四级 长篇阅读(匹配题)方法篇

1、长篇阅读考察的核心是“找匹配”，即要把文后的选项句与文中的来源段落匹配起来。这种考法其实并不要求你一定要把选项句和文章都完全看懂，而是要能敏锐地意识到选项句中的信息在文中的出现与对应。由于这个部分的做题时间可能相对紧张，因此做题步骤和要点很重要。下面我们来整理一下。阅读文章标题、题注等，获取全文话题长篇阅读的文章与选词填空和仔细阅读文章最不同的，在于长篇阅读的文章有标题。有些可能还有小标题、题注（大标题下、正文之前的一两句话，常为斜体）。在正式开始看选项、看文章之前，记得把大小标题、题注信息快速阅读一下，看完它们，你就能了解文章的话题了；之后的阅读和解题也有了大方向。阅读选项，标注选项定位词然

2、后，我们先将文后的十个选项句阅读一遍。注意，这一步的目的并不是要记住十个句子所有的信息，我们也不可能把十个句子都背下来。但是我们希望能在每个句子中都挑选出一至两组定位词，方便我们待会扫读文章时快速注意到句子的出现和对应。毫无疑问地，定位词应该要具有如下特点：稳定：这个词最好要在文中能以原样重现醒目：这个词最好要容易在文中被发现、识别独特：这个词最好不要在文中出现太多次下面我们总结常见的几类选项句中效果较好的定位词。数字、时间例如：Sincethemid-1970s,theenrollmentofoverseasstudentshasincreasedatanannualrateofpercen

3、t.（四级大纲样题-47）这句话中的时间概念mid-1970s和数字percent就是很好的定位词。在文中肯定会重现，而且容易识别。这样，当之后在扫读文章，看到某段中出现这两个概念时，就可以初步确定这个句子的来源。人名、地名、机构等大写专有名词、合成词等例如：Aroundtheworld,governmentsencouragethemodeloflinkinguniversity-basedscienceandindustrialapplication.（四级大纲样题-53）这句话中的合成词university-basedscience就是很好的定位词，本身是比较专业的概念不易被替换，合成词

4、的形式也使得其比较容易被发现。扫读文章时若发现某个段落含有这个词，则很可能该段即是这句话的来源。以上这两类，在原文中出现时往往都会是原样的形式，因为这些词都不容易被用其它词或说法进行同义改写、替换。另外，它们形式上也都较醒目，在文章中出现时，比较容易被识别。由于这两类词一般是作为论据或举例使用，因此出现频率也不会太高。4.其它方便寻找的名词、动词、形容词若是没有前两类词的，则可以考虑选项句中其它的实词，特别是名词及名词性词组，这些词被替换的可能性较小，相对容易原样重现；类似地，不易被替换的动词、形容词也可以考虑。D例如：Aroundtheworld,governmentsencourageth

5、emodeloflinkinguniversity-basedscienceandindustrialapplication.（四级大纲样题-53）这句话中除了university-basedscience之外，名词词组industrialapplication也是很好的定位词。这两个词构成的这个说法比较专业，被替换的可能性小。另外，优先考虑与文章话题相关度小的词或词组；因为与文章话题相关度大、或是意思差距近的词或词组很可能在文中出现很多，对确定来源段意义不大。例如：Americanuniversitiespreparetheirundergraduatesforglobalcareersby

6、givingthemchancesforinternationalstudyorinternship.（四级大纲样题-46）这句话中的Americanuniversities虽然是大写专有名词，但定位价值很小。注意到这篇文章的大标题即是UniversityBranchOut，可知全文都与美国大学有关，那么这个概念很可能在许多段落、甚至每个段落都出现，不利于我们确定要某个确定段落。相比之下，internship这个比较专业的名词概念难被改写，则是更有效的定位词。口5.具有态度或方向的表达选项句中的某个词或词组若是带有明显态度或倾向的，把其凸显的态度或倾向也标注出来（正或是负）。这也有助于待会儿确

7、定选项句与段落的对应。6.最高级、绝对性表达等选项句中若有形容词、副词的最高级的，文中必然也会有最高级。而最高级说法一般只有如下三种可能：最高级本身、most+形容词、形容词-est，都是比较容易被看到的。一些程度很深、带有绝对性意味的词也类似，在文中必须有类似词或词组出现、且易被注意到。三、扫读全文，确定选项句的来源段落D完成对选项的阅读和标注之后，便可以展开对文章的阅读。阅读文章时，按照文章的自然行文顺序，逐段往下阅读即可。记住：你并不需要看懂每句话、每个词，你需要时刻关注的，是刚才选项句中所标注的定位词是否在某个段落中出现了！有可能是它本身重现，也有可能是被同义替换为近义词或表达重现。例

