四六级抢分冲刺0528-0530研学姐19全年群

1、分第读t Coca-Cola once contained an ingredient capable of sparking 第一段： You may have devotion in e.The he name referred to the extracts of coca t the drinks chemist John Pemberton, mixed with common tonic(分第读t Coca-Cola once contained an ingredient capable of sparking 第一段： You may have devotion in e.Th

2、e he name referred to the extracts of coca t the drinks chemist John Pemberton, mixed with common tonic(滋补品andPembertons gary syrup ). At the time, coca leaf extract mixed with wine was tbrew was away toget aroundlocallaws prohibiting thesale of But the other half of the name represents another ingr

3、edient, less infamous (名声不好的) , perhaps, but also potent: thekola 第二段：InWestAfrica,peoplehave longchewedkola nutsasstimulantsbecausetheycontaintoccursea,coffee, andchocolate.They alsohave heart 第三段：Historian Paul Lovejoy t the cultivation of kola nuts in WestAfrica dredsof years The leafy, spreading

4、 trees were planted on graves and as part of traditional rituals.Even though the nuts, which to stay moist, can be somewhat delicate to transport, traders carried dreds throughout the forests 第四段：Europeans did not know of them until the 1500s, when Portuguese ships arrived on the coast of what now S

5、ierra Leone. And while the Portuguese took he trade, ferrying nuts down the coast along with goods, by 1620, when English explorer Richard Jobson made his way up the Gambia, the nuts were still peculiar to his 第五段：Bythelate 19thcenturykolanutswerebeingshippedbythe tonnetoEuropeandtheUS.Many their o

6、ended as a kind of energy boost. One such popular medicinal drink was ariani, French product consisting of coca extract mixed with red wine.It was created by a French chemist, Angelo Mariani, 1863. So when Pemberton created his drink, it represented an ongoing trend. When grace as a beverage ingredi

7、ent, kola-extract colas became popular.e eventually fell 第六段： year it was available, Coca-Cola averaged rvings a day across all anta fountains where it was sold. As it grew more popular, the company sold rights to bottle the soda, so it could easily.Today about l. 9 billion Cokes are purchased e so

8、tempts to change its taste 1985tening it in a move projected to boost salesproved disastrous, with widespread anger from Coca-ColaClassicreturnedtostoreshelvesjustthreemonthsaftertheNewCokewas第七段：Thesedays,theCoca-Colarecipeisacloselyguardedsecret.Butitssaidtonolongercontainkolaextract,relyinginstea

9、donlionstoachievethe46.WhatdowelearnhemistJohnHeusedastrangelypotentingredientinafoodHecreatedadrinkcontainingalcoholwithoutbreakingHebecamenotoriousbecauseofthecocadrinkheHeriskedbreakinglocallawtomakeadrinkwithcoca47.WhatdoesthepassagesayaboutkolaA)TheirlvaluediscoveredbyPortugueseB)Theycontainsom

10、ekindofenergyboostnotfoundinanyotherC) Manywereshippedtohelate19thcenturyformedicinalD)TheywerestrangetotheEuropeansimportedfromWest148.Howcomekola-extractcolasbecameeeAlcoholicdrinkswereFountainsweresetuptosellRightsweresoldtobottletheWhatisknownaboutthetasteofCoca-Itwassodesignedastocreateaddictio

11、n48.Howcomekola-extractcolasbecameeeAlcoholicdrinkswereFountainsweresetuptosellRightsweresoldtobottletheWhatisknownaboutthetasteofCoca-ItwassodesignedastocreateaddictioninItstillsontraditionalkolanutIIsemorepopularamongthesremainedvirtuallyunchangedsinceitsWhatisthepassagemainlyTheevolutionofCoca-B)

12、ThesstoryofCoca-ThemedicinalvalueofCoca-ThebusinessstrategyofCoca-tweseldom stoptosee just howfar we havecome in just afew 第一段：Ourworldnowmoves soThe 6s, for le, has a dual-core sor and fits o your pocket. By comparison, wouldexpecttofindatechnologicalspecificationlikethisonyourstandardlaptopinanoff

13、icehe第二段：Its no new device we buy has a plug t newapplications for ernetofThings are moving ahead fast when almost of it or a wireless connection to ernet.Soon, our current lifestylewillexpandtocreateourownsmarthome lifestyle第三段：Allresearchestclose to 25 billion , things and sensorswill be connected

