化学专业词汇

1、一般化学术语中英文比较表酸acid碱base/alkali(referstosolublebases)原子atomadj.atomic盐salt原子核nucleus酸式盐acidsalt质子proton离子方程式ionicequation中子neutron结晶水waterofcrystallisation电子electron(abbr.e)水合的hydrated离子ion?a?n无水的anhydrous阳离子cation滴定titration阴离子anion指示剂indicator分子molecularm?lekj?l?氧化数oxidationnumber单质element氧化复原反响redo

2、xreaction化合物compound氧化反响oxidationreaction纯净物puresubstance/chemicalsubstance复原反响reductionreaction混淆物mixture歧化反响disproportionationreaction相对原子质量relativeatomicmass(abbr.Ar)归中反响相对分子质量comproportionation(symproportionation)relativemolecularmass(abbr.Mr)reaction化学式量relativeformulamass氧化剂oxidisingagent物质的量a

3、mountofsubstance复原剂reducingagent阿伏加德罗常数电子层(壳)(electron)shellAvogadroconstant(abbr.NA)电离能ionisationenergy(abbr.I.E.)摩尔mole第一，第二，第三等电离能摩尔质量molarmassfirst,second,third,etc.ionisationenergy(abbr.实验式/最简式/经验式empiricalformula1st,2nd,3rd,etc.I.E.)气体摩尔体积molarvolume电子亲和能阿伏加德罗定律AvogadrosLawelectronaffinityener

4、gy(abbr.A.E.)溶液solution障蔽效应electronicshielding(screening)溶解dissolve原子轨道atomicorbital浓度concentration电子云electroncloud质量/体积分数mass/volumeconcentration电子亚层sub-shell浓缩concentrate能层layer稀释dilute能级energylevel蒸馏distillation电子排布electronconfiguration萃取extraction电子云重叠shelloverlap化学反响方程式chemicalequation洪特规则Hunds

5、rule反响物reactant泡利原理Pauliexclusionprinciple生成物product基态groundstate固体solid激发态excitedstate液体liquid跃迁transition气体gaseous手性chiralitykai?-溶液aqueous化学键chemicalbond配平balance键长bondlength化学计量学stoichiometry键级bondorder键角bondangle键能bondenthalpies离子键ionicbond供体donor受体acceptor静电吸引electrostaticattraction巨型离子构造giant

6、ionicstructure共价键covalentk?ve?l?ntbond巨型共价构造giantcovalentstructure共用电子对sharedpair/bondingpair孤对电子lonepair/non-bondingpair键-bond键-bond键-bond极性共价键polarbond非极性共价键non-polarbond配位键dipolarbond/dativecovalentbond/coordinatebond电负性electronegativity极性polarity偶极子dipole分子间作使劲intermolecularforces氢键hydrogenbond范

7、德华力vanderWaalsforce色散力dispersionforce引诱力inductionforce取向力orientationforce/dipole-dipoleforce金属键metallicbond离域delocalisationdi:,l?uk?laizei?n延展性malleability,m?l?b?l?ti可锻性ductilityd?kt?l?t?导电性electricalconductivity合金alloy元素周期表thePeriodicTable周期periodgroup原子序数protonnumber同位素isotope?a?s?t?p核素nuclidenju?

8、kla?d同量异位素isobara?s?(?)b?金属metal非金属nonmetal碱金属alkalimetal碱土金属alkalineearthmetal卤素halogen罕有气体noblegas元素周期律periodictrends开朗active稳固noble分解反响decompositionreaction化合反响combination(synthesis)reaction代替反响displacementreaction复分解反响saltmetathesism?t?sisreaction/doublereplacement(displacement)reaction积淀precipi

9、tationpr?,s?p?te?(?)n官能团functionalgroup碳氢化合物/烃hydrocarbon饱和烃saturatedhydrocarbon不饱和烃unsaturatedhydrocarbon脂肪烃aliphatic,?l?f?t?khydrocarbon脂环烃alicyclicsa?kl?k;hrdrocarbon同系物homologoush?m?l?g?sseries异构现象isomerismais?m?riz?m同分异构体isomerideais?m?raid同素异形体allotropy/allotropism分子式molecularformula通式generalf