8、如刚才提至“的Sincethemid-1970s,theenrollmentofoverseasstudentshasincreasedatanannualrateofpercent.（四级大纲样题-47）这句话最终出现在原文C段中，对应的是C段的Overthepastthreedecadesthenumberofstudentsleavinghomeeachyeartostudyabroadhasgrownatanannualrateofpercent.可以看至U，句子中的anannualrateofpercent（%的年度比率）在原文中完全重现了。而sincethemid-1970s（从7

9、0年代中期开始）在原文中则对应同义的overthepastthreedecades（过去三十年），overseasstudents（海外学生）在原文中则对应同义的studentsleavinghometostudyabroad（离开家庭去海外学生的学生），enroll（注册人数）和increase（增加）分别对应number（数量）和grow（增长）。一旦看到某段落重现了某选项句所标注的定位词，要马上将此选项句的说法带入该段落中，确定此选项句的所有信息是否在该段落中全部得到体现。一定要确认此段落确实包括了此选项句的所有信息，才可能将选项句和段落对应起来。也就是说，不要只看到定位词重现、就草率地

10、确定来源段！这样很容易走入出题人设置的陷阱。比如刚才提到的Sincethemid-1970s,theenrollmentofoverseasstudentshasincreasedatanannualrateofpercent.（四级大纲样题-47）有些同学可能会将enrollment选为定位词，这未尝不可（尽管从定位价值上，明显这句话中其它两个数字更好）。然后你就会发现，enrollment这个词原样出现在了H段中。H段中有这样一句话：changesinthevisaprocesscausedadramaticdeclineinthenumberofforeignstudentsseekin

11、gadmissionto.universities,andacorrespondingsurgeinenrollmentsinAustralia,Singaporeandthe。但是明显，这句话除了有enrollment这个词外，其它说法与选项句47都完全不同。事实上H段也没有任何与选项句47重合的信息。因此，H段并非是选项句47的来源段落。口D总的来说，几个步骤中，对选项定位词的确定无疑最为关键；这决定了之后在扫读文章时，你是否能快速、高效地看准选项所出自的段落。而定位词的选择事实上在仔细阅读的做题步骤中也是很关键的一个环节。请你在阅读到下面仔细阅读的解题要点时，还要再好好复习一下哦。D附：

12、长篇阅读大纲样题SectionBDirections:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.Answerthequestionsbymarki

13、ngthecorrespondingletteronAnswerheet.UniversitiesBranchOut.A)Asneverbeforeintheirlonghistory,universitieshavebecomeinstrumentsofnationalcompetitionaswellasinstrumentsofpeace.Theyaretheplaceofthescientificdiscoveriesthatmoveeconomiesforward,andtheprimarymeansofeducatingthetalentrequiredtoobtainandmai

14、ntaincompetitiveadvantage.Butatthesametime,theopeningofnationalborderstotheflowofgoods,services,informationandespeciallypeoplehasmadeuniversitiesapowerfulforceforglobalintegration,mutualunderstandingandgeopoliticalstability.B)Inresponsetothesameforcesthathavedriventheworldeconomy,universitieshavebec

15、omemoreself-consciouslyglobal:seekingstudentsfromaroundtheworldwhorepresenttheentirerangeofculturesandvalues,sendingtheirownstudentsabroadtopreparethemforglobalcareers,offeringcoursesofstudythataddressthechallengesofaninterconnectedworldandcollaborative(合作的)researchprogramstoadvancescienceforthebene

16、fitofallhumanity.C)Oftheforcesshapinghighereducationnoneismoresweepingthanthemovementacrossborders.Overthepastthreedecadesthenumberofstudentsleavinghomeeachyeartostudyabroadhasgrownatanannualrateofpercent,from800,000in1975tomillionin2004.Mosttravelfromonedevelopednationtoanother,buttheflowfromdevelo

17、pingtodevelopedcountriesisgrowingrapidly.Thereverseflow,fromdevelopedtodevelopingcountries,isontherise,too.Todayforeignstudentsearn30percentofthedoctoraldegreesawardedintheUnitedStatesand38percentofthoseintheUnitedKingdom.Andthenumbercrossingbordersforundergraduatestudyisgrowingaswell,to8percentofth

18、eundergraduatesatAmericasbestinstitutionsand10percentofallundergraduatesinthe.IntheUnitedStates,20percentofthenewlyhiredprofessorsinscienceandengineeringareforeign-born,andinChinamanynewlyhiredfacultymembersatthetopresearchuniversitiesreceivedtheirgraduateeducationabroad.D)Universitiesarealsoencoura