14、 by 2020incidentally is also the andthefullyconnectedhomet Millennials (千禧一代are expected to makeup 75 percent of our overallworkforce, e a reality for large numbers of people worldwide.第四段： However, this is just the tip of the proverbial iceberg as smart buildings and even cities e the norm as leade

15、rs and business owners o wake up to the massive t technology can throughconnectedsensorsandnewformsofautomationcoupledelligentenergyandfacilitiescurityelligentlightingandawealthoftcontrolbothtemperatureandquality are offering an unprecedented level of control, efficiency, and improvements to what we

16、re once classed costswhenrunningabusinessormanagingalarge第六段： We can t the ever-growing list of , systems and environments remain always online and talking to each other.The big benefit will not only growing amount of data, but will also behe ability to run real time data he housing of this enormous

17、 and ytics to extract The biggest and most exciting challenge of this technology is how to creatively leverage ever-growingamountofda of these smart cities.第八段：The good news iver cost savings, improvements and enefits to both businesses and t most of this technology is already invented.Lets face it,

18、 it wasnt too long tthe idea of working from anywhere and at anytime was some form of a distant utopian 式的) dream, and now we can perform almost any office-based task from any 2he world as long we have s to 第九段：Itstimeto wakeup tothe tmakingsmartbuildings,citiesandhomeswilldramaticallyour quality of

19、heyears51.Whatdoesthele6sservetoThehugecapacityofthesmartphonespeoplenowThewidespreaduse第九段：Itstimeto wakeup tothe tmakingsmartbuildings,citiesandhomeswilldramaticallyour quality ofheyears51.Whatdoesthele6sservetoThehugecapacityofthesmartphonespeoplenowThewidespreaduseofsmartphonesallovertheThehugei

20、mpactofnewtechnologyonpeopleseverydayD)Thetechnologicalprogressyshortperiodof52.WhatxpecttoseebytheyearA)AppsforernetofThepopularizationofsmartTheemergenceofTotalglobalizationofthe53.WhatwillbusinessownersdowheneawareofthebenefitsofernetofA) EmployfewerheirB) GainautomaticcontroloftheirC)oresmartbui

21、ldingsandD) EmbracewhatevernewtechnologythereWhatisthemostexcitingchallengeHowtoturnittoprofitableossessmoreandmoreB) HowtodorealtimeHowtolinktheactionableHowtodevisenewwaystostore55.WhatdoestheauthorthinkaboutworkingfromanywhereandatA) ItisfeasibleconnectiontoItwillthriveinsmartbuildings,citiesandI

22、tisstilladistantutopiandreamforordinaryD)Itwilldeliverenefitstosandlast-minute mathacross the country, employees of all stripes 第一段： It is the season for some counting backward in an attempt to figure out just how much paid timeoff they have heir reserves.More them, though, will skip those calculati

23、ons altogether and er through the o 2017: n half Americanworkersdontuseupalloftheirallottedvacationdayseach第二段： Not so long ago, people would have turned up their noses t kind of dedication to the marketing professors Silvia Bellezza, Neeru Paharia, and Anat Keinan recently explained in Harvard Busi

24、ness (HBR) , leisure time was een as an indicator of high l us, something attainable only for those at the Since the middle of the 20th century, though, things have turned the ite waythese days, punishing hours your desk, ndaysoff,are seenasthemarkofsomeone In a series of several experiments, the re

25、searchers illustrated just how much weve come to 3busyness, east the appearance of teers read two passages, one about a man who led a life of leisure another about a man who was over-worked and over-scheduled; when asked to determine which of the two had higherbusyness, east the appearance of teers

26、read two passages, one about a man who led a life of leisure another about a man who was over-worked and over-scheduled; when asked to determine which of the two had higher l us, the majority of the participants said the latter.The same held true for people who used t d they were short on time: In o

27、ne experiment, for le, customers of the grocery-delivery service were seen as of higher n peoplewho shopped at grocery twere equally expensive;in another,wearing wireless hones were considered further up on the l n those wearing regular evenwhenbothwerejustusedtolistento第四段：Inpart,theauthorswroteinH

28、BR,thispatternmayhavetodowiththewayworkitselfhaschangedover the past several decades.第五段：We t the shift from leisure-as-us to busyness-as-us may be linked to the development ensive economics. In such economies, individuals sess the human capital temployers or nts value (e.g., competence and ambition

