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1、关于实验九质粒的制备和酶切第1页,共37页,2022年,5月20日,22点9分,星期三1、质粒DNA的提取第2页,共37页,2022年,5月20日,22点9分,星期三一实验目的及背景质粒是染色体外的DNA分子,大小可为1kb到200kb。大多数来自细菌的质粒是双链、共价闭合环状的分子,以超螺旋形式存在。它是细菌内的共生型遗传因子。其复制和遗传独立于细菌染色体,但复制和转录依赖于宿主编码的蛋白和酶。第3页,共37页,2022年,5月20日,22点9分,星期三质粒特点质粒能在细菌中垂直遗传并且赋予宿主细胞一些表型,是比病毒更简单的原始生命。质粒通过细菌的结合作用,从雄性体转移到雌性体, 是细菌有性
2、繁殖的性因子.年由Lederburg正式命名为质粒。第4页,共37页,2022年,5月20日,22点9分,星期三质粒类型质粒按复制方式分为两种类型: 松弛型质粒 和 严紧型质粒1.松弛型质粒 松弛型质粒的复制不需要质粒编码的功能蛋白,完全依赖于宿主提供的半衰期较长的酶。即使蛋白质合成受抑制,质粒的复制依然进行。当抑制蛋白质合成并阻断细菌染色体复制的氯霉素等抗生素存在时,质粒的拷贝数可达2000-3000拷贝。第5页,共37页,2022年,5月20日,22点9分,星期三2.严紧型质粒严紧型质粒复制需要一个质粒编码的蛋白,质粒的拷贝数不能通过用氯霉素等蛋白合成抑制剂来增加。第6页,共37页,202
3、2年,5月20日,22点9分,星期三质粒的应用大多数基因工程使用松弛型质粒。严紧型质粒用来表达一些可使宿主细胞受毒害致死的基因。质粒的特点使质粒成为携带外源基因进入细菌中扩增或表达的重要媒介物,这种基因运载工具在基因工程中具有极广泛的应用价值。第7页,共37页,2022年,5月20日,22点9分,星期三本实验目的本实验要求掌握最常用的质粒的提取方法。第8页,共37页,2022年,5月20日,22点9分,星期三分离质粒DNA方法从大肠杆菌中分离质粒DNA方法众多,目前常用的碱变性法;煮沸法;SDS法; 羟基磷灰石层析法等各方法分离是依据宿主菌株类型、质粒分子大小、碱基组成及结构等特点加以选择的,
4、其中碱变性法既经济且收得率较高,提取的质粒DNA可用于酶切,连接与转化。第9页,共37页,2022年,5月20日,22点9分,星期三碱变性法基本原理在pH 12.0-12.6碱性环境中,线性的大分子量细菌染色体DNA变性,而共价闭环质粒DNA仍为自然状态。将PH调至中性并有高盐浓度存在的条件下,染色体DNA之间交联形成不溶性网状结构,大部分DNA和蛋白质在去污剂SDS的作用下形成沉淀,而质粒DNA仍为可溶状态,通过离心可除去大部分细胞碎片、染色体DNA、RNA及蛋白质,质粒DNA尚在上清中,再用酚氯仿抽提进一步纯化质粒DNA。第10页,共37页,2022年,5月20日,22点9分,星期三实验试
5、剂培养基:胰化蛋白胨 10g酵母提取物 5g 定容 1000ml pH 7.5NaCl 10g: 0.1M NaCl10mM Tris HCl(pH8.0)1mM EDTA 50mg/ml溶菌酶 10mg/ml (用10mM TrisHCl pH8.0新鲜配制)第11页,共37页,2022年,5月20日,22点9分,星期三试剂溶液: 50mM 葡萄糖25mM TrisHCl(pH8.0)10mM EDTA溶液:(新鲜配制)0.2N NaOH1% SDS溶液: 5M KAC 10ml冰醋酸 11.5ml水 28.5ml酚,氯仿,乙醇 RNase 琼脂糖: 10mM Tris-HCl(pH8.0)
6、 1mM EDTA第12页,共37页,2022年,5月20日,22点9分,星期三Enzymes which cut pBluescript II KS(+) DNA once: Acc65I 755, AdeI 222, AflIII 1153, AloI 169, ApaI 749, BamHI 689, BcgI 2562, BcuI 683, BsaAI 225, Bsp120I 749, BstXI 658, Bsu15I 725, BtgI 661, CaiI 1564, Cfr9I 695, Cfr42I 661, Eam1105I 2041, Ecl136II 653, Eco3
7、1I 2113, Eco32I 713, Eco52I 670, EcoO109I 748, EcoRI 707, FaqI 457, GsuI 2131, Hin1I 2582, HincII 734, HindIII 719, KpnI 755, NotI 669, OliI 659, PdiI 328, PdmI 2641, PscI 1153, PsiI 97, PstI 701, SacI 653, SalI 734, SapI 1030, ScaI 2524, SmaI 695, TatI 2524, XbaI 677, XceI 1153, XhoI 740, XmiI 734.
