest commercial commissions to the rel

23、atively modest Usonian houses, Wright conceived virtually every detail of both the external design and the internal fixtures, including furniture, carpets, windows, doors, tables and chairs, light fittings and decorative elements. He was one of the first architects to design and supply custom-made,

24、purpose-built furniture and fittings that functioned as integrated parts of the whole design, and he often returned to earlier commissions to redesign internal fittings. Some of the built-in furniture remains, while other restorations have included replacement pieces created using his plans. His Pra

25、irie houses use themed, coordinated design elements (often based on plant forms) that are repeated in windows, carpets and other fittings. He made innovative use of new building materials such as precast concrete blocks, glass bricks and zinc cames (instead of the traditional lead) for his leadlight

26、 windows, and he famously used Pyrex glass tubing as a major element in the Johnson Wax Headquarters. Wright was also one of the first architects to design and install custom-made electric light fittings, including some of the very first electric floor lamps, and his very early use of the then-novel

27、 spherical glass lampshade (a design previously not possible due to the physical restrictions of gas lighting). As Wrights career progressed, so did the mechanization of the glass industry. Wright fully embraced glass in his designs and found that it fit well into his philosophy of organic architect

28、ure. Glass allowed for interaction and viewing of the outdoors while still protecting from the elements. In 1928, Wright wrote an essay on glass in which he compared it to the mirrors of nature: lakes, rivers and ponds. One of Wrights earliest uses of glass in his works was to string panes of glass

29、along whole walls in an attempt to create light screens to join together solid walls. By utilizing this large amount of glass, Wright sought to achieve a balance between the lightness and airiness of the glass and the solid, hard walls. Arguably, Wrights best-known art glass is that of the Prairie s

30、tyle. The simple geometric shapes that yield to very ornate and intricate windows represent some of the most integral ornamentation of his career.68 Wright responded to the transformation of domestic life that occurred at the turn of the 20th century, when servants became a less prominent or complet

31、ely absent from most American households, by developing homes with progressively more open plans. This allowed the woman of the house to work in her workspace, as he often called the kitchen, yet keep track of and be available for the children and/or guests in the dining room. Much of modern archite

32、cture, including the early work of Mies van der Rohe, can be traced back to Wrights innovative work. Wright also designed some of his own clothing. His fashion sense was unique, and he usually wore expensive suits, flowing neckties, and capes. Wright drove a custom yellow raceabout in the Prairie ye

33、ars, a red Cord convertible in the 1930s, and a famously customized 1940 Lincoln for many years. He earned many speeding tickets in each of his vehicles.citation neededRecognition Later in his life and well after his death in 1959, Wright received much honorary recognition for his lifetime achieveme

34、nts. He received Gold Medal awards from The Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) in 1941 and the American Institute of Architects (AIA) in 1949. He was awarded the Franklin Institutes Frank P. Brown Medal in 1953. He received honorary degrees from several universities (including his alma mat

35、er, the University of Wisconsin) and several nations named him as an honorary board member to their national academies of art and/or architecture. In 2000, Fallingwater was named The Building of the 20th century in an unscientific Top-Ten poll taken by members attending the AIA annual convention in

36、Philadelphia. On that list, Wright was listed along with many of the USAs other greatest architects including Eero Saarinen, I.M. Pei, Louis Kahn, Philip Johnson and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, and he was the only architect who had more than one building on the list. The other three buildings were the

37、 Guggenheim Museum, the Frederick C. Robie House and the Johnson Wax Building. In 1992, The Madison Opera in Madison, Wisconsin commissioned and premiered the opera Shining Brow, by composer Daron Hagen and librettist Paul Muldoon based on events early in Wrights life. The work has since received nu

38、merous revivals. In 2000, Work Song: Three Views of Frank Lloyd Wright, a play based on the relationship between the personal and working aspects of Wrights life, debuted at the Milwaukee Repertory Theater. In 1966, the United States Postal Service honored Wright with a Prominent Americans series 2

39、postage stamp. Several of Wrights buildings have been proposed by the United States to be UNESCO World Heritage sites.Archives Photographs and other archival materials are held by the Ryerson & Burnham Libraries at the Art Institute of Chicago. The Herbert and Katherine Jacobs Residence and Frank Ll

40、oyd Wright Records, 19241974, Collection includes drawings, correspondence, and other materials documenting the construction of two homes for the Jacobs as well as research files on Wrights life. The Frank Lloyd Wright in Michigan Collection, 19451988, consists of research documents, including photo

41、copied correspondence between Wright and his clients, used for the book Frank Lloyd Wright in Michigan. The Wrightiana Collection, c. 18971997 (bulk 19491969), includes a variety of printed materials and photographs about Wright and his projects. The Joseph J. Bagley Cottage Collection, c. 19161925,

42、 contains photographs and drawings documenting the Bagley cottage which was completed in 1916. The architects personal archives are located at Taliesin West in Scottsdale, Arizona. The Frank Lloyd Wright archives include photographs of his drawings, indexed correspondence beginning in the 1880s and

43、continuing through Wrights life, and other ephemera. The Getty Research Center in Los Angeles, California, also has copies of Wrights correspondence and photographs of his drawings in their Frank Lloyd Wright Special Collection. Wrights correspondence is indexed in An Index to the Taliesin Correspon