29、) are expected to be in high demand and short supply on job market.Thus, soughtafter,whichling t we are busy and working all the time, we are implicitly t we ourperceived第六段：Evenifyoufeeltemptedtosacrificeyourownvacationdaysforfakebusyness,eastleavingkendsunscheduled. ItsforyourownWhatdomostemployee

30、splantodoGofora KeeponSetanobjectivefornextReviewtheyearsoftheHowwouldpeopleviewdedicationtoTheywouldregarditasamatterofheTheywouldconsideritamustforTheywouldlookuponitwithD)TheywoulddeemrickofWhatdidtheresearchersfindthroughaseriesofThebusieroneappears,themorerespectoneB)Theorks,themoreonefeelsThem

31、oreknowledgeonehas,themoreThehigheronesus,themorevacationillillWhatmayaccountforthechangeofpeoplesattitudetowardsbeingThefastpaceofodemB)ThefiercehejobC)ThewidespreaduseofcomputerD)TheroleofodernWhatdoestheauthoradviseustodoScheduleourtimeproperlyforofthe B)PlankendsinameaningfulFindtimetorelaxhowev

32、erbusyweAvoidappearingbusywhenweare4Datasharing:AnopenmindonopenA It is a movement building steady momentum: a call to make research data, software code and methods publicly available and transparent. A spirit of openness is gaining he science and is the onlyDatasharing:AnopenmindonopenA It is a mov

33、ement building steady momentum: a call to make research data, software code and methods publicly available and transparent. A spirit of openness is gaining he science and is the only way, say advocates, to address a crisis in science whereby too few findings are reproduced. Furthermore, they say, it

34、 is the best way for researchers to gather the range of t sarytospeedupdiscoveriesortoidentifylarge-scale The open-data es a confusing problem for junior researchers. On the one hand, the drive to share gathering l. Since 2013, global scientific bodies have begun to back t support public s to resear

35、ch.On the other hand, scientists disagree about how much and when they should share and they debate whether sharing it is more likely to accelerate science and make it more robust, or vulnerabilities and problems. As more journals and funders adopt data-sharing requirements, and as a number of enthu

36、siasts call for more openness, junior researchers must find their place whocontinueto holdout,even astheystrivetolaunch theirown n adopters and One key challenge facing young scientists is how to be open must determine the risk of jeopardizing a job offer or a collaboration ing scientifically al fro

37、m those who are wary of unfamiliar with open science. And they must learn how to capitalize on the movements benefits, such as opportunities for more ions and a way to build a ion without the need for conventional metrics, such publicationinhigh-impactD Some fields have embraced open data n others.R

38、esearchers in psychology, a field rocked by of he past few years, have been lly vocal supporters of the drive for more-open A few psychology journals have created incentives to erest in reproducible science for le, affixingan open-databadge to t clearly ewhere data are available.Accordingto l Brian

39、Nosek, executive director of the Center for Open Science, the average data-sharing rate for the PsychologicalScience,whichusesthebadges,increasedtenfoldto38%from2013toFunders, too, are increasingly adopting an open-data policy.Several strongly encourage, and some require, a data-management plan t ma

40、kes data available. The US National Science Foundation is among these. Some philanthropic( 慈善的) funders, including the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation in Seattle, Washington, and eTrustinLondon,alsomandateopendatafromtheirgrantBut many young researchers, lly those who have not been mentored in open

41、science, are uncertain whether to share or to stay private.Graduate students tdocs, who often are working on their lab heads mayhavenochoiceiftheirsupervisororanotherseniorcolleaguees lly at the early stages of a GSome t the potential impact of sharing is too high, has a scary story about someone ge

42、tting scooped(被抢先) , says New York University astronomer David Hogg. Thosefearsmay bea factorin alingering iontosharedataevenwhenpublishingint mandateHResearchers at small labs or at institutions focused on teaching arguably have the most to lose when hard-won data. “With my institution and teaching

43、 load, I dont tdocs and grad students,” says McGlynn, a tropical California e University, Dominguez Hills. “The stakes are higher for me sharedatabecauseitsabiggerfractionofwhatsy I Researchers also to the time t is involved in preparing data for others to view.Once the data ted materials appear in

44、a itory 库) , answering questions and handling s can take J The time investment can present othroblems. In some cases, says data scientist Karthik Ram, it may be difficult for junior researchers to embrace openness when senior colleaguesmany of whom head selection and5promotion committeesmight ridicu