8、第13页,共37页,2022年,5月20日,22点9分,星期三三实验方法挑取琼脂培养板上的单菌落至5ml LB培养液中(含AmP 50g/ml), 强烈摇荡过夜。取1.5ml培养液至Eppendorf管中,12000g离心30秒,弃上清,用ml STE悬浮菌体,再离心回收菌体,并重复一次,弃上清,取沉淀。将细菌沉淀悬浮于100l预冷溶液中,振荡混匀,冰上放置5分钟。加入200l溶液,盖严管盖轻柔颠倒次以混匀内容物,冰上放置5分钟。加入150l溶液,温和振荡数次,冰上放置分钟。12000g 4 离心分钟,取上清移到个新的Eppendorf管中。第14页,共37页,2022年,5月20日,22点9
9、分,星期三加入150l溶液,温和振荡数次,冰上放置分钟。12000g 4 离心分钟,取上清移到个新的Eppendorf管中。(加入等体积酚/氯仿(:),振荡混匀,12000g 4 离心分钟。取上清移至另个Eppendorf管中。)加入倍体积无水乙醇,振荡混匀,于室温静置2分钟。 g ,4 离心分钟。弃上清,加入ml 70%乙醇漂洗沉淀,盖严管盖颠倒数次,000g 于4 离心分钟。弃上清,抽干乙醇,室温干燥(5-15分钟)。加入50l TE(含20g/ml RNA 酶,不含DNA酶)溶解DNA,然后交给助教加RNA 酶,之后3710分钟。第15页,共37页,2022年,5月20日,22点9分,星
10、期三加入50l TE(含20g/ml RNA 酶,不含DNA酶)溶解DNA,然后交给助教加RNA 酶,之后3710分钟。13取2l DNA溶解液用稀释至200ul测定OD260和OD280,计算OD260/OD2 80之比;14. 同时以以下公式计算得率。质粒DNA得率:稀释倍数OD2600.0550/1.5ml15做酶切之后剩余的质粒全部上交用来电泳,电泳0.5小时,电压200伏。16电泳凝胶在透射式紫外检测仪上观察,记录结果。第16页,共37页,2022年,5月20日,22点9分,星期三四结果分析质粒DNA OD260,OD280的值,由此计算质粒DNA得率和纯度。记录电泳结果并说明结果内
11、容。第17页,共37页,2022年,5月20日,22点9分,星期三问题与讨论:简要叙述溶液、溶液和溶液的作用,以及实验中 分别加入上述溶液后,反应体系出现的现象及其成因。简要叙述酚氯仿抽提体系后出现的现象及其成因。3. 沉淀时为什么要用无水乙醇及在高盐、低温条件下进行?第18页,共37页,2022年,5月20日,22点9分,星期三2、的酶切 第19页,共37页,2022年,5月20日,22点9分,星期三一实验目的及背景核酸限制性内切酶是一类能识别双链中特定碱基顺序的核酸水解酶,这些酶都是从原核生物中发现,它们的功能犹似高等功物的免疫系统, 用于抗击外来的侵袭。限制性内切酶以内切方式水解核酸链中
12、的磷酸二酯键, 产生的片段端为,端为。第20页,共37页,2022年,5月20日,22点9分,星期三限制酶的类型根据限制酶的识别切割特性, 催化条件及是否具有修饰酶活性可分为、型三大类。类和类限制性内切酶,在同一蛋白分子中兼有甲基化作用及依赖ATP的限制性内切酶活性。 类限制性内切酶结合于特定识别位点,且没有特定的切割位点,酶对其识别位点进行随机切割,很难形成稳定的特异性切割末端。类限制性内切酶在识别位点上切割,然后从底物上解离下来。故类和类酶在基因工程中基本不用。第21页,共37页,2022年,5月20日,22点9分,星期三型酶型酶就是通常指的限制性内切酶. 它们能识别双链的特异顺序,并在这
13、个顺序内进行切割,产生特异的片段; 型酶分子量较小,仅需Mg2+作为催化反应的辅助因子,识别顺序一般为个碱基对的反转重复顺序; 型内切酶切割双链产生种不同的切口端突出;端突出和平末端。 正是得益于限制性的内切酶的发现和应用, 才使得人们能在体外有目的地对遗传物质进行改造,从而极大地推动了分子生物学的兴旺和发展。第22页,共37页,2022年,5月20日,22点9分,星期三酶切反应中应注意以下几个问题:内切酶:不应混有其它杂蛋白特别是其它内切酶或外切酶的污染; 注意内切酶的识别位点及形成的粘性末端;内切酶的用量 根据内切酶单位和用量而定,通常 1u指在适当条件下,1小时内完全酶解ug特定底物所需
14、要的限制性内切酶量,使用中一般以ug DNA对u酶短时间为宜。同时内切酶体积不能超过反应体系,因内切酶中含甘油,体系中甘油超过会抑制内切酶活力; 内切酶操作应在低温下进行(冰上);使用时防止操作中对内切酶的污染。第23页,共37页,2022年,5月20日,22点9分,星期三:作为内切酶底物,应该具备一定的纯度,其溶液中不能含酚、氯仿、乙醚、SDS、EDTA、高盐浓度、酒精等,这些因素的存在均不同程度影响限制性内切酶的活力。这种抑制可通过:增加酶作用单位数(1020U/ug DNA)、增大反应体积以稀释可能的抑制剂或延长反应时间加以克服。第24页,共37页,2022年,5月20日,22点9分,星
15、期三反应缓冲液:反应缓冲液主要由TrisHCl、NaCl、Mg2+组成,其中Mg2+为内切酶辅基;TrisHCl维持反应体系pH值在7.2-7.6之间;NaCl浓度不同形成种级别的离子强度:低盐(10mM NaCl)中盐(50mM NaCl)高盐(100mM NaCl) 不同的内切酶选择特定的反应缓冲液。第25页,共37页,2022年,5月20日,22点9分,星期三酶解温度与时间:大多数限制酶反应温度为,如EcoR, Hind, BamH, Pst等,也有如Bcl需在下进行反应,反应时间根据酶的单位与用量之比来定,原则是酶:=:小时即可,充分酶解。第26页,共37页,2022年,5月20日,2
16、2点9分,星期三二、实验试剂限制性内切酶(和质粒)buffer:50mM Tris HCl pH7.5100mM NaCl10mM MgCl2无菌水第27页,共37页,2022年,5月20日,22点9分,星期三三实验方法按下表分别加入各试剂(注意限制性内切酶最后加入且在冰上操作)于Eppendorf管中。DNA g10buffer 2.5l无菌水内切酶 2总体积: 25l第28页,共37页,2022年,5月20日,22点9分,星期三 将反应体系充分混匀,并于台式离心机上短暂离心。Eppendorf管封上封口膜于水管中反应小时。反应结束后加入EDTA至终浓度10mM终止反应。取l反应液加l Lo
17、ading buffer混匀于琼脂糖凝胶上伏电泳小时。紫外透射仪上检查实验结果。第29页,共37页,2022年,5月20日,22点9分,星期三四结果与分析记录紫外透射仪上观察到的结果。分析实验结果的成因。问题与讨论:在整个酶切反应过程中应注意哪些问题?如何选择和限制性内切酶的用量?反应体系中为何内切酶用量不能超过整个反应体系的?第30页,共37页,2022年,5月20日,22点9分,星期三Restriction Endonucleases: An OverviewRestriction enzymes were discovered about 30 years ago during inve
18、stigations into the phenomenon of host-specific restriction and modification of bacterial viruses. Bacteria initially resist infections by new viruses, and this restriction of viral growth stemmed from endonucleases within the cells that destroy foreign DNA molecules. Among the first of these restri