10、ormula构造式displayedformula构造简式structuralformula键线式skeletalformula均裂homolyticfission异裂heterolyticfission亲核试剂nucleophilenjukli?fail亲电子试剂electrophile加成反响additionreaction加水加成hydrationreaction加成聚合反响additionpolymerisation聚合物polymer单体monomer链节repeatunit缩合聚合反响condensationreaction缩聚物condensationpolymer代替反响sub

11、stitutionreaction脱水dehydration水解hydrolysis卤代反响halogenationreaction酯化反响esterificationreaction亲核代替nucleophilicsubstitution消去反响eliminationreaction裂化反响cracking(reaction)石油分馏fractionaldistillation焚烧combustion发酵fermentation氟氯烃chlorofluorocarbons产率percentageyield原子利用率atomeconomy红外光谱学infraredspectroscopy质谱剖

12、析massspectroscopy光谱spectrum挥发性volatility冷凝回流reflux反响机理reactionmechanism能量守恒定律lawofconservationofenergy热力学thermodynamic?:m?udai?-enthalpy(abbr.H)en?lpi焓变enthalpychange(abbr.H)标准焓standardenthalpychange(abbr.H?)标准反响焓standardenthalpychange(abbr.Hr?)焚烧热heatofcombustion标准焚烧焓standardenthalpychangeofcombust

13、ion(abbr.Hc?)标准生成焓standardenthalpychangeofformation(abbr.Hf?)放热反响exothermiceks?u?-reaction吸热反响endothermicreaction热化学方程thermochemical?:m?u?-equation活化能activationenergy(abbe.Ea)比热容specificheatcapacity键焓bondenthalpy均匀键焓averagebondenthalpy盖斯定律Hesslaw有效碰撞理论collisiontheory反响速率rateofreaction/reactionrate反响

14、动力学reactionkinetics催化剂catalyst催化作用catalysis酶enzymeenzaim波尔兹曼散布律theBoltzmanndistribution化学均衡(chemical)equilibriumi:kwi?-可逆反响reversiblereaction动向均衡dynamicequilibrium均衡常数chemicalequilibriumconstant浓度幂concentrationpower均衡挪动shiftofequilibriumstate吉布斯自由能Gibbsfreeenergy(abbr.G)阿累尼乌斯方程theArrhenius?ri:ni?sEq

15、uation自觉反响spontaneoussp?n?teini?sreaction熵entropy(abbr.S)温室效应greenhouseeffect吸附作用adsorption绿色化学greenchemistry溶解度solubility离子反响ionicreaction电离ionisation电解质electrolyte电离均衡ionisationequilibrium电离常数ionisationconstant离子积ion-productconstant氢离子浓度指数hydrogenionconcentration(abbr.pHfromFrenchpotentieldhydrogn

16、e)溶解均衡dissolutionequilibriumd?s?lu?(?)nekw?溶度积solubilityproduct原电池galvanic(voltaic)cellg?lv?n?k盐桥saltbridge电极electrode正极/阳极anode负极/阴极cathode标准电极电势standardelectrodepotential(abbr.E0)干电池drycell一次电池primarycell(battery)二次电池/蓄电池secondarycell/storagebattery充电charge放电discharge燃料电池fuelcell电解electrolysis电解池/

17、电解槽electrolyticcell电镀galvanisation,?lv?naizei?n电偶腐化/电化腐化galvaniccorrosion分子空间构型moleculargeometries杂化hybrid轨道orbital晶格lattice晶体crystal晶胞crystalstructure聚积作用sedimentation,sed?m?nte?n常有元素hydrogen(abbr.H)haidr?d?nhelium(abbr.He)hi:li?m锂lithium(abbr.Li)limi?boron(abbr.B)b?:r?ncarbon(abbr.C)k:b?nnitrogen(

18、abbr.N)naitr?d?noxygen(abbr.O)?ksid?nfluorine(abbr.F)flu?ri:nneon(abbr.Ne)ni:?nsodium(abbr.Na)s?udi?mmagnesium(abbr.Mg)aluminum(abbr.Al),?l?mini?msilicon(abbr.Si)silik?nphosphorus(abbr.P)f?sf?r?ssulfur(abbr.S)s?lf?chlorine(abbr.Cl)kl?:ri:nargon(abbr.Ar):?npotassium(abbr.K)p?t?si?mcalcium(abbr.Ca)?k?