45、le what they may view as misplaced energies.Ive heard this tembracing the idea of open data and code makes traditional fortable, says Ram. The concern sible. seemstotopenadvocatesdont spendtheirtimebeingasproductive K An open-tanceso add complexity to a collaboration.Kate iff, who studies l promotio

46、n committeesmight ridicule what they may view as misplaced energies.Ive heard this tembracing the idea of open data and code makes traditional fortable, says Ram. The concern sible. seemstotopenadvocatesdont spendtheirtimebeingasproductive K An open-tanceso add complexity to a collaboration.Kate iff

47、, who studies l attitudes the University of Florida, Gainesville, t it can seem as if there are two s in a fieldthose who aboutopenscienceandthosewhodont.“TheresanewareatonavigateAreyoucoolwiththe tIll .tomakethedataopen?whentalkingwithsomebodyabouterestingresearchidea,”shyDespitecomplications and c

48、oncerns, the upsidesof sharing can be significant.For le,when information uploaded to a itory, a digital object identifier ) is assigned.Scientists can use to publish each ng, they can potentially get three ionsone each of the research life cycle, not just the final the data and software, in additio

49、n to the r.In r itself.And although some t ions for software or data littlecurrencyinacademia,theycanhaveother M Many advocates t transparent data procedures date and time will protect scientists being scooped.“This is the t spot n sharing and getting credit for it, while 窃) ,” says Ivo Grigorov, a

50、project coordinator at the National Institute of Aquatic Research Secretariat d, Denmark. Hogg t is less of a n many think. “The two cases familiarwithdidnt involveopendata orcode,”he NOpen science also offers junior researchers the chance to level the playing field by gaining better s to ldata. Ros

51、s Mounce, tdoc studying evolutionary biology at the University of Cambridge, UK, is a ion of open science, partly because his fossil-based research depends on s to others data.He more openness in science could help to discourage what some perceive as a common practice of shutting out early-career sc

52、ientists requests for data.OCommunication also helps for those who worry about jeopardizing a collaboration, he says. Concerns open hould be discussed at the outset of a study.Whenever you start a project with someone, you have establish a clear understanding of ions for who owns the data, at what w

53、hatwiththem,hethey go public and who can P In the end, sharing data, software and materials with colleagues can help an early-career researcher to recognitiona l component of s.The thing you are searching for is ion, says Titus Brown, genomics 组学) researcher at the University of California, Davis. T

54、o get grants and jobs, you have to relevant and achieve some level ofpublic recognition.Anythingyoudo larger sphere, outside the communities you know-is a net win. t yourpresence-lly in 36.AstronomerDavidHoggdoesntthinkisasseriousaproblemasgenerally37. Someresearchersarehesitanttomaketheirdatapublic

55、fortothersmightpublishsomethingsimilar38.Somepsychologyjournalshaveofferedincentivestoencourageauthorstosharetheir39.ThereisagrowinghesciencetresearchdatabeopentotheSharingdataoffersearly-careerresearchersthechancetobuildacertainlevelofDatasharingenablesscientiststopublisheachstepoftheirresearchwork

56、,thusleadingtomoreScientistsholddifferentopinionsabouttheextentandtimingofdataPotentialproblemsrelatedtodatasharingshouldbemadeknowntoanddiscussedbyallparticipantsattheof a research44.Sharingdataandhandlingdata-relatedescanbetime-45.Juniorresearchersmayhavenosaywhenitcomestosharing6Many European cou

57、ntries have been making the shift to electric vehicles and Germany has just t they to ban the sale of vehicles using gasoline and diesel as fuel by 2030. The country is also planning to reduce its by 80-95% by Many European countries have been making the shift to electric vehicles and Germany has ju

58、st t they to ban the sale of vehicles using gasoline and diesel as fuel by 2030. The country is also planning to reduce its by 80-95% by 26 a shift to green energy in the country. Effectively, the ban will include registrationofnew he country as they will not allow any gasoline 27 vehicletoberegiste

59、redafterPart of the reason this ban is being discussed is because energy ls t they will not their s goals by 2050 if they do not 29 a large portion of vehicle s. The country is still t it will meet its s goals, like reducing s by 40% by 2020, but 31 of electric countryhas not occurredasfast asOther

60、efforts to increase the use of electric vehicles include plans to build over l million hybrid and electric battery charging ions across the country. By 2030, Germany plans on er 6 million charging ions 32 According to ernational Business Times, electric car sales are expected to increase as Volkswag