19、ction enzymes to be purified were EcoRI and EcoR II from Escherichia coli, and Hind II and Hind III from Haemophilus influenzae. These enzymes were found to cleave DNA at specific sites, generating discrete, gene-size fragments that could be re-joined in the laboratory. Researchers were quick to rec
20、ognize that restriction enzymes provided them with a remarkable new tool for investigating gene organization, function and expression. As the use of restriction enzymes spread among molecular biologists in the late 1970s, companies such as New England Biolabs began to search for more. Except for cer
21、tain viruses, restriction enzymes were found only within prokaryotes. Many thousands of bacteria and archae have now been screened for their presence. Analysis of sequenced prokaryotic genomes indicates that they are common-all free-living bacteria and archaea appear to code for them. Restriction en
22、zymes are exceedingly varied; they range in size from the diminutive Pvu II (157 amino acids) to the giant Cje I (1250 amino acids) and beyond. Among over 3,000 activities that have been purified and characterized, more than 250 different sequence-specificities have been discovered. Of these, over 3
23、0% were discovered and characterized at New England Biolabs. 第31页,共37页,2022年,5月20日,22点9分,星期三The search for new specificities continues, both biochemically, by the analysis of cell-extracts, and computationally, by the analysis of sequenced genomes. Although most activities encountered today turn out
24、 to be duplicates-isoschizomers-of existing specificities, restriction enzymes with new specificities are found with regularity. Beginning in the early 1980s, New England Biolabs embarked on a program to clone and overexpress the genes for restriction enzymes. Cloning improves enzyme purity by separ
25、ating enzymes from contaminating activities present in the same cells. It also improves enzyme yields and greatly simplifies purification, and it provides the genes for sequencing and analysis, and the proteins for x-ray crystallography. Restriction enzymes protect bacteria from infections by viruse
26、s, and it is generally accepted that this is their role in nature. They function as microbial immune systems. When a strain of E.coli lacking a restriction enzyme is infected with a virus, most virus particles can initiate a successful infection. When the same strain contains a restriction enzyme, h
27、owever, the probability of successful infection plummets. The presence of additional enzymes has a multiplicative effect; a cell with four or five independent restriction enzymes could be virtually impregnable. 第32页,共37页,2022年,5月20日,22点9分,星期三 Restriction enzymes usually occur in combination with one
28、 or two modification enzymes (DNA-methyltransferases) that protect the cells own DNA from cleavage by the restriction enzyme. Modification enzymes recognize the same DNA sequence as the restriction enzyme that they accompany, but instead of cleaving the sequence, they methylate one of the bases in e
29、ach of the DNA strands. The methyl groups protrude into the major groove of DNA at the binding site and prevent the restriction enzyme from acting upon it.Together, a restriction enzyme and its cognate modification enzyme(s) form a restriction-modification (R-M) system. In some R-M systems the restr