19、gingstudentstospendsomeoftheirD)undergraduateyearsinanothercountry.InEurope,morethan140,000studentsparticipateintheErasmusprogrameachyear,takingcoursesforcreditinoneof2,200participatinginstitutionsacrossthecontinent.AndintheUnitedStates,institutionsarehelpingplacestudentsinsummerinternships(实习)abroa

20、dtopreparethemforglobalcareers.YaleandHarvardhaveledtheway,offeringeveryundergraduateatleastoneinternationalstudyorinternshipopportunityandprovidingthefinancialresourcestomakeitpossible.E)Globalizationisalsoreshapingthewayresearchisdone.Onenewtrendinvolvessourcingportionsofaresearchprogramtoanotherc

21、ountry.YaleprofessorandHowardHughesMedicalInstituteinvestigatorTianXudirectsaresearchcenterfocusedonthegeneticsofhumandiseaseatShanghaisFudanUniversity,incollaborationwithfacultycolleaguesfrombothschools.TheShanghaicenterhas95employeesandgraduatestudentsworkingina4,300-square-meterlaboratoryfacility

22、.Yalefaculty,postdoctorsandgraduatestudentsvisitregularlyandattendvideoconferenceseminarswithscientistsfrombothcampuses.Thearrangementbenefitsbothcountries;XusYalelabismoreproductive,thankstothelowercostsofconductingresearchinChina,andChinesegraduatestudents,postdoctorsandfacultygeton-the-jobtrainin

23、gfromaworld-classscientistandhis.team.F)Asaresultofitsstrengthinscience,theUnitedStateshasconsistentlyledtheworldinthecommercializationofmajornewtechnologies,fromthemainframecomputerandtheintegratedcircuitofthe1960stotheInternetinfrastructure(基础设施)andapplicationssoftwareofthe1990s.Thelinkbetweenuniv

24、ersity-basedscienceandindustrialapplicationisoftenindirectbutsometimeshighlyvisible:SiliconValleywasintentionallycreatedbyStanfordUniversity,andRoute128outsideBostonhaslonghousedcompaniesspunofffromMITandHarvard.Aroundtheworld,governmentshaveencouragedcopyingofthismodel,perhapsmostsuccessfullyinCamb

25、ridge,England,whereMicrosoftandscoresofotherleadingsoftwareandbiotechnologycompanieshavesetupshoparoundtheuniversity.G)Forallitssuccess,theUnitedStatesremainsdeeplyhesitantaboutsustainingtheresearch-universitymodel.Mostpoliticiansrecognizethelinkbetweeninvestmentinscienceandnationaleconomicstrength,

26、butsupportforresearchfundinghasbeenunsteady.ThebudgetoftheNationalInstitutesofHealthdoubledbetween1998and2003,buthasrisenmoreslowlythaninflationsincethen.Supportforthephysicalsciencesandengineeringbarelykeptpacewithinflationduringthatsameperiod.Theattempttomakeuplostgroundiswelcome,butthenationwould

27、bebetterservedbysteady,predictableincreasesinsciencefundingattherateoflong-termGDPgrowth,whichisontheorderofinflationplus3percentperyear.H)AmericanpoliticianshavegreatdifficultyrecognizingthatadmittingmoreH)foreignstudentscangreatlypromotethenationalinterestbyincreasinginternationalunderstanding.Adj

28、ustedforinflation,publicfundingforinternationalexchangesandforeign-languagestudyiswellbelowthelevelsof40yearsago.InthewakeofSeptember11,changesinthevisaprocesscausedadramaticdeclineinthenumberofforeignstudentsseekingadmissionto.universities,andacorrespondingsurgeinenrollmentsinAustralia,Singaporeand

29、the.ObjectionsfromAmericanuniversityandbusinessleadersledtoimprovementsintheprocessandareversalofthedecline,buttheUnitedStatesisstillseenbymanyasunwelcomingtointernationalstudents.MostAmericansrecognizethatuniversitiescontributetothenationswell-beingthroughtheirscientificresearch,butmanyfearthatfore

30、ignstudentsthreatenAmericancompetitivenessbytakingtheirknowledgeandskillsbackhome.TheyfailtograspthatwelcomingforeignstudentstotheUnitedStateshastwoimportantpositiveeffects:first,theverybestofthemstayintheStatesandlikeimmigrantsthroughouthistorystrengthenthenation;andsecond,foreignstudentswhostudyintheUnitedStatesbecomeambassadorsformanyofitsmostcherished(珍视)valueswhentheyreturnhome.Oratleasttheyunderstandthembetter.InAmericaaselsewhere,fewinstrumentsofforeign