44、dence, ed. by Professor Anthony Alofsin, which is available at larger libraries.Falling water Fallingwater or Kaufmann Residence is a house designed by architect Frank Lloyd Wright in 1935 in rural southwestern Pennsylvania, 50 miles southeast of Pittsburgh. The home was built partly over a waterfal

45、l on Bear Run in the Mill Run section of Stewart Township, Fayette County, Pennsylvania, in the Laurel Highlands of the Allegheny Mountains. Hailed by Time shortly after its completion as Wrights most beautiful job,3 it is listed among Smithsonians Life List of 28 places to visit before you die.4 It

46、 was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1966.2 In 1991, members of the American Institute of Architects named the house the best all-time work of American architecture and in 2007, it was ranked twenty-ninth on the list of Americas Favorite Architecture according to the AIA.落水山庄 落水山庄（英语：fall

47、ingwater），也称流水别墅，是坐落于宾夕法尼亚州西南部乡村、匹兹堡东南方50英里处的住宅，1934年由美国建筑师弗兰克劳埃德赖特所设计。房舍建于费耶特县史都华镇、阿利根尼山脉的月桂高地，横跨在熊奔溪的瀑布之上。 落水山庄在完工后不久便被时代杂志称颂是“赖特最美的杰作” 3。 同时也名列史密森尼杂志28个“一生中一定得造访一次的地点” 4 其中。1996年，落水山庄被定为国家历史地标。1991年，美国建筑师学会将之名为“美国建筑史上最伟大之作”，2007年并跻身美国建筑师协会评选的美国最喜爱建筑列表第29名。Location:Mill Run, PennsylvaniaNearestcit

48、y:UniontownCoordinates:395422N 79285W39.90611N 79.46806WCoordinates: 395422N 79285W39.90611N 79.46806WBuilt:1936 1939Architect:Frank Lloyd WrightArchitectural style:Organic architectureVisitation:about 135,000Governing body:Western Pennsylvania ConservancyNRHP Reference#:740017811History Edgar Kaufm

49、ann Sr. was a successful Pittsburgh businessman and president of Kaufmanns Department Store. His son, Edgar Kaufmann, Jr., studied architecture briefly under Wright.Edgar Sr. had been prevailed upon by his son and Wright to itemize the cost of Wrights utopian model city. When completed, it was displ

50、ayed at Kaufmanns Department Store and Wright was a guest in the Kaufmann home, “La Tourelle”, a French Norman estate designed by celebrated Pittsburgh architect Benno Janssen (18741964) in the stylish Fox Chapel suburb in 1923 for Edgar J. Kaufmann.The Kaufmanns and Wright were enjoying refreshment

51、s at La Tourelle when Wright, who never missed an opportunity to charm a potential client, said to Edgar Jr. in tones that the elder Kaufmanns were intended to overhear, “Edgar, this house is not worthy of your parents.” The remark spurred the Kaufmanns interest in something worthier. Fallingwater w

52、ould become the end result.The Kaufmanns owned property outside Pittsburgh with a waterfall and cabins they used as a rural retreat. When the cabins deteriorated, Mr. Kaufmann contacted Wright.In November 1934, Wright visited Bear Run and asked for a survey of the area around the waterfall. One was

53、prepared by Fayette Engineering Company of Uniontown, Pennsylvania including all the sites boulders, trees and topography, and forwarded to Wright in March 1935. It took nine months for his ideas to crystallize into a design, quickly sketched up in time for a visit by Kaufmann to Taliesin in Septemb

54、er 1935.56 It was then that Kaufmann first became aware that Wright intended to build the home above the falls,7 rather than below them to afford a view of the cascades as he had expected.8Design and construction The structural design for Fallingwater was undertaken by Wright in association with sta

55、ff engineers Mendel Glickman and William Wesley Peters, who had been responsible for the columns featured in Wrights revolutionary design for the Johnson Wax Headquarters.Preliminary plans were issued to Kaufmann for approval on October 15, 1935,9 after which Wright made a further visit to the site

56、and provided a cost estimate for the job. In December 1935 an old rock quarry was reopened to the west of the site to provide the stones needed for the houses walls. Wright only made periodic visits during construction, instead assigning his apprentice Robert Mosher as his permanent on-site represen

57、tative.9 The final working drawings were issued by Wright in March 1936 with work beginning on the bridge and main house in April 1936.The construction was plagued by conflicts between Wright, Kaufmann, and the construction contractor. Uncomfortable with what he saw as Wrights insufficient experienc

58、e using reinforced concrete, Kaufmann had the architects daring cantilever design reviewed by a firm of consulting engineers. Upon receiving their report, Wright took offense and immediately requested Kaufmann to return his drawings and indicated he was withdrawing from the project. Kaufmann relente

59、d to Wrights gambit and the engineers report was subsequently buried within a stone wall of the house.9After a visit to the site in June 1936, Wright rejected the stonemasonry of the bridge, which had to be rebuilt.citation neededFor the cantilevered floors, Wright and his team used upside down T-sh

60、aped beams integrated into a monolithic concrete slab which both formed the ceiling of the space below and provided resistance against compression. The contractor, Walter Hall, also an engineer, produced independent computations and argued for increasing the reinforcing steel in the first floors sla