30、iction enzyme and the modification enzyme(s) are separate proteins that act independently of each other. In other systems, the two activities occur as separate subunits, or as separate domains, of a larger, combined, restriction-and-modification enzyme. 第33页,共37页,2022年,5月20日,22点9分,星期三Restriction enz
31、ymes are traditionally classified into three types on the basis of subunit composition, cleavage position, sequence-specificity and cofactor-requirements. However, amino acid sequencing has uncovered extraordinary variety among restriction enzymes and revealed that at the molecular level there are m
32、any more than three different kinds. Type I enzymes are complex, multisubunit, combination restriction-and-modification enzymes that cut DNA at random far from their recognition sequences. Originally thought to be rare, we now know from the analysis of sequenced genomes that they are common. Type I
33、enzymes are of considerable biochemical interest but they have little practical value since they do not produce discrete restriction fragments or distinct gel-banding patterns. 第34页,共37页,2022年,5月20日,22点9分,星期三Type II enzymes cut DNA at defined positions close to or within their recognition sequences.
34、 They produce discrete restriction fragments and distinct gel banding patterns, and they are the only class used in the laboratory for DNA analysis and gene cloning. Rather then forming a single family of related proteins, typeII enzymes are a collection of unrelated proteins of many different sorts
35、. Type II enzymes frequently differ so utterly in amino acid sequence from one another, and indeed from every other known protein, that they likely arose independently in the course of evolution rather than diverging from common ancestors. The most common type II enzymes are those like HhaI, Hind II
36、I and Not I that cleave DNA within their recognition sequences. Enzymes of this kind are the principle ones available commercially. Most recognize DNA sequences that are symmetric because they bind to DNA as homodimers, but a few, (e.g., BbvC I: CCTCAGC) recognize asymmetric DNA sequences because th
37、ey bind as heterodimers. Some enzymes recognize continuous sequences (e.g.,EcoRI: GAATTC) in which the two half-sites of the recognition sequence are adjacent, while others recognize discontinuous sequences (e.g., Bgl I: GCCNNNNNGGC) in which the half-sites are separated. Cleavage leaves a 3-hydroxy
38、l on one side of each cut and a 5-phosphate on the other. They require only magnesium for activity and the corresponding modification enzymes require only S-adenosylmethionine. They tend to be small, with subunits in the 200350 amino acid range. 第35页,共37页,2022年,5月20日,22点9分,星期三The next most common ty
39、pe II enzymes, usually referred to as type IIs are those like Fok I and Alw I that cleave outside of their recognition sequence to one side. These enzymes are intermediate in size, 400650 amino acids in length, and they recognize sequences that are continuous and asymmetric. They comprise two distinct domains, one for DNA binding, the other for DNA cleavage. They are thought to bind
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