19、lsi?mtitanium(abbr.Ti)taiteini?mchromium(abbr.Cr)kr?umj?mmanganese(abbr.Mn)?m?ni:ziron(abbr.Fe)a?ncobalt(abbr.Co)k?ub?:ltnickel(abbr.Ni)nik?lcopper(abbr.Cu)k?p?zinc(abbr.Zn)zi?karsenic(abbr.As):s?nikbromine(abbr.Br)br?umi:nsilver(abbr.Ag)silv?tin(abbr.Sn)tiniodine(abbr.I)xenon(abbr.Xe)zen?nbarium(ab

20、br.Ba)be?ri?mtungsten(abbr.W)t?st?nplatinum(abbr.Pt)pl?tin?mgold(abbr.Au)?uldmercury(abbr.Hg)m?:kjurilead(abbr.Pb)led常有单质氢气、氮气、氧气、氟气、氯气、液溴、固态碘的名称同元素名称金刚石diamonddai?m?nd石墨graphitegr?fait臭氧ozone?uz?un红磷redphosphorus白磷whitephosphorus常有根离子(commonradicals)氢化的hydridehaidraid硼酸boric(acid)adj.borateb?re?t碳化

21、的carbideka:baid碳酸carbonick?b?n?k(acid)adj.carbonate碳酸氢根bicarbonate/hydrogencarbonate氮化的nitridenaitraid叠氮化的azide?zaid硝酸nitric(acid)adj.nitrate亚硝酸nitrousna?tr?s(acid)adj.nitrite氧化的oxide?ksaid二氧化的dioxidedai-三氧化的trioxidetra?ksa?d过氧根peroxy(radical)adj.peroxidep?ksaid超氧化的superoxidesjup?ksaid氢氧根hydroxylhai

22、dr?ksil(radical)adj.hydroxide水合氢离子hydronium氟化的fluoride偏铝酸meta-aluminicmet?ljuminik(acid)adj.meta-aluminate?lju?m?ne?t四羟基合铝酸hydroxyl-aluminichaidr?ksil-(acid)硅酸silicicsilisik(acid)adj.silicate磷酸phosphoric(acid)adj.phosphate磷酸二氢根dihydrogenphosphate磷酸氢根hydrogenphosphate硫化的sulfide硫氢根bisulphide/sulphanid

23、e/hydrogensulphide硫酸sulphuric(acid)adj.sulphate硫酸氢根bisulphate/hydrogensulphate亚硫酸sulphurous(acid)adj.sulphite亚硫酸氢根bisulphite/hydrogensulphite硫代硫酸根thiosulphateai?u-焦硫酸根persulphatep?:-氯化的chloridekl?raid氢氯酸/盐酸hydrochloric(acid)高氯酸perchloric(acid)adj.perchlorate氯酸chloric(acid)adj.chlorate亚氯酸chlorous(aci

24、d)adj.chlorite次氯酸hypochlorous(acid)adj.hypochlorite溴化的bromide氢溴酸、高溴酸、溴酸、亚溴酸、次溴酸名称拜见氯碘化的iodideai?daid氢碘酸、高碘酸、碘酸、亚碘酸、次碘酸名称拜见氯卤化的halide铵根ammonium?m?uni?m高锰酸根permanganate锰酸根manganate氰根cyanidesainaid硫氰根thiocyanateai?u?sai?neit铬酸根chromate重铬酸根dichromate常有无机化合物(commoninorganiccompounds)氢化钠sodiumhydrideammon

25、ia/azane?-?硅烷silane?si-磷化氢phosphine硫化氢hydrogensulphide氮化镁magnesiumnitride四氧化三铁iron(II,III)oxide二氟化氧oxygendifluoride氯化氢hydrogenchloride氯化亚铁iron(II)chloride/ferrouschloride氯化铁iron(III)chloride/ferricchloride氯化亚锡tin(II)chloride/stannouschloride四羟基合铝酸钠sodiumaluminate磷酸二氢钠monosodiumphosphate磷酸氢二钠disodium

26、phosphate氯化铵ammoniumchloride硫氢化钠/硫氢酸钠sodiumhydrosulphide系统命名法(chemicalnomenclature)mono-di-tri-tetra-penta-hexa-hepta-octa-nona-deca-烷烃alkane(preffixalkyl-,suffix-ane)meth-eth-prop-but-pent-hex-hept-oct-non-dec-十一undec-十二dodec-十三tridec-十四tetradec-十五pentadec-十六hexadec-十七heptadec-十八octadec-十九nonadec-二

27、十eicos-三十triacont-四十tetracont-五十prntacont-正构型normal-(n-)异构型iso-(i-)新构型neo-(n-)poly-烷基alkyl甲基methyl(abbr.Me)乙基ethyl(abbr.Et)丙基propyl(abbr.Pr)环烷烃cycloalkane(preffix-cyclo,suffix-ane)烯烃alkene(preffixalkenyl-,suffix-ene)二烯烃allene(suffix-adiene)环烯烃cycloalkene(preffixcyclo-,suffix-ene)炔烃alkyne(preffixalky

28、nyl-,suffix-yne)顺式异构preffixcis-(Z-)反式异构preffixtrans-(E-)苯基phenyl(abbr.Ph)(preffixphenyl-,suffix-benzene)苄基benzyl(abbr.Bn)(preffixbenzyl-,suffix-toluene)alcohol(preffixhydroxy-,suffix-ol)带卤素的化合物halogens(preffixfluoro-,chloro-,bromo-,etc.)ketone(preffixoxo-,suffix-one)aldehyde(preffixoxo-,suffix-alorn

29、otincludedincarbonchainpreffixformyl-,suffix-carbaldehyde)羧酸carboxylicka:b?ksilik(acid)adj.carboxylate(suffix-oicacid)羧基carboxyl(preffixcarboxyl-,suffix-oicacidormultiplegroupssuffix-di,tri,tetracarbonylacid)乙酸根carboxylradical(abbr.Ac)ether(suffix-aneand-oxy)ester(preffixR-oxycarbonyl-,suffix-oicaci

30、d/-oate)胺和酰胺amine(preffixamino-,suffix-amineoraccordingtopositionofNatomwithpre/suffix-N-)andamide(preffixcarbamoyl-andamido-,suffixamideand-carboxamideoraccordingtopositionofNatomwithpre/suffix-N-)氨基amino酰胺基amido磺酸sulphonic(acid)adj.sulphonate(preffixsulpho-,suffix-sulphonicacid)nitrile(preffixcyan

31、o-,suffix-nitrile)phenol/carbolicacid常有有机化合物(commonorganiccompounds)酚酞phenolphthalein(abbr.Hln/phph)fin?lfeili:n石蕊litmus溴酚蓝bromophenoblue百里酚蓝thymolblue甲基橙methylorange龙胆紫gentianviolet氯仿chloroform异戊二烯isoprene月桂烯myrcenemairsi:n聚乙烯polythene聚氯乙烯poly(chloroethene)(abbr.PVC)聚丙烯polypropylene聚四氟乙烯/特氟龙poly(te

32、trafluoroethene)/teflon(abbr.PTF)晴纶orlon二甲醚methoxymethane苯酚phenol乙酸乙酯methylpropanoate甲酸/蚁酸methanoicacid/formicacid乙酸/醋酸ethanoicacid/aceticacid乙二酸/草酸oxalicacidadj.oxalate丙酸/初油酸propanoicacid/propionicacid丁酸/酪酸butanoicacid/butyricacid软脂酸/棕榈hexadecanoicacid/palmiticacid硬脂酸octadecanoicacid/stearicacid硬脂酸

33、钠sodiumstearate柠檬酸citricacid柠檬酸钠sodiumcitrate乳酸lacticacid乳酸钠sodiumlactate葡萄糖酸gluconicacidadj.gluconate氨基酸aminoacid葡萄糖glucose果糖fructose半乳糖galactose柠檬酸citricacid核糖ribose柠檬酸钠sodiumcitrate脱氧核糖desoxyribose乳酸lacticacid核糖核酸rebonucleicacid(abbr.RNA)乳酸钠sodiumlactate脱氧核糖核酸葡萄糖酸gluconicacidadj.gluconatedeoxyribonucleicacid(abbr.DNA)氨基酸aminoacid葡萄糖gl